Wham, Robert Matthew

English

University of Tennessee, Knoxville: Trace

University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work 5-2012 Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis Using the Xbox Kinect Robert Matthew Wham rwham1@utk.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj  Part of the Biomechanics and Biotransport Commons Recommended Citation Wham, Robert Matthew, "Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis Using the Xbox Kinect" (2012). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/1556 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact trace@utk.edu. ™2 3         4 5 Florczyk6 Khoshelham 2012).  The method of determining 3D position for a given object in the scene is described by the Kinect’s inventors as a triangulation process. (Freedman 2010) Essentially, a single infrared beam is split by refraction after exiting a carefully developed lens.  This refraction creates a point cloud on an object that is then transmitted back to a receiver on the assembly.  Using complex built-in firmware, the Kinect can determine the three-dimensional position of objects in its line-of-sight by this process. (Freedman 2010)  The advantage of this assembly (shown below in Figure 1) is that it allows 3D registration without a complex set-up of multiple cameras and at a much lower cost than traditional motion labs and robotic vision apparatuses.  Figure 1.  Image of the Kinect with arrows indicating the identity of the cameras. (Dutta 2011) 7 Crémers et al 2012 Beckett et al 20128 ° in all three metrics: flexion/extension, varus/valgus, and internal/external rotation. (Gao et al. 2012)  This study demonstrates the current “gold standard” in three-dimensional kinematic analysis and yields insight into what accuracy is currently expected in the body of research.O’DonovanIndeed, it has proven so critical that many research teams have addressed this issue. In a study by Khoshelham et al., the accuracy of the Kinect’s depth images was evaluated.  First, a camera calibration was 9 performed using a checkerboard setup and parameter bundle adjustment. Next, the Kinect’s infrared point cloud was compared with that of a “high-end” laser scanner, the FARO LS 880. In this instance, the mean and median discrepancies between the two were very nearly zero. (Khoshelham et al. 2012) The results are shown below in Figure 1.  Figure 2.  Discrepancies between the Kinect and commercial laser scanner's point clouds.  Results are plotted as histograms indicating the discrepancy length versus number of occurrences. (Khoshelham et al. 2012) 10  Figure 3. Resulting 3D model from the study by Tong et al. The set-up used to attain the model is also displayed. (Tong et al. 2012) 11  Figure 4. Interactive GUI. From left to right: RGB camera view, optical tracker data table, 2D graphics with accompanying knee angle calculation, viewer window for 3D tibia/femur scene. 12 13     | || |    14 15  Figure 5. Schematics of a gait cycle analysis system that analyzes subject movement perpendicularly. 16  Figure 6. Schematic of Kinect gait analysis setup showing a 45° viewing angle.   Finally, it is suggested that analysis be performed with a subject on a treadmill, and a schematic for this analysis is provided as well in Figure 7.   Figure 7.  Kinect analysis schematic utilizing a treadmill for gait analysis. 17 In order to perform the experiment, the first subject stood in front of the Kinect with the knee brace on.  He faced it directly and without flexion of the knee. As the subject stood facing the Kinect with a straight leg, a reading was taken of the calculated knee angle of the Xbox Kinect.  A reading was then taken from the knee brace.  Next, the subject stood at approximately a 45 angle to the Kinect, and the two readings were again taken.  Finally, he stood at a 90 angle to the Kinect, and readings were again taken from the Kinect and the knee brace.  This process was repeated for knee angles of twenty degrees, forty degrees, and sixty degrees, each at relative subject angles of zero, 45 and 90 to the Kinect.  It was again repeated with a new subject in order to obtain data for differing body types.  The experimental method is pictured below in Figure 5.      18   Figure 8. Experimental method for testing of the Kinect compared to the knee brace.  From left to right: testing a 0 degree angle, 45 degree angle, and 90 degree angle of the subject relative to the Kinect.  Above are the RGB images with their associated 2D rendering directly below.   The results of this study yielded some insight into the Kinect’s accuracy (results below in Figure 6).  It does not appear that any one particular angle of the subject relative to the Kinect seems to improve accuracy.  It is not surprising, however, to note that on the whole, accuracy at a 90 angle to the Kinect proved to be poor.  This stems from the way that the Kinect determines where a human is in a frame.  Because of the way it was trained using machine learning, it “expects” to see the person facing it straight on and therefore must make many assumptions if it doesn’t see both sides of the subject. (Freedman 2010) These assumptions may have led to the decreased accuracy at a 90 subject angle. Furthermore, when the subject is facing the Kinect directly and the knee is at an angle that occludes the ankle (i.e. a small angle), the Kinect must make inferences about the location of the ankle that also negatively affect the accuracy.   19   Figure 9.  Kinect's measured knee angle as a function of the brace's reading of the knee flexion angle.  Note that for the bottom axes, the knee flexion angle = 180 - brace reading.   Results of the study were very similar between subjects. Furthermore, many assumptions were made in this experiment and various errors could contribute to the results.  Because the purpose of this experiment was to compare the Kinect to a knee brace, an assumption was made that the angle given on the knee brace was “correct.”  This may not be the case, as human error may play a factor in how the subject is bending his or her knee, leading to invalid conclusions regarding the Kinect’s accuracy.  Further error could be caused by the noise in the Kinect’s calculations.  Skeleton positions may vary frame-to-frame, and depending on when the conductors of the experiment pressed the button to grab a frame of data and calculate a knee angle, the Kinect’s results could vary as much as a few degrees.  This would further affect the results of the experiment.  Overall, this was an interesting experiment to take a cursory look at how the Kinect compared to a standard knee brace, but further work must be done in order to get a better idea 20 about the accuracy of the Kinect’s calculations.  It will be interesting to compare the Kinect to an optical tracker and see how the results of a deep knee bend compare among the two.  Furthermore, future work should include a study of the noise in the Kinect’s calculations and attempts made to smooth out the data it produces.  A calibration may also provide a way to obtain more accurate results.    Figure 10. 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Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis Using the Xbox Kinect

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Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis Using the Xbox Kinect

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