2008 S.C. Water Resources Conference - Addressing Water Challenges Facing the State and Regio

Farahani, H

Khalilian, A

Smith, B

English

Clemson University: TigerPrints

Hamid Farahani, Ahmad Khalilian, Bryan SmithSouth Carolina Water Resources ConferenceOctober 14 ‐ 15, 2008Charleston, SCIrrigation Water Management in South Carolina – Trends and NeedsC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC• Building a State-wide Irrigation & Water Management Program• Irrigation in South Carolina  - Trends and needs• Irrigation Research and Extension - HighlightsOutlineC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCProvide an integrated forum for discussion of water policies, research and water management among all water players and for the purpose of building productive collaboration among key stakeholders .Stated Purpose of this Water ConferenceC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCIrrigated agriculture and landscape is a major consumer of water and has a large impact on the State’s economy and rural livelihoods. “Agriculture, Crop, Turf, Evapotranspiration, Crop water or consumptive use, Irrigation systems and scheduling, Demand management or water conservation in irrigated agriculture, Supply management and water harvesting and storage , etc…”The Forgotten WaterDevelop and lead a strong interdisciplinary, externally-funded and nationally-recognized research and extension program in irrigation water and systems management. (75% research and 25% extension)Research and Extension Program – New Faculty What is the state of irrigation in South Carolina?What are the irrigation needs?Who is who in irrigation research?Where is the integration/collaboration?What are the water managerial skills of SC irrigators?What is the level of extension expertise in irrigation?Where are the irrigation consultants? When is the next irrigation forum or workshop?Where is the reference ET?Where are the crop coefficients?Questions???C L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCRapid Appraisal:The tradition/culture is rainfed agricultureLow understanding of the science & engineering of irrigation – rules of thumbIrrigated agriculture has a low priority among water playersIrrigation literature & data is scarce and incomplete Limited collaboration between the University and other water players (Fed, State)No irrigation information system or website (no farmer-friendly site)No state-wide agro-meteorology networks (ETo, Kc, ET, GDD, scheduling tools)Lack of irrigation Fact sheetsNo irrigation Workshops or TrainingC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCNeeds:In South Carolina, irrigators need up-to-date information and know-how as well as simple and practical methods and technologies to efficiently utilize the advantages of irrigation to remain competitive.C L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCIncreasing irrigation   – More pivots and drips and wells are going in.Water availability  - Drought, conflicts, quality degradation.Water withdrawal, use, and permitting   – Not many know about!Issues:C L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC0246810121416CaliforniaNebraskaTexasArkansasIdahoKansasColoradoWashingtonFloridaMontanaOregonMissouriWyomingMississippiGeorgiaUtahNew MexicoArizonaLouisianaNevadaOklahomaNorth CarolinaMinnesotaMichiganWisconsinIowaIllinoisSouth DakotaIndianaNorth DakotaAlabamaSouth CarolinaNew JerseyVirginiaHawaiiNew YorkDelawareMarylandTennesseeKentuckyMassachusettsPennsylvaniaOhioMaineConnecticutVermontNew HampshireRhode IslandAlaskaWest VirginiaSouth Carolina = 0.26%Irrigated  Acreage – A National ViewC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000SoybeanCornWheatCottonPeanutsOatsTobaccoSorghumHayTotal cropland = 1,673,000 acre2008 Cropland Acreage in South CarolinaC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCTrend in Irrigated Acreage in South Carolina135,329 134,942146,061161,069 163,656 165,406040000800001200001600002000001997 1998 1999 2000 2003 2004USDA-NASS = 95,000 acClemson Extension = 161,000 acC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC040,00080,000120,000160,000200,0001997 1998 1999 2000 2003 2004Sprinkler Drip GravityIrrigated  Acreage by Irrigation SystemIrrigated Acreage by Irrigation Type (%)C L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC0102030405060Gated PipeWheel RollLayflat PipeFloodSDIHand MoveMicrosprayWater TableSolid SetDripTraveling GunCenter PivotIrrigated Acreage by Crop (%) in South CarolinaC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC051015202530AlfalfaRiceSorghumGrapesBerriesNutsSmall FruitsGrainsBeans & PeasGrass SeedsNurseryWheatPasture/HayTobaccoMelonsSoybeansSodVegetablesTree FruitsCornCottonC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC752320102030405060708090100Electric Diesel GasolineSC Pumping Power Source (%)Diesel to Electric Motors (pays in 1-2 yrs)Suitable for automation, clean, environmentally friendlyIrrigation Use Source: 42% Groundwater58% Surface waterGolf Course Use Source: 28% Groundwater72% Surface water1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Hydroelectric 12,160,642.62 10,281,681.91 9,796,267.91 11,415,081.44 18,958,207.77 15,203,000.52Thermoelectric 2,326,627.77 2,240,508.37 1,624,984.88 2,467,042.32 3,558,474.88 3,232,104.07Water Supply 221,911.79 148,265.21 193,525.29 212,402.79 197,088.27 209,464.30Industrial 172,314.14 157,463.33 180,579.90 167,051.34 168,334.76 157,309.02Irrigation 9,470.97 3,182.73 27,121.14 29,668.39 12,172.86 24,119.87Golf Course 6,323.77 6,806.35 13,302.54 14,022.92 10,373.47 13,230.46Mining 2,546.92 3,056.08 2,691.75 3,159.88 4,935.07 3,241.62Aquaculture 35.97 13.67 865.17 2,283.95 1,451.98 1,355.63Other 367.06 223.61 204.84 106.22 59.033 85.505Total 14,900,241.01 12,841,201.26 11,839,543.42 14,310,819.25 22,911,098.09 18,843,911.01C L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCYearly Water Use in the State (million gals, DHEC)How much of each use is consumptive?Irrigation of cropland and golf courses are mostly consumptive (ET).Hydro and Thermoelectric and Industry uses are mostly returned.C L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC050001000015000200002500030000350001999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Yearly Variations in Water Use (million gallons)Irrigation GolfC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC51386 3 1 0 0020406080100Water SupplyIndustrialIrrigationGolf CourseMiningAquacultureOther2004 Yearly Water Use (%)C L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC42312061 0 0020406080100Water SupplyIndustrialIrrigationGolf CourseMiningAquacultureOther2004 Daily Water Use (%)SC Water Use Reporting Act of 1982 - Withdrawals of 100,000 gals/day or more.Center pivot pumping at 500 gal/min, will pump 30,000 in an hour, and 720,000 in a day.For 10 irrigations, that’s 10 million gallon per year.C L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCWhere do these numbers come from?C L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC51386 3 1 0 0020406080100Water SupplyIndustrialIrrigationGolf CourseMiningAquacultureOther2004 Yearly Water Use (%)Acreage = 66,000 ac (assuming 12”)Our estimate = 170,000 acyearly water use = 60,000 to 70,000 million galsC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCDo we even need to irrigate?0123456Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecRainfall at Edisto REC (1930‐2002) ‐ 46 inchesC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC15112516051015202530Rain Effect. Rain ET Irrig (85% Eff)Need for Irrigation at Edisto RECCorn could use = 0.3 in/day in July =  2.0” in a weekProbability of getting 2” in one week in July is 20%Probability of getting 2” in two weeks in July is 50%C L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCProbability to get 2” in 7 and 14 days14 days7 daysState-wide Initiatives in Irrigation Research and Outreach– State-wide survey (baseline data)– SC Irrigation Society (& Customer Focus Group)A forum to discuss problems, constraints, and solutions– Update Extension/Irrigation Information ResourcesPubs, on-line irrigation scheduling guides (Kc major crops) – Workshops and Training (IA Certification)– Mobile Irrigation Lab (NRCS, and other RECS)– Irrigation & soil-plant water relations lab (production functions)– Cropping systems modeling (Yield response to water)– SCAgMet – South Carolina Agricultural Meteorology NetworkIrrigation and Water Management Research & ExtensionC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCWhat do my checking account and the farmers’ soil water storage have in common? Nothing…Irrigated farmers need their own online irrigation checkbookWhen to irrigate? How much to apply? and for what purpose?What was the reference ET in my area yesterday? Not in GA, FL, or NC How much water corn or cotton or turf used yesterday?How many GDD has the crop accumulated so far?What is the forecast for next few days?How much water do I have in the bank, the rootzone?A Network of Agricultural Meteorology Stations in South Carolina can helpdevelop an Irrigation and Water Management Information Website C L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCUS Networks of Agricultural Meteorological StationsC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCC L E M S O N  U N I V E R S I T YDepartment of  Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SCSouth Carolina Agricultural Meteorology Network (SCAgMet)96 per State (2 per County)ET, temperature, wind, … mapsConcluding RemarksSCAgMet is a need, yet a huge task.Clemson, Experiment Station, Cooperative Extension, DNR, State Climate Office, DHEC, the State & Fed Depts of Ag, Irrigation dealers, and …are needed to get it accomplished.$8-10K per station$500-700 per yr for maintenanceSponsors are welcome!CLEMSON UNIVERSITYDepartment of Agricultural & Biological EngineeringEdisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SChfaraha@clemson.edu

Irrigation Water Management in South Carolina - Trends and Needs

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Irrigation Water Management in South Carolina - Trends and Needs

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