2008 S.C. Water Resources Conference - Addressing Water Challenges Facing the State and Regio

Amatya, D M

Callahan, T J

Drewes, P

Hansen, W F

Radecki-Pawlik, A

Trettin, C

English

Clemson University: TigerPrints

Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring on Turkey Creek Watershed, Francis Marion National Forest, SC D.M. Amatya, T.J. Callahan,A. Radecki-Pawlik, P. Drews, and W.F. HansenA South Carolina Water Resources Conference PresentationOctober 15, 2008, North Charleston, SCSantee Experimental Forest1938Cooper RiverNational ForestPrivate LandsTurkey CreekCharlestonWildland-Urban InterfaceFRANCIS MARION NATIONAL FOREST, SCRATIONALE  HYDROLOGIC MONITORINGEstablishment of a weather station in 1946 1st, 2nd & 3rd order watersheds: 1963-1968All monitoring discontinued in 19821st & 2nd order watersheds back in 1989 (Hugo)GW wells and a Full weather station: 1992-1996With growing concerns on water quantity/quality3rd order Turkey Creek watershed was also revitalized in 2004 with the establishment of a real time gauging station by USGS/CofC/FSEvaluating impacts, Developing new hypotheses and models for land use/climate change, restoration, ecosystem functions/values.GOAL & OBJECTIVETo build a strong multi-cooperative research partnership for a comprehensive long-term monitoring effort on this coastal forested watershed as a baseline reference system to address the critical issues of sustainable water managementTo summarize results of recent collaborative monitoring and modeling studies on hydrology and water quality TURKEY CREEK WATERSHED 7,250 ha (72.5 km2)Using SWAT-DEM FMNF, Typical of LCP97% ForestsShallow soils6.7 km2 water/wetlands3rd order stream 9.8 km stream length3.6 m to 14 m a.m.s.l.WS79WS80Pine & Hardwood Stands Current MonitoringStream flow: 2005 –(USGS, CofC)Rainfall: 2005 – (USGS, CofC, and FS)Complete weather: 2005 –(FS)Shallow groundwater: 2006 – (FMNF, FS)Deep groundwater: 2005 – (CofC)Water quality: 2006 – (FS)J Erbland & W Spingfield (USGS) and A Harrison & A Edwards (FS)Spatial DataHistoric aerial photographs1999 Satellite Image2005 USGS DEM (10mx10m)2005 NAIP ImageryLand use from 2005 NAIP ImageryNRCS  SSURGO and FMNF Soil MapsMONITORING RESULTSy = 0.7785x - 172.28050010001500200025001940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020Rainfall, mmYearSantee HQ Annual Rainfall, 1946-2007Average Annual rainfall = 1370 mmIncrease in annual rainfall in 61 yrs = 45 mmy = 0.0022x + 13.9531616.51717.51818.51919.52020.51940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020Temp, deg CYearSantee HQ Annual Average Temperature, 1946-2007Mean Annual Temperature = 18.4 oCRise in Temperature in 61 yrs = 0.13 oC(Amatya and Trettin, 2007)Increase in % Outflow vs % Forest Removal010203040506070800 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Non-Forested area, %Average Increase in Outflow, %a. Turner (1991)b. LU (2003)48% (+ 174 mm outflow) 41% (+ 147 mm outflow) (Amatya and Trettin, 2007)Average Annual Water BalanceRainfall = 1320 mm (1964-76);  898 mm (2007); 1851 mm (1964)Temperature = 18.4 oCPotential ET = 1050 mmActual ET = ~ 970 mmWater Yield = 336 mm = 24 x106 cu.m.R/O Coefficient = 25%Ground water = ????P e r c e n ta g e  R u n o f f /R a in fa ll:   1 9 6 4 -1 9 7 60 %5 %1 0 %1 5 %2 0 %2 5 %3 0 %3 5 %4 0 %4 5 %1 9 6 4 1 9 6 5 1 9 6 6 1 9 6 7 1 9 6 8 1 9 6 9 1 9 7 0 1 9 7 1 1 9 7 2 1 9 7 3 1 9 7 4 1 9 7 5 1 9 7 6W S  7 8  (4 9 1 8  h a ) W S  7 9  (5 0 0  h a ) W S  8 0  (2 0 6  h a )(Amatya and Radecki-Pawlik, 2007)Comparison of Runoff   01020304050607080900.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00Percent of time flow exceededDaily Flow, mmWS 78 WS 79 WS 80Daily Flow, mm(Amatya and Radecki-Pawlik, 2007)Comparison of  Flow Duration Data(La Torres, 2008; SC Sea Grant)Seasonal Rainfall-Runoff RelationshipsVery much dependent upon antecedent moisture conditionsWet Periody = 0.24x + 2.86R2 = 0.70; p=0.00010203040500 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180Rainfall (mm)Runoff (mm)Dry Periody = 0.13x + 4.16R2 = 0.20; p=0.05010203040500 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180Rainfall (mm)Runoff (mm)Tributaries, Road Crossings and Water Features(Haley, 2007)Stream Field Mapping(Haley, 2007)Hydraulics of Culverts & Bridges(Radecki-Pawlik et al 2008)Point Name Type/Amount Width orDiameterf/ mHeightf/ mLengthf/ mCondition Dischargecfs/ cms4 Culvert Metal/1 2.75/ 0.84 37/ 11.25 Good 21.54/ 0.6113 Culvert Metal/1 1.50/ 0.46 27/ 8.21 Good 3.53/ 0.1017 Culvert Concrete/1 1.50/ 0.46 28.5/ 8.66 Good 4.24/ 0.1218 Culvert Metal/1 2.83/ 0.86 12/ 3.64 Poor 22.60/ 0.6424 Culvert Metal/1 2/ 0.61 30/ 9.12 Good 8.12/ 0.2325 Culvert Metal/1 0.83/ 0.25 27/ 8.21 Poor 0.71/ 0.0237 Culvert Concrete/1 1/ 0.30 21/ 6.38 Poor 1.06/ 0.0338 Culvert Metal/2 2/ 0.61 31/ 9.42 1 good/ 1 poor 9.89/ 0.2840 Culvert Concrete/1 3.25/ 0.99 33/ 10.03 Good 39.55/ 1.1242 Culvert Concrete/1 1.58/ 0.48 28/ 8.51 Good butbeginning todegrade4.59/ 0.1344 Culvert Concrete/1 2.5/ 0.76 33/ 10.03 Poor- filled inwith debris18.36/ 0.5245 Culvert Metal/1 1.25/ 0.38 22/ 6.67 Fair-partiallybent2.12/ 0.0647 Culvert Metal/1 1.5/ 0.46 23/ 6.99 Poor 3.53/ 0.1048 Culvert Concrete/1 4/ 1.22 41/ 12.46 Good 55.08/ 1.5649 Culvert Metal/1 2.5/ 0.76 35/ 10.64 Good 15.54/ 0.4451 Culvert Concrete/1 1.33/ 0.40 23/ 6.99 Poor 2.82/ 0.0853 Culvert Concrete/1 1.67/ 0.51 28/ 8.51 Good 6.00/ 0.1754 Culvert Concrete/1 1.25/ 0.38 20/ 6.08 Good 3.50/ 0.01(Amoah, 2008)Turkey CreekMODELING RESULTS using SWAT (Soil & Water Assessment Tool, USD ARS)Measured/Predicted Monthly Outflows –2005-06 (Calibration) & 2007 (Validation)Daily Simulation vs. Observed Values024681012215 235 255 275 295 315Julian Day (2005,2006)Flow (mm)OBS SIM020406080100Jan-05Mar-05May-05Jul-05Sep-05Nov-05Jan-06Mar-06May-06Jul-06Sep-06Nov-06Jan-07Mar-07May-07Jul-07Sep-07Nov-07Streamflow (mm)Measured Simulated20072005- 2006R2 = 0.78; E = 0.74 R2 = 0.98; E = 0.98(Amatya et al, 2008)Measured & SWAT Predicted Annual Streamflow for 2005-07 221866812526570 7513701002003004002005 2006 2007 AverageStreamflow (mm)Measured SimulatedStreamflow (mm)Jan & Jun-Jul not included in 2005(Amatya et al, 2008)WATER TABLE MONITORING(2006-08)Ongoing Surface-subsurface water Interaction studyCofC scientists & GradsNUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONSNov 05 – May 07 (Needs updates)0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00Total N NH4-N NO3-N DIN DON Total PNutrient, mg L-1Concentration, mg L-1Temperature, DO and pH for 2006-080.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.024-Mar-06 10-Oct-06 28-Apr-07 14-Nov-07 1-Jun-08 18-Dec-08DateParametersTemperature DO pHPhysical ParametersApr 06 – Oct 08SUMMARYHistoric (1964-76) and current data since 2005 – A baseline information on hydrology and water quality of a typical lower coastal plain watershed.Stream flow dynamics, Rainfall-runoff relationships & mechanisms, water balance components and water quality were described for the forest reference system.SWAT hydrologic model was successfully calibrated for predicting daily and monthly flows.These hydrologic/water quality data together with the calibrated model SWAT can be useful for evaluating impacts of development, urbanization, land use and climate change and extreme events.Site and Data are available for sharing with cooperators and partnersNEXT STEPSExpand/Strengthen collaborative effortsObtain LIDAR data for accurate assessmentsExpand additional monitoring e.g. nested catchments, WQ parameters like Hg, coliformbacteria, sediment etc. Study surface-subsurface water interactionStudy runoff generation mechanism Evaluate scenarios of land use and climate change using SWAT modelCOOPERATORSFS Southern Research StationNational Council for Air & Stream Improvement, Inc.FS Francis Marion National Forest US Geological SurveyCollege of CharlestonJJ&G Company/ Tetra-Tech, Inc. SC Department of Transportation University of Krakow, PolandFlorida A& M UniversitySC Sea Grants ProgramClemson UniversityTHANK YOU !!!

Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring on Turkey Creek Watershed, Francis Marion National Forest, SC

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Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring on Turkey Creek Watershed, Francis Marion National Forest, SC

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