Com a finalidade de avaliar o padrão de crescimento do grão-de-bico, variedade IAC-Marrocos, realizou-se um experimento na Estação Experimental de Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, nos anos agrícolas de 1987 e 1988. Semanalmente eram feitas coletas de plantas e após a separação das partes, eram obtidos os pesos secos, bem como o índice de área foliar. Esses dados foram analisados com modelos de regressão linear e exponencial ajustados para as matérias secas de grão, de folha e total e para os índices de área foliar e de crescimento. Baseando-se na análise de crescimento conclui-se que o grão-de-bico é uma planta que pode ser recomendada como alternativa para a cultura de inverno em condições climáticas semelhantes às do presente estudo.An experiment to study the growing pattern of a chickpea variety, IAC-Marrocos, was carried out at the Monte Alegre Experimental Station, SP, during 1987 and 1988. The dry matter production of all parts of the plant, as well the leaf area index, were weekly evaluated. Exponential quadratic models of regression were adjusted to total dry matter, leaf dry matter and leaf area index, and a linear model to dry matter of grain. Based on the growth analysis it was concluded that the chickpea is a rustic eatable plant that can be recommended as an alternative winter crop for similar climatic conditions as those of the experiment

Braga, N.R.

Camargo, M.B.P.

Nagai, V.

Nogueira, S.S.S.

Novo, M. Do C.S.S.

English

Cadernos Espinosanos (E-Journal)

GROWTH ANALYSIS OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)S.S.S. NOGUEIRA; V. NAGAI; N.R. BRAGA; M. DO C.S.S. NOVO; M.B.P. CAMARGOInstituto Agronômico de Campinas-IAC, C.P. 28 - CEP: 13001-970 - Campinas, SPABSTRACT: An experiment to study the growing pattern of a chickpea variety, IAC-Marrocos, was carried out atthe Monte Alegre Experimental Station, SP, during 1987 and 1988. The dry matter production of all parts of theplant, as well the leaf area index, were weekly evaluated. Exponential quadratic models of regression were adjustedto total dry matter, leaf dry matter and leaf area index, and a linear model to dry matter of grain. Based on thegrowth analysis it was concluded that the chickpea is a rustic eatable plant that can be recommended as analternative winter crop for similar climatic conditions as those of the experiment.Key Words: chickpea, growing indexes, yieldANÁLISE DE CRESCIMENTO DO GRÃO-DE-BICORESUMO: Com a finalidade de avaliar o padrão de crescimento do grão-de-bico, variedade IAC-Marrocos, realizou-se um experimento na Estação Experimental de Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, nos anos agrícolas de 1987 e 1988.Semanalmente eram feitas coletas de plantas e após a separação das partes, eram obtidos os pesos secos, bem comoo índice de área foliar. Esses dados foram analisados com modelos de regressão linear e exponencial ajustados paraas matérias secas de grão, de folha e total e para os índices de área foliar e de crescimento. Baseando-se na análisede crescimento conclui-se que o grão-de-bico é uma planta que pode ser recomendada como alternativa para acultura de inverno em condições climáticas semelhantes às do presente estudo.Descritores: grão-de-bico, índices de crescimento, produçãoINTRODUCTIONThe chickpea belongs to theLeguminosae family and has been extensivelycultivated in South Asia for centuries. It wasintroduced more recently into Spain and Mexico,that consume this grain in large quantities. Brazilhas no comercial production of chickpeas and thegreatest amount sold in the local market comesfrom importation.Some few trials have shown that someBrazilian regions have good aptness for this cropand so it can be an excellent alternative as wintercrop.The growth analysis is a fundamentaltechnique used to quantify the growth components,represents the first step in the analysis of primaryproduction and is the most practical method forassessing net photosynthetic production. WATSON(1952) reviewed the techniques of growth analysis;RADFORD (1967) presents a review of theirformulae, their derivation and conditions for thenuse and KVET et al. (1971) introduced a newconcept that uses curves which are fitted to the dataso that they approximate the real growth curve.The principal objective of growthanalysis is to detect if growth and yield are affectedby some environmental factor (BISCOE &WELLINGTON, 1984) or if at one stage ofdevelopment the crop is more affected by theenvironment than by another factor (WARREN &WELLINGTON, 1984). The achieved informationwith this kind of analysis is useful to project cropschedules.The purpose of this study was toquantify the production and allocation of dry matterof chickpea, v. IAC-Marrocos, during twoconsecutive years, in a presumeable well adaptedregion.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiment was conducted on ared-yellow podzol at the Monte Alegre do Sul Ex-perimental Station (777 m above sea level, 46°43'W, 22° 41'S) during two consecutive years,1987 and 1988. A corrective manuring was madeat a rate of 2 ton/ha of dolomitic lime and 250 kg/ha of superphosphate drilled with the seeds, whichwere inoculated with specific Bradyrhizobium spp.Sowing took place on 01 April 1987 and 24 April1988. In both years row spacing was 50cm andpopulation was 10 plants/m.Sampling started two weeks aftersowing and continued at weekly intervals up tocommercial maturity, on 19 August 1987 and 23August 1988. Samples were randomly selectedfrom an uniform area of approximately 0.5 ha. Ateach sampling, five samples of all the plantsenclosed in 1m2 were hand dug.The plants were separated into leaflamina, stem, pod and seed and dry weights wererecorded. A sample of leaf lamina of each harves-ting was used for leaf area determination with theaid of an eletronic planimeter, type LI 3000.The climatic data (temperature, rainfalland insolation) were obtained from themeteorological station located close to theexperimental area.The method of growth analysis used inthis trial involved the calculation of various meanrate changes in plant weights (w2 and W1) and leafareas (L2 and L1) observed at two sampling periods(t2 and t1) as follows:Leaf Area Index (L),L = LA / P LA = leaf area P = land areaCrop Growth Rate (Ct),Ct = (w2 - w1)/ (t2 -t1)Relative Growth Rate (Rw)Rw = (loge w2 - log6 w1) / (LA2 - LA1) (t2 - t1)Equations were fitted to the data foreach variable using models of linear andexponential regression.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe mean values of temperature,rainfall and insolation during the crop cycle areshown in Figure 1 and are compared with the meanvalues of the last 30 years in the region.The regression equations of plant dataare shown in TABLE 1.Flowering took place on 10 June 1987and 12 July 1988, fixing vegetative periods of 71and 78 days and reproductive periods of 70 and 63days, respectively.The crop biometric characteristics arerepresented in Figure 2 and the curves describingthe growth indexes in Figure 3.Leaf dry matter (W) during 1987 and1988 seasons were adequately described by aquadratic exponential function. In both seasons themaximum value was reached at 100 days,decreasing after this stage because of the assimilatetranslocation to the grain, the senescence and theleaf fall. In the second year, the photosyntheticapparatus was smaller in the above ground part ofthe plants. As the variation of temperature in bothyears was small, it is suposed that the difference isrelated to the higher rainfall quantity in 1987during the growing season (335 mm), incomparison to the second year quantity (112.8mm). The leaf dry matter continued to increasebefore flowering (reproductive stage), the valuesbeing higher in the first year probably because ofthe more abundant rainfall during this period (85mm vs. 0 mm).The grain dry matter (Wg) is describedby a linear function and is shown in Figure 2-B.The difference of grain amount produced alongboth years is not considerable although the straightline describing the tendency shows slightsuperiority in the second year. The yield in bothyears is similar to that of traditional productivecountries (SAXENA & SHELDRAKE, 1980).Total aboveground dry matter accumu-lation (Wt), leaves + stems + pods + grains, wasadjusted by a quadratic exponential function. Thebehavior was similar, shown by the Wt maximumthat was reached in the same stage of development,for both years. The value was higher in the firstyear due the larger amount of dry matter producedby vegetative organs. The reproductive fractionsdiffered slightly.The leaf area index (L) was described bya quadratic exponential regression equation (Figure2-D). The maximum value reached in the first yearwas 45% higher than in the second.It is well known that crop photosynthesisdepends directly on its photosynthetic apparatus,mainly of its leaf area that intercepts sunlight.BROUGHAM (1956) showed that the percentage oflight interception as much as the dry matterproduction rate increased with the leaf area.However authors disagree about the nature ofphotosynthetic response to excedent L and the onerequired to maximum yield. BROUGHAM (1958)fixed as critical L the value that intercepts 95% ofincident sunlight. Therefore it is important to knowthe basic response of each varity to L maximum anthat one with biological and economic meaning(SHIBLES & WEBER, 1965). HUNT (1978)observed that L is influenced by climatic factors. In1987 experiment the maximum value reached,seemed to be excessive to grain yield. The betterhidric conditions of the 1987 experiment provideda larger canopy. Its branched architecture providedshade to lower leaves. These leaves may loose thecapacity to sustain a positive carbon balance.SHELDRAKE & SAXENA (1979) found differentL values of the same chickpea variety, at differentsites, despite of same growing pattern. Theyattributed the difference to the climate, speciallyrainfall.The crop growth rate (Ct) was higher in1987 at 90 days, when the grain filling began(Figure 3-A). The values were identical in 1987and 1988 at about 110 days and were higher in1988 throughout the ripening stage when valuesdeclined due the losses of assimilates.The behavior of the chickpea crop isdifferent than that of the corn (MACHADO et al.,1982), and of soybean crops (BUTTERY, 1974).In those crops the highest Ct values agreewith the flowering time, since they havedeterminated growth habits. The highest valueobtained in this trial was 14 g.m-2. day-1 in 1987and 11 g. m-2. day-1 in 1988. However, the higherindex value of 1987 didn't mean that the yield wasalso higher.The relative growth rate (Rw) decreasedwith age in both years due the progressive increaseof non assimilatory tissues. In this experiment, asRw was similar in both years, the fact suggeststhat environment had no effect in this rate (Figure3-B).The net assimilation rate (EA) valuesobtained in 1988 were slightly higher than in 1987(Figure 3-C), indicating larger crop efficiency. TheEA decreased rapidly until the flowering stage,remaininig stable during grain filling anddecreasing rapidly after the L maximum at 100days. It attained the value zero at 120 days and wasnegative after this time. It indicated a negativeassimilate balance. Being the EA a plant efficienceindex and being higher in the second year, it isprobable that the L in 1987 had exceeded theoptimum value for this crop. Another suggestion isthat in the second year the insolation was higher(Figure 1-C) and provided a higher photosyntheticrate that provided better grain filling, in addition tothe best sunlight improvement due the reduction ofself shading. The results of this experiment indicatethat the insolation and consequently, the radiation,may have importance for the chickpea crop,justifying further testing.CONCLUSIONSThe different values of growth indexes,in the two years of the experiment, showed that theplant growth is more affected by climatic factorsthan the grain production.The chickpea plant had good performan-ce and can be recomended as a promising wintercrop at similar climatic and soil conditions that ofthis experiment.REFERENCESBISCOE, P.; WELLINGTON, A. Timing husbandry tocrop development. Farm Business, Warwick, p.32-33,1984.BRIGGS, G.E.; KIDD, F.A.; WEST,C. A quantitativeanalysis of plant growth. Annals of Applied Biology,London, v.7, p.202-223, 1920.BROUGHAM, R.W. Effect of intensity of defoliation onregrowth of pasture. Australian Journal ofAgricultural Research, Victoria, v.7, p.377-387,1956.BROUGHAM, R.W. Interception of ligth by the foliageof pure and mixed stands of pasture plants. AustralianJournal of Agricultural Research, Victoria, v.9, p.39-52, 1958.BUTTERY, B.R. Analysis of growth of soybean asaffected by plant population and fertilizer. CanadianJournal of Plant Science, Ottawa, v.49, p.675-684,1974.HARDWICK, R.C. Some recent development in growthanalysis - a review. Annals of Botany, London, v.54,p.807-812, 1984.HUNT, R. Growth analysis of individual plants. In:ARNOLD, E. (ed) Plant Growth Analysis.Southampton: Camelot Press. 1978. p.26-28.(Studiesin Biology, 6).KVET, J.; ONDOK, J.P.; NECAS, J.; JARVIS, P.G.Methods of growth analysis. In: SESTAK, Z.;CATSKY, J.; JARVIS, P.G. (eds.), PlantPhotosynthetic Production: manual and methods.The Hague: The Hague Publisher, 1971. p.343-384.LADIZINSKY, G. The origin of chickpea Cicerarietinum L. Euphytica, Wageningen, v.25,p.211-217, 1976.MACHADO, E.G.; PEREIRA, A.R.; FAHL, J.I.;ARRUDA, H.V.; SILVA, W.T.; TEIXEIRA, J.P.F.Análise quantitativa de crescimento de quatrovariedades de milho em três densidades. PesquisaAgropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 17, p.825-833,1982.RADFORD, P.J. Growth analysis formulae - their useand abuse. Crop Science, Madison, v.7, p. 171-175,1967.SAXENA, N.P.; SHELDRAKE, A.R. Physiology ofgrowth, development and yield of chickpea in India. In:PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONALWORKSHOP ON CHICKPEA IMPROVEMENT.Hyderabad. 1980. Proceedings... Potanchiru,International Crop Research for Semiarid Tropic. 1980.p.89-90.SHELDRAKE, A.R.; SAXENA, N.P. The growth anddevelopment of chickpeas under progressive moisturestress. In: MUSSEL, H.; STAPLES, R.C. (eds) StressPhysiology in Crop Plants. New York. John Wiley,1979. p.465-483.SHIBLES, R.M.; WEBER, C.R. Leaf area, solarradiation interception and dry matter production bysoybeans. Crop Science, Madison, v.5, p.575-577,1965.THORNE, G.N. Variations with age in net assimilationrate and growth attributes of sugarbeet, potato andbarley in a controlled environment. Annals of Botany,London, v.24, p.356-371,1960.WARREN WILSON, J. Effects of seasonal variation inradiation and temperature on net assimilation andgrowth rates in an arid climate. Annals of Botany,London, v.31, p.41-57, 1967.WATSON, D.J. The physiological basis of variation inyield. Advances in Agronomy, New York, v.4, p.101-145, 1952.WEST, C.; BRIGGS, G.E.; KIDD, F. Methods andsignificant relations in the quantitative analysis of plantgrowth. New Physiologist, Oxford, v.19, p.200-207,1920.Recebido para publicação em 28.03.94Aceito para publicação em 01.10.94

Growth analysis of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

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Growth analysis of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

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