FATHMAN, C. Garrison

GLIMCHER, Laurie H.

PAUL, William E.

English

Cadernos Espinosanos (E-Journal)

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo45(6):343-344, November-December, 2003*This book is available at the Library of the Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São PauloThe volume 21 of the Annual Review of Immunology offers a broad updatedinformation on selected topics in Basic Immunology for students and researchers.In 2003, the important area of Immunology of Infectious Diseases andVaccines is covered in three chapters. CD8 T cells respond to viral infectionsbut also participate in defense against bacterial and protozoan infections. Someviruses, such as influenza virus, cause acute infections and are eliminated. Incontrast, herpes viruses cause latent infections and remain with the host for life.CD8 T cells play distinct roles in these two circumstances. Bacterial andprotozoan pathogens also cause acute and chronic infections, with similarchallenges for CD8 T cell-mediated immune defense. In the first chapter in thisvolume of Annual Review of Immunology, P. WONG & E.G. PAMER summarizerecent knowledge of CD8T cell immunity to pathogens, as learned from themajor mouse models of infectious disease. Viral, bacterial, and protozoanpathogens that have been used in mouse models to characterize CD8T cellresponses are reviewed. Finally, new concepts of CD8T cell-mediated anti-microbial immunity that have emerged from these studies are discussed. Virusesand other invading pathogens have exerted unrelenting selection pressure uponthe mammalian host, necessitating the development of a complex and adaptableimmune system. Large DNA viruses such as herpesviruses and poxviruses providesome of the most extensive inventories of gene products that serve to defendthese viruses against the assault executed by the host immune response. In anexcellent review, B.T. SEET et al. highlight the many strategies that poxvirusesutilize to modulate key components of the innate and acquired immune responses.Immunological memory is the basis for protective vaccines. Successful vaccineshave been those that can imitate the generation of neutralizing or opsonizingantibodies responses that seem to be the only limiting factor against acutelycytopathic agents. In contrast, cell-mediated immunity against infections thatpersist in the host is much more difficult to imitate. In a didactic and informativereview, R.M. ZINKERNAGEL summarizes the general parameters of cell- andantibody-mediated immune protection and the basic mechanisms responsiblefor what we call immunological memory. In his excellent chapter, the authorconsiders some important questions: Have artificial vaccines been “foreseen”by nature? What is the physiological equivalent of our vaccines? What is missingin our knowledge not only about immunity but also about vaccines?Much information can be obtained on the field of Lymphocyte SurfaceAntigens and Activation Mechanisms. As pointed out by M.L. HERMISTONet al., CD45 was first reviewed by Matt Thomas in 1989 and again by Trowbridge& Thomas in 1994. Our knowledge concerning CD45 has grown significantlyduring the past eight years. In a very up-to-date chapter, the authors reviewprogress made in keys areas of CD45 biology: structure, regulation of geneexpression and alternative splicing, CD45 function in immune cells, andregulation of phosphatase activity. Significant associations that have beenreported for autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, malignancy, and perturbationsof CD45 function were also discussed. The IgA receptor family comprises anumber of five surface receptors including the polymeric Ig receptor involvedin epithelial transport of IgA/IgM, the myeloid specific IgA receptor (FcαRI orCD89), the Fcα/µR, and at least two alternative IgA receptors. These receptorsfor IgA play a significant role in vivo in maintaining the integrity of immuneresponses in systemic and mucosal compartments. In an interesting chapter,R.C. MONTEIRO & J.G.J. van de WINKEL summarize the current knowledgeof 5 types of IgA receptors, focusing on CD89. Recent studies supporting a rolefor IgA antibodies and FcαRI-directed molecules as therapeutics for humandiseases are also discussed. Over the past several years, significant advanceshave been made in elucidating the molecular details of the biochemical cascadestriggered by ligand-engagement of immune cell signaling receptors. A keyorganizing element for signaling receptors appears to be cholesterol- andsphingolipid- rich plasma membrane microdomains termed lipid rafts. M.DYKSTRA et al. review evidence that lipid rafts play a role in the regulation ofimmune cell activation. Over the last years, considerable progress has been madein characterizing and understanding the mechanisms underlying antigenrecognition by T cells. P.A. van der MERWE & S.J. DAVIS review recent progressin this area such as: interaction between T cells antigen receptor (TCR) andprocessed antigen presented on MHC molecules; CD8 and CD4 co-receptormolecules; CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules and their ligands B7-1 and B7-2expressed on antigen-presenting cells; and, interactions between CD2 and itsrelated ligands.The area of Lymphocyte Development and Differentiation has been thetarget for several reviews in previous volumes of this scientific series.Homeostasis and normal functioning of the immune system require regulationof the survival of leukocytes. The death of superfluous, defective, damaged, ordangerous cells occurs by apoptosis that can be induced by death receptor ligationor via Bcl-2-inhibitable pathways. In a very interesting chapter, V.S. MARSDEN& A. STRASSER first focus on the role of the Bcl-2 protein family in the controlof lymphoid and myeloid cell survival; next, the authors discuss as defects inapoptosis can contribute to autoimmunity, leukemogenesis, and infection. Tcells arise from hematopoietic stem cells and their development occurs in thethymus and requires signals from nonhematopoietic stromal cells includingvarious types of thymic epithelial cells and mesenchymal fibroblasts. Positiveand negative selection of T cells occurs predominantly in the thymus, werelymphocyte precursors first assemble a surface receptor. The current state of thefield regarding the natural ligands and molecular factors required for positiveand negative selection is summarized by T.K. STARR et al. in a very interestingchapter. The authors also focus on recent data on central tolerance, where itappears that both dominant (T regulatory cell generation) and recessive (clonaldelection) mechanisms operate in the thymus. The recognition of the polarizedT helper cell subsets Th1 and Th2 has led to an understanding of the role ofthese cells in coordinate a variety of immune responses, both in responses topathogens and in autoimmune and allergic disease. The immune system hasevolved a magnitude of signal transduction pathways involved in the developmentof a Th1 or Th2 response. Excellent reviews on Th2 development and the signaltransduction pathways and transcription factors involved in Th2 differentiationwere subjects in previous volumes of Annual Review of Immunology series. Inthis volume, S.J. SZABO et al. focus on the signaling pathways and transcriptionfactors implicated in Th1 induction, differentiation, and commitment in vitroand in vivo. Considerable attention is given to the newly identified Th1-inducingcytokines/cytokine receptors IL-23, IL-27, TCCR/WSX-1, and the novel Th1-specific transcription factors T-bet and H1x. Recent advances in understandingthe biological nature of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells that havebroadened the potential application of these cells in the treatment of diseasessuch as breast cancer, leukemias, and congenital immunodeficiencies are focusedby M. KONDO et al. B Cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is definedas a proliferation of B lymphocytes that express CD19 or CD20, CD5, CD23,and low levels of IgE and CD79b and CD22 on their surface membranes. In anextensive review, N. CHIORAZZI & M. FERRARINI discuss the cellular originof B-CLL cells, several aspects of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) of theleukemia cells, and how the BCR influences the evolution of the leukemic cellsfrom a normal B cell to a clinically manifested B -CLL clone. Finally, K.L.BOOK REVIEW*ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 21, 2003; edited by William E. PAUL, C. Garrison FATHMAN & Laurie H. GLIMCHER. PaloAlto, Annual Reviews Inc., 2003. 955 p. ilust. ISBN: 0-8243-3021-8. ISSN 0732-0582.344Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo45(6):343-344, November-December, 2003CALAME et al. review recent work that provides new insights into thetranscriptional regulatory mechanisms that are involved in commitment toterminal B-cell differentiation and expression of the plasma cell phenotype.Two chapters deal with TOLERANCE in a very exciting manner. In hischapter, R.H. SCHWARTZ first introduces a new concept for T cell anergy, thatis defined by the author as a tolerance mechanism in which the lymphocyte isintrinsically functionally inactivated following an antigen encounter, but remainsalive for an extended period of time in the hyporresponsive state. Then, theauthor focuses on the basic types of T cell anergy that fall into two broadcategories. One, clonal anergy, is principally a growth arrest state, whereas theother, adaptive tolerance or in vivo anergy, represents a more generalizedinhibition of proliferation and effector functions. As pointed out by R.M.STEINMAN et al., the subject of their interesting review, the role of dendriticcells (DCs) in T cell tolerance, may be surprising. The authors discuss, in a verydidactic way, several challenging questions related to DCs as tolerogenic cells,such as: how is possible to use low doses of intact antigens to induce tolerancein vivo? when DCs are maturing in response to an infection, how do they avoidthe risk of inducing autoimmunity to self-antigens and chronic reactivity toenvironmental proteins? can antigen-specific tolerance be induced in clinicalsettings, such as transplantation, allergy, and autoimmunity? how are the manyknown mechanisms for T cell tolerance engaged and controlled in the intactanimal and patients? Finally, examples in which antigen presentation via DCslead to the control of specific tolerance mechanisms in vivo are also reviewed.The important area of REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE iscovered in three chapters. A novel lymphocyte lineage, Vα14 natural killer T(NKT) cells, is now well established as distinct from conventional αβT cells. In avery up-to-date review, M. TANIGUCHI et al. summarize characteristic featuresof Vα14 natural killer T cells and discuss the remarkable functional diversity ofthese kind of T cells in various immune responses such as host defense by mediatinganti-nonself innate immune reaction, homeostatic regulation of anti-self responses,and anti-tumor immunity. Innate immune defense is less sophisticated than adaptivedefense. It includes the epithelial surfaces with mechanical barriers and digestiveenzymes, but when microbes penetrate the body, defensive systems capable ofdistinguishing pathogens from self-structures are required. The Toll-like receptors(TLRs) are primordial structures that recognize the pathogen-associated molecularpatterns and are found in insects as well as mammals. In drosophila antimicrobialresponses rely on two signaling pathways: the Toll pathway and the IMD (immunedeficiency) pathway. In mammals there are at least 10 members of the TLR familythat recognize specific patterns of microbial components and regulates the activationof both innate and adaptive immunity. In a very interesting review, K. TAKEDAet al. focus on recent progress regarding the functions of TLRs and their signalingpathways. Collectins (mannan-binding-lectin–MBL, and surfactants proteins Aand D) and ficolins (L-ficolin, M-ficolin, and H-ficolin), present in plasma and onmucosal surfaces, are humoral molecules which also recognize pathogen-associatedmolecular patterns. Upon recognition of the infectious agent, the human collectinsas well as ficolins, initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation throughattached serine proteases. By other hand, surfactant proteins A and D act throughother effector mechanisms: direct opsonization, neutralization, and agglutination.In an excellent chapter, structure, function, clinical implications, and phylogenyof human collectins and ficolins, as well as their role in innate immune defense,are reviewed by V. HOLMSKOV et al.Two important chapters focus on CYTOKINES. The control of cell surviveis believed to involve regulation of the anti-apoptotic machinery. A factor calledBAFF was recently discovered that is clearly a survival factor for most B cells.APRIL is a second molecule related to BAFF and shares some of the BAFFreceptor yet appears to play a different biological role. F. MACKAY et al. focuson recent progress on the survival aspect of BAFF and its receptor interactionsas it applies to B cell biology and to other TNF family members. IL-13 wasoriginally described as a T cell-derived cytokine that inhibits inflammatorycytokine production. IL-13 was also thought to be functionally redundant withIL-4. Over last years, knockout animals were instrumental in demonstratingnon-redundant roles for IL-13. In this context, T.A. WINN highlights importanteffector functions mediated by IL-13 and summarizes diverse array of biologicalactivities including: regulation of intracellular parasitism; gastrointestinal parasiteexpulsion; inflammatory diseases of the lung; cancer; tissue remodeling andfibrosis; finally, regulation and suppression of IL-13 mediated effector functionare discussed.The hallmark of HIV-1 infection is the progressive depletion of CD4+ Tcells. Yet the extent and nature of this depletion, and the mechanisms by whichit arises, remain highly controversial. In the absence of antiretroviral treatment,HIV-1 replication is extensive throughout the course of infection, whiledeterioration of conventional measures of immunity is slow, including thecharacteristic loss of CD4+ T cells that is thought to play a key role in thedevelopment of immunodeficiency. D.C. DOUEK et al. examines HIV-1 infectionfrom the perspective of lymphocyte dynamics, linking recent empirical andconceptual advances in HIV-1 biology with new insights into T cell dynamicsto provide an immunological view of the pathogenesis of this infection. In avery interesting opinion, the authors suggest that profound memory CD4+ Tcells destruction occurring during the acute phase may have a crucial impact onthe subsequent course of the infection.Given the number of neoantigens expressed by tumors, a central questionin cancer immunology is whether recognition of tumor antigens by the immunesystem leads to activation (surveillance) or tolerance. As discussed by D.PARDOLL in his excellent review. Does the immune system see tumors as foreignor self? these apparently disparate views can in fact be reconciled into a unifiedhypothesis in which tumors must develop specific mechanisms to locally inhibitthe activation of innate and adaptive immunity to progress successfully throughinvasive and metastatic stages.The MHC-encoded proteins are highly polymorphic proteins that constitutethe major barrier for allogenic transplantation and are associated to hundred ofdiseases. The MHC was first discovered in mouse and much of our knowledgeabout it comes from this mammalian animal model. Available data that can helpus to understand the fundamentals of the MHC are summarized by A.KUMÁNOVICS et al. In a very interesting review, the authors use the humanand mouse sequences as a guide for comparative analyses of organization andorigin of this crucial part of the immune system.The reaction of IgE with its receptors is central to the phenomenon of allergy.An allergic reaction is initiated when an antigen crosslinks immunoglobulin E(IgE) antibodies bound to their high-affinity Fc receptor (FcεRI) on tissue mastcells or blood basophils. H. J. GOULD et al. first review recent compellingevidence that the microenvironment in allergic disease favors class switching toIgE in preference to IgG in mucosal tissues; then, they discuss how the highaffinity of IgE to mast cell-surface receptors can now be interpreted in terms ofthe recently determined crystal structures of IgE- FcεRI and IgG-FcγR complexes.Finally, in his prefatory chapter The Meandering 45-Year Odyssey of aClinical Immunologist, Thomas A. WALDMANN focuses on the cytokinesIL-2 and IL-15, which have competitive functions in adaptive immune responses,and on new forms of therapy directed at IL-2 and IL-15 receptors against certainneoplasic diseases and autoimmune disorders and in prevention of allograftrejection.The tradition of the series Annual Review of Immunology is to present thestate of the art in different fields of Immunology. Like other volumes, this bookis mostly target to posgraduates and researchers who wish bring themselves upto date on Basic Immunology.Myrthes Toledo Barros, PHD, M.D.Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e AlergiaHospital das Clínicas da Faculdade deMedicina da Universidade de São PauloANNUAL REVIEWS – science@annualreviews.org4139 El Camino Way - P.O. Box 10139Palo Alto, California 94303-0139 - U.S.A.www.annualreviews.org

Annual review of immunology

https://www.revistas.usp.br/rimtsp/article/download/30768/32652

Annual review of immunology

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Cadernos Espinosanos (E-Journal)