Hankebo, Hamsasew

Martínez Sáez, Silvio J.

English

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Journal of Animal Production 29 (1), pages 50-52, 2017 I S S N  2 2 2 4 - 7 9 2 0  TECHNICAL NOTE     Characterization of Some Resources in the Adama Assela Hawassa Region (Ethiopia), with Potential for Mineral Supplementation of Livestock, and Presentation of a New Mineral Salt   Silvio J. Martínez Sáez* and Hamsasew Hankebo** *Center for Animal Production Studies (CEDEPA), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz University of Camaguey, Cuba        **Faculty of Natural Sciences, Science and Technology University of Adama, Ethiopia      silvio.martinez@reduc.edu.cu INTRODUCTION  Usually, pastures do not contain all the minerals required by animals (dairy cows, growing or breeding animals) to maintain an efficient production behavior. Recent findings have shown that their existence can improve the capacity of the immune system (Herd, 2011). The cost/benefit ratio in terms of mineral sup-plementation could me more than 3 (Gutiérrez, 2015). Therefore, the common international practice is to provide supplements based on mineral salts that contain macro and micro elements to achieve a more bal-anced diet. However, this practice is limited in the poor nations because the costs of commercial concen-trated feeds cannot be afforded by many farmers. In Ethiopia, sodium deficiency is more frequent so salt supplements must be supplied routinely. Other important minerals are phosphorus, calcium and copper (Kabaija and Little, 2012).  Furthermore, Adama-Hawasa is an agro-industrial region, and there are raw materials that could be used to formulate less expensive mineral supplements. A similar study was made a few years ago in Cuba (Martínez et al., 2004).    The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the different local resources near the towns of Adama, Assela and Hawasa, which may be useful as mineral supplements. Also important was recommending proper mixtures.    DEVELOPMENT  Samples of saline soil (more than 1 kg), at the local Hawasa market; limestone, sugar mill filter cake and bagasse ashes (Wonji-Shewa Sugar Factory), plaster (Tabor Ceramic Products S.C., Assela); diammonium sulphates (DAP) and dicalcium (DCP) (Adama market). The samples were air dried and crushed with mortar, and then they were sieved (1 mm).     Concentrations of Na, K and Ca were determined by flame photometry, using acetylene, and SrCl2 as control of ionization and releasing agent. P and Fe were determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and S was determined by turbidimetry. All the samples were analyzed by triplicate, and the mean and variance coefficients were determined from every trio of values, as a precision measure. Accuracy was controlled using added standard recovery. For all the sample treatment, analytical procedures and quality control of analyses, recommendations of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM, 2014), were accomplished.    Calculations of mean and variation coefficient, as well as online programming for cost effectiveness of the mixture, were made using Solver MS Excel® (2007). Table 1 shows the contents of each element of the raw materials.  The saline soil was rich in Na and phosphorous in both diphosphates. Plaster may become a source of sulphur, whereas sugar mill filter cake has the highest copper concentration.   TECHNICAL NOTE    Characterization of Some Resources in the Adama Assela Hawassa Region (Ethiopia), with Potential for Mineral Supplementation to Livestock, and Presentation of a New Mineral Salt  Journal of Animal Production 29 (1), pages 50-52, 2017  Table 2 shows a mixture proposition that only includes raw materials from Adama, Assela-Hawassa, whose composition meets the mineral requisites for grazing ruminants (McDowell and Arthington, 2005), assuming daily consumption of 50g, and prices during sample collection. According to material availabil-ity and price changes, other variants that meet the requisites could be proposed.  CONCLUSIONS The mineral contents in the raw materials analyzed facilitate their use to produce mixtures that can be used as supplements for grazing animals. The cost of the mixtures recommended for use was less than half the costs in the local markets. Its production might become a source of jobs and income if a small compa-ny were set up for that purpose. Determination of mineral contents in other elements is recommended. REFERENCES  ASTM, 2014. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass, Book of Standards Volume: 04.08. - John Wiley and Sons, New York : 2014. E. Kabaija y D.A. Little, 2012. Nutrient quality of forages in Ethiopia with particular reference to mineral elements. at: www.fao.org/wairdocs/ILRI/x549E/x5491e18.htm. Retrieved in October, 2013 Gutiérrez E., 2015.  Suplementación de mineral para vacas en pastoreo. Sitio argentino de producción animal. At:  www.produccion-animal.com.ar. Retrieved in October, 2013 Herd T. H., 2011. Nutritional Requirement of Beef Cattle. At: https:/www.fao.org /wairdocs /ILRI/x549E/x5491e18.htm. Retrieved in June, 2014. Martínez S., Guerra Belkis y Pedraza R., 2004.   Caracterización de algunos recursos del territorio con potencial para la suplementación mineral del ganado y propuesta de una sal mineral.  de Producción Animal (Nota técnica), 16 (1), 87-88. McDowell L. R. y Arthington, 2005. Minerales para rumiantes en pastoreo en regiones tropica-les. Cuarta Edición. Centro de Agricultura Tropical. Universidad de Florida. Gainesville, EUA. 91 p. Received: 5-22-2016 Accepted: 6-1-2016 Table 1. Mineral contents of the samples analyzed                               Element            Sa-line soils            DAP DCP Plas-ter                 Lime-stone      Sugar mill filter cake          Ashes           Na (%) 15.28 0.98 0.56 0.11 0.37 0.01 0.23 K (%) 0.86 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.66 0.51 Ca (%) 3.83 0.64 16.54 26.11 59.44 4.7 3.28 S. J. Martínez Sáez and H. Hankebo Journal of Animal Production 29 (1), pages 50-52, 2017  P (%) 0.33 35.4 22.14 0.03 0.01 0.37 0.25 S (%) 0.14 4.04 0.04 33.67 0.09 3.14 0.74 Fe (%) 0.26 0.17 0.1 0.01 0.13 0.05 0.13 Cu (ppm) 123 12 19 21 11 198 11 DAP - Diammonium phosphate      DCP- dicalcium phosphate             The variation coefficient in all the cases was below 3%.         Table 2. Formulation for recommended mixture and chemical composition                                   Inclusion levels (%)  Composition   Raw material    Elements    Saline soil    57.25  Na (%) 8.90 DCP 24.75  K (%) 0.59 Plaster                 4.49  Ca (%) 8.41 Limestone            0.56  P (%) 5.72 Sugar mill filter cake           12.93  S (%) 2.01    Fe (%) 0.18         Cu (ppm) 102  

Characterization of Some Resources in the Adama Assela Hawassa Region (Ethiopia), with Potential for Mineral Supplementation of  Livestock, and Presentation of a New Mineral Salt.

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Characterization of Some Resources in the Adama Assela Hawassa Region (Ethiopia), with Potential for Mineral Supplementation of Livestock, and Presentation of a New Mineral Salt.

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