To analyze the effect of additional microminerals in the diet supplement on weight and diameter of alpaca fiber, the application of three doses of selenium and zinc (0.0; 1.0; and 1.5 cc) on the diet, on CRD factorial arrangement (3 x 2) + (3 x 2), was assessed. The results showed statistically significant differencences for treatments: selenium doses, ages, zinc doses, and for zinc interaction by ages (Se1E2 with 74.33 kg at 90 days, for height at the withers, Zn1E2, averaging 91.33 cm). Fiber length for treatments Se1E1 and Se1E2 averaged 3 cm. For fiber diameter, treatments 1 (Se0E1) and Se1E1, group 1, and treatments Zn0E2 and Zn1E1, group 2, showed the best fiber quality (P &lt; 0.05), averaging 28 microns. Live weight and fiber quality from mature animals based on supplementation with Se and Zn had beneficial effects, which improved phenotypical features of production, like live weight, though residues were found in 3-5 year old animals

Alonso Chicaiza, Luis

Arcos Alvarez, Cristian

Armas Cajas, Jorge

Bastidas Pacheco, Hernán

Enrique Usca, Julio

Guevara Viera, Raúl

Hernán Chancusig, Francisco

Lascano Armas, Paola

López Crespo, Gonzalo

Martínez Freire, Maira

Méndez García, Silvana

Soria Parra, Manuel

English

Portal de Revistas - Universidad de Camagüey

Journal of Animal Production, 28 (2), pages 26-33, 2016 I S S N  2 2 2 4 - 7 9 2 0  Effects of Supplementation with Microminerals on Production Indicators and Blood, Feces, and Urine Traces of Grazing Alpaca (Lama lama)  Luis Alonso Chicaiza*, Cristian N. Arcos Alvarez*, Paola J. Lascano Armas*; Julio Enrique Usca**; Francisco Hernán Chancusig*; Jorge A. Armas Cajas*; Hernán P. Bastidas Pacheco*; Maira N. Martí-nez Freire*; Silvana Méndez García***; Manuel E. Soria Parra***; Gonzalo E. López Crespo***; Raúl V. Guevara Viera, PhD. * Academic Unit of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Veterinary Medicine Degree, Technical University of Cotopaxi, Ecuador  ** Faculty of Animal Sciences, Higher Polytechnic School of Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador           *** Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Cuenca, Yanuncay Campus, Cuenca, Azuay, Ec-uador  rguevaraviera@yahoo.es ABSTRACT To analyze the effect of additional microminerals in the diet supplement on weight and diameter of alpaca fiber, the application of three doses of selenium and zinc (0.0; 1.0; and 1.5 cc) on the diet, on CRD factorial arrangement (3 x 2) + (3 x 2), was assessed. The results showed statistically significant differencences for treatments: selenium dos-es, ages, zinc doses,  and for zinc interaction by ages (Se1E2 with 74.33 kg at 90 days, for height at the withers, Zn1E2, averaging 91.33 cm). Fiber length for treatments Se1E1 and Se1E2 averaged 3 cm. For fiber diameter, treat-ments 1 (Se0E1) and Se1E1, group 1, and treatments Zn0E2 and Zn1E1, group 2, showed the best fiber quality (P < 0.05), averaging 28 microns. Live weight and fiber quality from mature animals based on supplementation with Se and Zn had beneficial effects, which improved phenotypical features of production, like live weight, though resi-dues were found in 3-5 year old animals.  Key words: south American camelids, fleece characterisitics, mineral nutrition, grazing, organic fluids  INTRODUCTION  Alpaca and lama raising in Ecuadoran Paramo is made in the traditional or extensive way. There-fore, productivity is low due to several problems like, land owning, inappropriate basic nutrition, mineral deficiencies and unbalances, diseases, poor training and technical support, and inade-quate marketing mechanisms (Reyes, 2009 and Vilca, 2011).   The highland soil lacks many minerals, such as, calcium, copper, phosphorus, and sodium; and lo-cally, in magnesium, cobalt, selenium and zinc (Quispe et al., 2009). Selenium deficiency  is a se-rious problem in Mexico and other areas of Latin America. The Ecuadoran volcanic infertile soils have large quantities of changeable sulphur. Con-sequently, the plants capture sulphur before sele-nium, and the animals that graze in the area also suffer selenium deficiency (Segovia, 2011; de Ra-zo and Mc Dowell, 2013).  Cotopaxi is developing several alpaca projects for fiber production. However, does not have the competitive quality standards required by the in-dustry, in comparison to Peru and Bolivia (Vilca, 2011).   The production and quality of alpaca fiber is be-ing affected by the environment, genetics and the physiological state, especially undernourishment, because the animals are exposed to very low tem-peratures in the highlands. Alpacas have a thick fibrous fur, which has been observed to lose commercial value on some locations in the conti-nent (Vilca, 2011; Pari, 2012; and Poissonnet, 2012). Also, due to mineral-deficient nutrition, it is important to supplement with mineral salt and other microelements in the daily diet, according to a concentration study of those oligoelements in the grass, soil and blood. The goal of the study was to evaluate the sup-plementation alternatives based on microelements (selenium and zinc), in relation to  the phenotypi-cal features of alpaca fiber production and growth (Huacaya breed) in the highland of Cotopaxi, Ec-uador. Effects of Supplementation with Microminerals on Production Indicators and Blood, Feces, and Urine Traces of Graz-ing Alpaca (Lama lama)  Journal of Animal Production , 28 (2) ,  p a g e s  2 6 - 3 3 ,  2016 MATERIALS AND METHODS This research was made in three alpaca (lama lama) farms in Cotopaxi, located on 2°11´ north latitude and 78° 14´ west longitude, and altitude of 2 790 meters above sea level, according to INEC. Management and nutrition of animals grazing on native grass (graminaceae Holcus, Bromus, Dactylo, Poa and Lolium; and legumes, Trifolium and Vivia, to a lesser extent) is the traditional sys-tem for mothers and herds over 4 months old, us-ing little balanced supplementation in adults, and some grain stalks (oat, barley, maize). Supple-mentation with zinc and selenium, as additional minerals in the diet was offered to measure their effects on height at the withers, weight, alpaca fi-ber diameter, and residual effects on blood, stools and urine. The animals included were taken at random, and were weighed once a month, using a 100 kg bal-ance. To measure height at the withers, the high-est point over the soil was measured through the zoometric stick. Fiber length was measured using a ruler (cm). Fiber diameter was determined after cutting from the mid rib area, at the beginning and end of the research. Blood samples were drawn by femoral vein puncture (5-7 ml), using a vacutain-er. The urine samples were collected with a Foley catheter attached to a urine collector. Atomic Ab-sorbtion Spectrophotometry was used to measure the contents of selenium and zinc in blood, urine and stools, with a Pye Unicam.   Concerning the experimental design, the re-search factors were the micromineral doses (D), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn), and alpaca ages (E) (Table 1).  A completely randomized design was used (CRD), with factorial arrangement (3 x 2) + (3 x 2). Three doses of selenium and three doses of zinc were analyzed for the two animal age groups, with three observations per treatment, for a single animal unit. To separate the means from each fac-tor and treatment, the Tukey´s test (5%) was made in instances where statistic significance was ob-served. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For the inhabitants of the Andes, over 2 500 me-ters above sea level, alpacas are an alternative for productive animal raising in areas with difficult access and management. However, reduced fer-tility rates, high mortality percents (especially in the herds), poor growth, and dry skin with scales are obstacles to overcome. Accordingly, fiber quality is low and income is poor. This issue has been demonstrated in works on alpaca fiber pro-duction and quality, in Ecuador and Peru (Apo-mayta et al., 1998; Gonzalez et al., 2004; del Rio, 2006; Frank et al., 2006; Mena et al., 2010) (Ta-ble 2).  Significant differences were observed (P < 0.05), where SelE2 showed the best response, av-eraging 74.33 kg; group 2, averaged 65.67 kg, where zinc had an increased weight effect on the animals. Treatment 4 was the best, probably due to the application of selenium. It coincides with reports by Ruiz et al. (2009), on the physiological role of selenium in the animal, determined by its role as a co-factor of different enzymes, like glu-tathione peroxidase (Table 3).  Treatments 3 (SelEl), and 4 (SelE2) had the best results (P < 0.05), averaging 3 cm. Some influ-ence was observed on fiber length, due to the feed type supplied, and it coincided with reports from Gutierrez (2009), noting that apart from protein nutrition and quality, factors with a genetic origin like size and color of alpaca fiber growth and quality, were influenced by mineral supplementa-tion of selenium and other microelements (Ancas-si, 2012). This author also claimed that proper fi-ber growth during a year, was 12 - 14 cm. In Peru, Hervas (2011) performed several sero-logical diagnostics that resulted in important shortages of zinc and copper. They also explained that market-ready fleece growth must be  10-12 cm long every year, on average, and also high-lighted that this indicator is dependent on animal management, which is affected by the type of nu-trition, for which the supply of microelements has a significant influence (Table 4).  At the end of the research, significant effects were observed in the Se0El treatment, with the best response (P < 0.05), averaging 28 µm; along with the SelEl treatment, both within the selenium group, and were compared to treatments Zn0E2 and ZnlEl. The SelE2 and Se2E2 treatments had the highest values, averaging 31 µm. Alpaca fiber is made of proteins bound as chelates with miner-als (Chaves, 2008; Guerrero et al., 2009; Hervas, 2011; de Razo and McDowell, 2013).  Del Razo and McDowell (2013) noted that the absorbsion and homeostasis processes of selenium L. Alonso, C. N. Arcos, P. J. Lascano; J. E. Usca; F. Hernán; J. A. Armas et al. Journal of Animal Production, 28 (2) ,  p a g e s  2 6 - 3 3 ,  2016 and zinc at the cellular and organic levels have provided greater understanding to scientists. Their role as carriers located at the plasmatic and cellu-lar membranes was unveiled, and they have de-veloped specific paths to regulate nutrient availa-bility and its interaction with the fiber tissue (Table 5).   The concentration of zinc in the blood is ob-served in the cells and plasma; most zinc is found in the red cells. Moreover, no studies have been made on the efficiency levels of zinc and seleni-um in camels. However, the Company of Chemi-cal Clinics, recommends 0.20 and 0.42 ug ml-1 for selenium; whereas the reference value for zinc is 0.3 and 0.6 ug ml-1.  The effect of treatments for the zinc and seleni-um levels in the blood of alpacas supplemented with microelements from treatment 6 (Se2E2) has the best average (0.53 ug ml-1), in relation to treatment 1 (Se0El), averaging 0.33 ug ml-1. At 90 days, treatment 6 (Se2E2) had an average of 0.51 ug ml-1, in comparison to treatment 1 (Se0E1). The best treatment was the 1.5 cc, which coincid-ed with reports by Unger and Chiape (2008); Ce-cana et al. (2008); Ruiz et al. (2009); and Quispe et al. (2009). When assessing the effect of the zinc dose, the result of the Zn2E2 treatment was 0.49 ug ml-1, in relation to treatment 7, with 0.30 ug ml-1, respectively. According to Ancassi (2012) and Del Razo and McDowell (2013), the absorption process of Zn goes from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte, and transport goes from the cell and to the blood and other tissues, like fiber and fur.  The effects found in the paper on fiber im-provement and its possible relation with genetic breeding and protein and mineral nutrition, favor fiber composition. They are similar to reports by Lupton et al. (2006) and Montes et al. (2008), when studying these features in Australian alpac-as, well adapted to dry ecosystems, and animals from the Peruvian Andes, in the Huancavelica re-gion, indicating regional or local effects in the fi-ber´s textile quality.  Similarly, this study coincides with research done by McGregor et al. (2004) and Mc Gregor (2006), in Australia, who evaluated the possible relation of several management, nutrition, race, and environmental factors to their morphological features, and found links to various indicators, like season, mineral supply, animal age, and to some extent, fur color (Table 6).  Generally, element residues depend on animal age, with zinc doses (Zn0) being the highest, at age (E2) 3-5 years. However, selenium had the least residue values in the general results, the highest one observed was dose (Se0), at age ((E2). For fiber length, the highest values were for treatments 3 and 4, in the first group, averaging 3 cm. Fiber has to grow over 7 cm every year to meet the requirements of the textile industry. CONCLUSIONS A positive effect was observed for live weight and fiber quality on mature animals, supplement-ed with the Se and Zn microelements, then en-hanced with phenotypical features, like live weight. However, residues were observed in urine of animals aged 3-5 years. REFERENCES  ANCASSI, M. (2012). Guía técnica de mejoramiento genético en alpacas. Puno, Perú: OAEPS. DE LOS RÍOS, E. (2006). Producción textil de fibras de camélidos sudamericanos en el área altoandina de Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú. Retrieved on March 6, 2015, fromhttps://www.unido.org/file-storage. DEL RAZO, L. y MC DOWELLS, R. (2013). Effects of Dietary Level of Selenium and Grain on Digestive Metabolism in Lambs. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 58, (6), 253-262. FRANK, E. N.; HICK, M. V. H.; GAUNA, C.D.; LAMAS, H.E; RENIERI, C. y ANTONINI, M. (2006). Pheno-typic and Genetic Description of Fibre Traits in South American Domestic Camelids (Llamas and Alpacas). Small Ruminant Research, 61, 113-129. GONZÁLEZ, M. (2004). Longitud de mecha y diámetro de fibra de alpacas en comunidades de Puna seca (Ocuviri, Lampa, Puno) y Puna húmeda (Pitumar-ca Canchis, Cusco). V Congreso mundial sobre camélidos, Riobamba, Ecuador. GUTIÉRREZ, J. P.; GOYACHE, F.; BURGOS, A. y CERVANTES, I. (2009). Genetic Analysis of Six Production Traits in Peruvian Alpacas. Livestock Science, 123, 193-197. HUANCA, A. N. (2007). Defectos congenitos y hereditarios visibles en alpacas de dos zonas representativas de la region Puno. Cusco, Perú: APPA-ALPA. LUPTON, C. J.; MCCOLL, A. y STOBART, R. H. (2006). Fiber Characteristics of the Huacaya Alpaca. Small Ruminant Research, 64, 211-224. MCGREGOR, B. A. (2006). Production, Attributes and Relative Value of Alpaca Fleeces in Southern Aus-Effects of Supplementation with Microminerals on Production Indicators and Blood, Feces, and Urine Traces of Graz-ing Alpaca (Lama lama)  Journal of Animal Production , 28 (2) ,  p a g e s  2 6 - 3 3 ,  2016 tralia and Implications for Industry Development. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 93-111. MCGREGOR, B. A. y BUTLER, K. L. (2004). Sources of Variation in Fibre Diameter Attributes of Australi-an Alpacas and Implications for Fleece Evaluation and Animal Selection. Austr. J. of Agr. R., 55, 433-442. MONTES, M.; QUICAÑO, I.; QUISPE, R.; QUISPE, E. y ALFONSO, L. (2008). Quality Characteristics of Huacaya Alpaca Fibre Produced in the Peruvian Andean Plateau Region of Huancavelica. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (1), 33-38. PARI, N. (2012). Comportamiento del Mercado Mun-dial de la Fibra de Alpaca. Agrónomos y Veterina-rios sin Fronteras en el Marco del Proyecto Bina-cional Alpaca. POISSONNET, R. (2012). Iniciativas de transformación de la fibra de alpaca por los alpaqueros y alpaque-ras. Límites y oportunidades. Agrónomos y Veteri-narios sin Fronteras en el Marco del Proyecto Bina-cional alpaca. QUISPE, E. C.; RODRÍGUEZ, T. C.; ÍÑIGUEZ, L. R. y MUELLER, J. P.(2009). Producción de fibra de al-paca, llama, vicuña y guanaco en Sudamérica. Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica, Huancave-lica, Perú; Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia; Cochabamba, Bolivia; Instituto Na-cional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Bariloche, Ar-gentina. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. REYES, A. (2009). Programa en mejoramiento de ca-mélidos sudamericanos (PROCASUD). Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Huancavelica. Extraído el 18 de marzo de 2015, desde http://wiki.sumaqperu.com/es/Los_Cam%C3%A9lidos. RUIZ, F.; RODRÍGUEZ, L. y GUTIÉRREZ, L. (2009). Evaluación de la eficiencia y tolerancia de una solución inyectable sobre la base de ADN, ATP, Aminoacidos, Vitamina B12 y Selenio en alpacas de la sierra central. Agrovetmarket, 6-11. SEGOVIA, F. (2011). La realidad de las alpacas en el Ecuador con enfásis en el caso de Chimborazo. Riobamba, Ecuador. UNGER, M. y CHIAPE, B. (2008). Importancia fisiologica de los minerales en el metabolismo oseo. REDVET, 29, 32-26. VILCA, J. (2011). La situacion de los Hatos Alpaqueros de la UNOCANC en 2010. Foro Realidad de las alpacas en el Ecuador. Cotopaxi, Ecuador. . Received: 1-25-2016 Accepted: 2-15-2016  Table 1. Supplementation with microminerals Dose (ml) Treatments   Ages   Selenium     Zinc 0.0 Se0 Zn0 E1: 1-3 years 1.0 Se1 Zn1 1.5 Se2 Zn2 0.0 Se0 Zn0 E1: 3-5 years 1.0 Se1 Zn1 1.5 Se2 Zn2  Table 2. Effects of treatment on Alpaca weight    Treatments    0 days 30 days 60 days 90 days Averages   Ranges      Averages   Ranges      Averages   Ranges      Averages   Ranges      Se0E1 51.33 b c 51.67 B 52.00 B 52.67 b  Se0E2 64.67 a b c 65.00 ab   65.33 Ab 66.00 ab   Se1E1 57.33 a b c 59.33 ab   61.67 ab   64.00 ab   Se1E2 71.67 a 72.67 a 73.00 a 74.33 a Se2E1 58.33 a b c 57.67 ab   57.67 ab   59.33 ab   Se2E2 59.67 a b c 60.67 ab   62.00 ab   63.33 ab   Zn0E1 48 c 48.00 b  48.67 b  58.00 b    Zn0E2 67.33 a b 67.33 ab   68.00 ab   68.67 ab   Zn1E1 54.33 a b c 56.00 ab   57.00 ab   58.67 ab   Zn1E2 54 a b c 55.00 ab   56.67 ab   57.00 ab   Zn2E1 57 a b c 58.33 ab   59.00 ab   60.33 ab   Zn2E2 58 a b c 60.67 ab   63.33 ab   65.67 ab   a, b, c different letters represent significant differences (P < 0.05)       Table 3. Effects of  treatments on fiber length   Treatments    30 days 60 days 90 days Averages   Ranges      Averages   Ranges      Averages    Ranges      Se0E1 1.00 abc 2.17 ab   2.33 a Se0E2 0.67 Nalidixic Ac. 1.67 a 2.17 a Se1E1 1.17 ab   2.50 a 3.00 a Se1E2 1.00 abc 2.17 ab   3.00 a Se2E1 1.00 abc 2.33 a 2.83 a Se2E2 0.93 bc    2.00 ab   2.33 a Zn0E1 0.67 bc    1.17 bc    2.33 a Zn0E2 0.50    c 1.00 c 2.00 b  Zn1E1 1.00 abc 2.33 ab   2.83 a Zn1E2 1.00 abc 2.50 a 2.33 a Zn2E1 1.17 ab   2.67 a 2.67 a Zn2E2 1.33 a 2.50 a 2.83 a  Table 4. Effects of treatments on fiber diameter (microns) Treatments   Averages    Se0E1 28.00 a Se0E2 29.22ab Se1E1 28.00a Se1E2 31.00 c   Se2E1 29.22bc Se2E2 31.00 c Zn0E1 31.00 c Zn0E2 28.00 c Zn1E1 28.00 c Zn1E2 29.00 c Zn2E1 28.11 c Zn2E2 29.00 c a, b, c different superscripts in the column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)         Table 5. Effects of treatments on Se and Zn blood levels in Alpacas  Treatments   0 days 90 days Averages    Ranges     Averages    Ranges     Se0E1 0.33 ab   0.35 ab   Se0E2 0.34 ab   0.41 ab   Se1E1 0.41 ab   0.42 ab   Se1E2 0.43 bc    0.48 ab   Se2E1 0.45 bc    0.48 a Se2E2 0.53 ab   0.51 a Zn0E1 0.25    c 0.30 ab   Zn0E2 0.22    c 0.31 ab   Zn1E1 0.33 bc    0.42 ab   Zn1E2 0.50 ab   0.33 ab   Zn2E1 0.43 ab   0.41 b  Zn2E2 0.60 A 0.49 a  Table 6 . Effects of treatments on Se and Zn levels in urine resi-dues        Treatments   Averages    Ranges     Se0E1 1.01 a Se0E2 0.88 ab   Se1E1 0.59 c Se1E2 0.58 c Se2E1 0.97 a Se2E2 0.75 bc      Zn0E1 1.02 a Zn0E2 1.05 a Zn1E1 0.71 bc    Zn1E2 0.63 c Zn2E1 0.98 a Zn2E2 1.01 a a, b, c, different spuperscripts in the column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)                

Effects of Supplementation with Microminerals on Production Indicators and Blood, Feces, and Urine Traces of Grazing Alpaca (Lama lama)

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Effects of Supplementation with Microminerals on Production Indicators and Blood, Feces, and Urine Traces of Grazing Alpaca (Lama lama)

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