Introduction: Determining the width of maxillary anterior teeth&nbsp;is a difficult aspect in complete denture fabrication. The width&nbsp;of maxillary anterior teeth is determined by taking various&nbsp;anatomical landmarks on the face as a guide, such as the&nbsp;interpupillary, interalar, intercommissure and interzygomatic&nbsp;distance, etc. The present clinical study was carried out to&nbsp;evaluate the relationships between maxillary anterior teeth&nbsp;measurements (canine to canine and central incisor width) and&nbsp;various horizontal facial parameters.&nbsp;Materials and methods: The facial and dental measurements&nbsp;were obtained directly from 60 Kashmiri&nbsp; undergraduate dental&nbsp;students by using vernier calliper and dental floss.&nbsp;Result: Correlation analysis was done using Pearson’s&nbsp;correlation analysis and it was determined that the incisor width&nbsp;and canine to canine distance show positive correlation with&nbsp;some of the facial measurements.&nbsp;Conclusion: This study inferred that while most of the&nbsp;measurements showed a positive correlation with the incisor&nbsp;width and canine width in the different face forms none of them&nbsp;were found to be significant.&nbsp

Khurshaid, Syed Zameer

Mir, Shazia

Nazir, Shazana

Rashid, Raisa

Shah, Asim Farooq

Zargar, Nazia Majeed

English

Atharva Scientific Publications (E-Jounals)

Shazana Nazir et al 
40
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Determining the width of maxillary anterior teeth 
is a difficult aspect in complete denture fabrication. The width 
of maxillary anterior teeth is determined by taking various 
anatomical landmarks on the face as a guide, such as the 
interpupillary, interalar, intercommissure and interzygomatic 
distance, etc. The present clinical study was carried out to 
evaluate the relationships between maxillary anterior teeth 
measurements (canine to canine and central incisor width) and 
various horizontal facial parameters.
Materials and methods: The facial and dental measurements 
were obtained directly from 60 Kashmiri undergraduate dental 
students by using vernier calliper and dental floss.
Result: Correlation analysis was done using Pearson’s 
correlation analysis and it was determined that the incisor width 
and canine to canine distance show positive correlation with 
some of the facial measurements.
Conclusion: This study inferred that while most of the 
measurements showed a positive correlation with the incisor 
width and canine width in the different face forms none of them 
were found to be significant.
Keywords: Complete dentures, Esthetics, Incisor width.
How to cite this article: Nazir S, Zargar NM, Khurshaid SZ, 
Shah AF, Mir S, Rashid R. The Selection of Maxillary Anterior 
Teeth Width in Kashmiri Population. J Orofac Res 2015;5(2):40-42.
Source of support: Nil
Conflict of interest: None
InTRoduCTIon
Denture esthetics is an outcome of dental prosthesis that 
affects the beauty and attractiveness of the person. Beauty 
is primarily interpreted from its proportion, perspective 
and lighting. Face excels in beauty when compared to 
other anatomical divisions of the human being and 
beauty of face in-turn depends on a perfect smile. In 
complete denture patients perfect smile can be achieved 
by selecting appropriate anterior teeth.
Nature tends to harmonize not only the form of the 
maxillary central incisors with the form of the face; but 
also with the form of the arch and arrangement of the 
teeth. People with predominantly square faces often 
have mainly square arrangements of teeth. In general, 
these same principles of harmony apply to the square 
tapering, and ovoid types.1
Determining the width of maxillary anterior teeth 
is a difficult aspect in complete denture fabrication.2 
Many studies have been done to determine the width of 
maxillary anterior teeth by taking various anatomical 
landmarks on the face as a guide, such as the interpu-
pillary, interalar, intercommissure and interzygomatic 
distance.3-6 More than one facial measurement could be 
used as predictor of maxillary anterior teeth width.
The aim of this study is to determine if any relation-
ship exists between maxillary anterior teeth measure-
ments (canine to canine and central incisor width) and 
different horizontal parameters for predicting proper 
width of maxillary anterior teeth in different face forms 
in the Kashmiri population and whether it can be used 
as a reliable guide in selection of maxillary anterior teeth.
MATERIALS And METHodS
The data for this study were collected at the Government 
Dental College, Srinagar from 60 female dental students 
with different face forms. These 60 subjects were further 
divided into three groups of equal number according 
to their face forms. Each consisting of 20 subjects with 
ovoid face form, 20 of tapering face form and 20 of square 
face form. 
Subjects with the following criteria were included in the 
study: Subjects with Angle’s class 1 molar relation, proper 
alignment with tight contact and teeth periodontally 
sound. Subjects with any malocclusion, with history of 
congenital anomaly, orbital disease, trauma, facial sur-
gery or orthodontic treatment were excluded.
The armamentarium used in the study were the 
trubyte tooth indicator (Dentsply) which determines the 
facial form, vernier caliper and dental floss for measuring 
the mesiodistal width of the maxillary anterior teeth.
The Selection of Maxillary Anterior Teeth Width in 
Kashmiri Population
1Shazana nazir, 2nazia Majeed Zargar, 3Syed Zameer Khurshaid, 4Asim Farooq Shah, 5Shazia Mir, 6Raisa Rashid
JOFR
ORiginal ReseaRch
10.5005/jp-journals-10026-1175
1Assistant Professor, 2Lecturer, 3,5Associate Professor 
4Registrar, 6Postgraduate Student
1,2,5,6Department of Prosthodontics, Government Dental 
College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India 
3Department of Orthodontics, Government Dental College 
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India 
4Department of Community Dentistry, Government Dental 
College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India 
Corresponding Author: Nazia Majeed Zargar, Lecturer 
Department of Prosthodontics, Government Dental College 
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, e-mail: nmzargar@
hotmail.com
The Selection of Maxillary Anterior Teeth Width in Kashmiri Population
Journal of Orofacial Research, April-June 2015;5(2):40-42 41
JOFR
The facial parameters that were measured are as follows:
• Interzygomatic distance (IZD)
• Inner and outer canthal distances (ICD and OCD)
• Mouth width (MW)
• Nose width (NW)
• Interpupillary distance (IPD)
• Philtrum width (PW).
The subject was seated comfortably in the dental chair 
in a relaxed state and in an upright position. The vernier 
calliper was placed and average of three readings of all 
measurements was taken. The lips were then retracted 
with the help of a cheek retractor and dental floss is 
adapted at the distal surfaces of the canines on both 
sides (CC) and this is measured with a Vernier caliper. 
The width of the central incisor (IW) is also recorded in 
the same manner. A trubyte tooth indicator is used to 
determine the face form and the subjects are divided into 
three groups: Group I with ovoid face form, group II with 
tapering face form and group III with square face form.
The statistical analysis is done using Karl Pearson’s 
correlation coefficient.
RESuLTS
Correlation analysis was done using Pearson’s correla-
tion analysis.
The means and standard deviation is given in Tables 
1 to 3 respectively for groups I, II and III and represented 
in Graph 1.
In group I with regard to the variables IW and CC and 
all other variables (Table 4), the correlation shows that 
variables IZD, OCD, IPD, NW, MW showed positive 
correlation with IW while ICD, PW showed negative cor-
relation. While none of the variables was significant in 
relation to IW while PW presented the minimum p-value 
of 0.06. The table further shows that correlation shows 
that variables OCD, ICD, IPD, NW, MW showed positive 
correlation with canine to canine (CC) while IZD, PW 
showed negative correlation. While none of the variables 
was significant in relation to CC while PW presented the 
minimum p-value of 0.07.
In group II with regard to the variables IW and CC 
and all other variables (Table 5), the correlation shows 
that variables IZD, NW, PW showed positive correlation 
with IW while OCD, ICD, and MW showed negative cor-
relation. While OCD, ICD were significant in relation to 
Table 1: The mean and standard deviation of group I. The highest deviation from mean was recorded in IW
Group I IZD OCD ICD IPD NW MW PW IW CC
Mean 110.10 94.40 32.400 62.750 36.450 47.58 12.07 8.855 37.350
± SD 5.89 5.36 2.780 3.214 3.677 7.06 2.74 0.764 3.100
Number 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Table 2: The mean and standard deviation of group II
Group II IZD OCD ICD IPD NW MW PW IW CC
Mean 104.78 94.95 32.200 61.700 35.075 53.95 15.375 9.050 36.575
± SD 22.48 4.88 1.795 2.958 2.273 6.72 1.202 0.841 2.871
Number 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Table 3: The mean and standard deviation of group III
Group III IZD OCD ICD IPD NW MW PW IW CC
Mean 110.35 97.500 32.400 61.30 35.450 49.30 14.650 9.100 39.150
± SD 4.44 3.472 1.635 4.61 3.086 4.47 1.531 0.883 4.196
Number 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Table 4: Relation of IW and CC with all variables in group I
Group I IZD OCD ICD IPD NW MW PW IW CC
IW (r-value)   0.021 0.125 –0.236 0.244 0.146 0.132 –0.417   — –0.044
(p-value)   0.930 0.599   0.316 0.300 0.538 0.579   0.067   —   0.853
CC (r-value) –0.011 0.064   0.282 0.308 0.249 0.154 –0.413 –0.044
(p-value)   0.964 0.789   0.228 0.187 0.290 0.517   0.070   0.853
Graph 1: The comparative bar diagram of the mean and 
standard deviation of three groups 
Shazana Nazir et al 
42
IW. The table further shows that correlation shows that 
variables NW, PW showed positive correlation with CC 
while IZD, OCD, ICD, IPD, and IW showed negative cor-
relation. While none of the variables was significant in 
relation to CC. 
In group III with regard to the variables IW and CC 
and all other variables (Table 6), the correlation shows that 
variables IZD, OCD, ICD, NW, MW, PW, and CC showed 
positive correlation with IW while IPD showed negative 
correlation. Canine to canine was significant in relation 
to IW. The table further shows that correlation shows that 
variables IZD, OCD, ICD, IPD, IW, PW showed positive 
correlation with CC while NW, MW showed negative cor-
relation. Central incisor width was significant in relation 
to canine to canine. 
dISCuSSIon
For years researchers have been studying various 
facial measurements that can better guide the clinican 
in establishing good esthetics and selection of teeth 
in complete denture construction some of which are 
the interpupillary width, outer canthus distance, inner 
canthus distance, etc. In this study, the measurements of 
central incisor width (IW) and canine to canine (CC) were 
taken into considerations as these play a more important 
role in governing the esthetics of the facial appearance. 
The results obtained in this study for the mean widths 
of nose, mouth and philtrum and IPD were nearly same 
as those obtained by Latta,6 Hoffman et al2 and Nagham.7 
Those of OCD and ICD coincided with Mohammed’s8 
and Nagham’s7 result. 
The results of this study show that there is a posi-
tive correlation regarding some of the measurements as 
compared to the incisor with and canine to canine width. 
However, none of the results were found to be significant 
in any of the facial forms.
The disadvantage of anthropometric measurements 
include variation in measurement due to operator error 
and instrument error due to slipping or movement of 
the measuring devices, fluctuation and misjudgment 
estimating the bizygomatic width, which incorporates 
measurement and operator bias and relatively complex 
computation to arrive at the estimates.9
ConCLuSIon
This study inferred that while most of the measurements 
showed a positive correlation with the incisor width and 
canine width in the different face forms none of them 
were found to be significant. Therefore, it is preferable 
to use some other methods of determining the width of 
central incisor and canine to canine distance like pre- 
extraction records, pretreatment photographs, etc. which 
will help to establish better aesthetics.
REFEREnCES
 1. Marrow Rudd Rhoads Dental Laboratory procedures. 
Complete dentures. Volume 1, Page no. 225.
 2. Hoffman W, Bomberg TJ, Hatch RA. Interalar width as a guide 
in denture tooth selection. J Prosthet Dent 1986;55(2):219-221.
 3. Scandrett FR, Kerber PE, Umrigar ZR. A clinical evaluation 
of techniques to determine the combined width of maxillary 
anterior teeth and the maxillary central incisor. J Prosthet 
Dent 1982;48(1):15-22.
 4. Al-Kanani KM. Face form and measurements as a guide 
for the selection of maxillary central incisors by using 
computerized photogrammetry. MSc thesis. College of 
Dentistry. University of Baghdad 2002.
 5. Ali MM. The use of facial measurements in the selection of 
anterior teeth. Iraqi Dent J 1998;22(2):91-115.
 6. Cessario J, Latta J. The relationship between the mesiodistal 
width of the maxillary central incisor and the interpupillary 
distance. J Prosthet Dent 1984;52(5):641-643.
 7. Kassab NH. The selection of maxillary anterior teeth width 
in relation to facial measurements at different types of face 
form. Al Rafidian Dent J 2005;5(1):15-23.
 8. Mohammed MM. The use of facial measurements in selection 
of anterior teeth. MSc thesis. College of Dentistry. University 
of Baghdad 1990.
 9. Ganapathy, et al. Phitral width and width of maxillary 
central incisor: a correlation analysis in dentate adult human 
subjects. Innovative J Med Health Sci 2015;5(4):133-135.
Table 5: Relation of IW and CC with all variables in group II
Group II IZD OCD ICD IPD NW MW PW IW CC
IW (r-value)   0.154 –0.557 –0.617   0.099 0.239 –0.256 0.228   — –0.007
(p-value)   0.518   0.011*   0.004*   0.677 0.311   0.277 0.334   —   0.976
CC (r-value) –0.061 –0.321 –0.417 –0.258 0.066   0.077 0.140 –0.007   —
(p-value)   0.798   0.168   0.068   0.273 0.783   0.748 0.556   0.976   —
*Significant at ≤ 0.05
Table 6: Relation of IW and CC with all variables in group III
Group III IZD OCD ICD IPD NW MW PW IW CC
IW (r-value) 0.192 0.137 0.299 –0.208   0.089   0.219 0.027 — 0.564
(p-value) 0.417 0.563 0.200 0.378   0.709   0.354 0.909 — 0.010*
CC (r-value) 0.164 0.045 0.075 0.139 –0.127 –0.003 0.181 0.564 —
(p-value) 0.490 0.850 0.753 0.559   0.592   0.992 0.446 0.010* —
*Significant at ≤ 0.05


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