First Semester Examination 

Academic Session 2013/2014

December 2013 / January 2014

Duration : 3 hour

PPPBP, Pusat Pengajian Perumahan Bangunan Dan Perancangan

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UNIVERSITI  SAINS  MALAYSIA  First Semester Examination Academic Session 2013/2014  December 2013 / January 2014   REG 563 – Sustainable Infrastructure  (Infrastruktur Lestari)   Duration:  3 hours (Masa:  3 jam)     Please check that this examination paper consists of FIFTEEN pages of printed material before you begin the examination.  Sila pastikan bahawa kertas peperiksaan ini mengandungi LIMABELAS muka surat yang tercetak sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini.  Students are allowed to answer  the questions either in English OR in Bahasa Malaysia only.  Pelajar dibenarkan menjawab soalan dalam Bahasa Inggeris ATAU Bahasa Malaysia.   Answer FIVE questions only.  Jawab LIMA soalan sahaja.   In the event of any discrepancies, the English version shall be used.  [Sekiranya terdapat sebarang percanggahan pada soalan peperiksaan, versi Bahasa Inggeris hendaklah diguna pakai].     …2/-[REG 563]  - 2 -   1. (a)  Describe the four (4) primary strategies towards the development of sustainable infrastructure.  Terangkan empat (4) strategi utama ke arah pembangunan infrastruktur mampan.   (6 marks/markah)  (b)  By using the method prescribed in the Urban Storm Water Management Manual (MSMA), design a suitable open flow channel to receive and drain the storm water runoff for a given catchment area which has the following site parameters.  Please refer Appendix 1 for the relevant information to facilitate the design process. Assume drain size of 0.35m (width) x 0.35 m (height) and channel friction slope of 1 in 200 for calculation of the in-channel flow time, tch.    Dengan menggunakan kaedah yang dinyatakan dalam Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA), rekabentuk sebuah saluran pengaliran terbuka untuk menerima dan menyalurkan air ribut bagi sebuah kawasan tadahan yang mempunyai parameter tapak berikut. Sila rujuk                 Appendix 1 untuk maklumat yang berkenaan bagi memudahkan proses rekabentuk. Anggap saiz saluran sebagai 0.35m (lebar) x 0.35m (dalam) dan kecerunan geseran saluran sebagai 1 dalam 200 untuk pengiraan masa pengaliran dalam saluran, tch.    Type of open flow channel: U-channel without upstream channel   Jenis saluran terbuka    Manning roughness coefficient for catchment surface, ncatchment = 0.011 Pekali kekasaran Manning permukaan kawasan tadahan  Average surface slope for the catcment area, S = 1 in 100 (or 1%) Kecerunan purata permukaan kawasan tadahan   Total surface area of catchment area, A = 0.5260 hectre  Jumlah luas permukaan kawasan tadahan    ...3/- [REG 563]  - 3 -   Length of overland flow path, Lo = 250 m Panjang pengaliran permukaan  Length of reach/channel, Lch= 20 m Panjang saluran pengaliran  Type of proposed development in the catchment:  High density residential area   Jenis cadangan pembangunan dalam kawasan tadahan   Drainage channel system type: Minor system Jenis sistem saliran  Fitted coefficient of rainfall intensity duration frequency (IDF) curve: Pekali geraf kekerapan jangka masa intensiti hujan a= 3.7277, b= 1.4393, c= -0.4023 and d= 0.0241  Runoff coefficient of catchment, C =0.9 Pekali air larian kawasan tadahan  Manning roughness coefficient for drain channel surface, nchannel = 0.013 Pekali kekasaran Manning permukaan saluran pengaliran  (14 marks/markah)         ...4/- [REG 563]  - 4 -  2. (a)  Describe the function of the stormwater detention facilities and the types of facilities commonly used.   Terangkan fungsi kolam penahanan air ribut dan jenis kolam penahanan yang biasa digunakan.    (6 marks/markah)   (b)  By using the method prescribed in the Urban Storm Water Management Manual (MSMA), determine the necessity for the installation of an on-site detention pond for a proposed development which has the following site parameters. In addition, calculate the required permissible site discharge for  ARI of 2 years (PSD2) for the proposed development assuming that an above ground detention pond will be installed. Please refer Appendix 1 for the relevant information to facilitate the design process.   Dengan menggunakan kaedah yang dinyatakan dalam Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA), tentukan sama ada kolam penahanan air ribut diperlukan bagi projek pembangunan yang dicadangkan berdasarkan parameter tapak yang berikut. Sebagai tambahan, kirakan kadar alir air ribut yang dibenarkan untuk ARI 2 tahun (PSD2) untuk cadangan pembangunan tersebut dengan anggapan bahawa kolam penahanan air ribut atas tanah akan digunakan. Sila rujuk Apendix 1 untuk maklumat yang berkenaan bagi memudahkan proses pengiraan.  Location of project: Alor Star, Kedah  Lokasi tapak projek:  Total land area of project site =8000 m2 Jumlah keluasan tapak projek  Total green area before development=8000 m2 Jumlah keluasan kawasan hijau sebelum pembangunan  Type of green area before development:  Clays soil with open crop, close crop and forest  Jenis kawasan hijau sebelum pembangunan   ...5/- [REG 563]  - 5 -  Total green area remaining after development=2000 m2 Jumlah keluasan kawasan hijau selepas pembangunan  Type of paved area after development: Impervious roof and concrete pavement   Jenis kawasan berturap selepas pembangunan  Average Recurrance Interval (ARI)= 2 years Purata jangkamasa antara peristiwa hujan  Measured time of concentration, tc = 10 minutes Jangkamasa peristiwa ribut terukur  Fitted coefficient of rainfall intensity duration frequency (IDF) curve: Pekali geraf kekerapan jangka masa intensiti hujan (IDF) a= 5.679, b= -0.0276, c= -0.0993 and d= 0.0033   (14 marks/markah)   3. (a)   What are the major test to be carried out to determine the suitability of  the cement replacement materials or aggregate replacement materials for concrete structures. Furthermore, on the same graph sketch the stress-stain relationship of plain concrete containing RHA and without RHA. Also estimates Young’s modulus  (E) for both concrete in kN/mm2.    Apakah ujian-ujian utama perlu dilakukan untuk menentukan kesesuaian bahan-bahan gantian simen atau bahan-bahan gantian konkrit untuk struktur konkrit. Seterusnya, di atas graf yang sama lakarkan hubungan tegasan-terikan untuk konkrit biasa yang mengandungi RHA dan tanpa RHA. Juga anggarkan modulus Young (E) untuk kedua-dua konkrit tersebut dalam kN/mm2.   (10 marks/markah)    …6/- [REG 563]  - 6 -  (b)  Explain the term “Control low strength materials”. Can we use CLSM  as an alternative infrastructure material for bridges piers, bridge deck  and building repairs. Explain why?   Terangkan terma “Bahan kekuatan rendah kawalan”. Boleh kita gunakan BKRK sebagai bahan infrastruktur alternatif untuk baikpulih dermaga jambatan, dek jambatan dan bangunan. Terangkan kenapa?   (10 marks/markah)   4. (a)   Roads are built in urban and rural areas. Each area has its own issues and advantages. Discuss the issues and the advantages that arise in rural and urban roadways planning.    Jalanraya dibina di kawasan bandar dan pedalaman. Kedua-dua bahagian ini mempunyai isu-isu dan kelebihan-kelebihan tertentu. Bincangkan isu-isu dan kelebihan-kelebihan perancangan jalanraya yang terdapat di kawasan bandar dan pedalaman.     (8 marks/markah)    (b) With the aid of sketches, explain  roadway cross section elements and its importance toward effective roadways design.    Dengan bantuan lakaran, terangkan elemen-elemen keratan rentas jalanraya beserta kepentingannya dalam rekabentuk jalanraya yang berkesan.      (12 marks/markah)   5. Pavement design is very important in roadway construction as well as the  choice of pavement materials. Explain the types of roadway materials, its characteristic and the testing methods for the materials.        Rekabentuk permukaan jalanraya sangat penting di dalam pembinaan jalanraya, begitu juga dengan pemilihan material untuk pembinaan permukaan jalanraya. Terangkan jenis-jenis material untuk pembinaan jalanraya, ciri-cirinya beserta kaedah ujian untuk material yang terlibat.    (20 marks/markah)    ...7/- [REG 563]  - 7 -   6. Latest trend in sewage treatment is improving the reliability and efficiency of treatment systems to treat sewage to meet standards and to reduce the land area occupied by treatment works. This is normally done by  accelerating natural treatment rates under controlled conditions.   Perkembangan yang lebih terkini dalam rawatan kumbahan adalah dengan meningkatkan kebolehpercayaan dan kecekapan sistem rawatan kumbahan untuk memenuhi piawaian dan mengurangkan kawasan yang diduduki oleh kerja-kerja rawatan dengan mempercepatkan kadar rawatan semula jadi di bawah keadaan terkawal.   (a) Explain the types of public sewage treatment plants in Malaysia.  Jelaskan jenis loji rawatan kumbahan awam di Malaysia.  (8 marks/markah)    (b) Describe in detail the preliminary and secondary treatment in the sewage treatment process.   Huraikan secara terperinci rawatan awal dan sekunder dalam proses rawatan kumbahan.   (12 marks/markah)   7. (a)   Green technology could offer the best solution to establish a wastewater reuse while ensuring the environmental and economic sustainability of communities, in line with supporting the Government target towards increasing the use of renewable energy. Explain the wastewater reuse that can be applied from bioeffluent, biogas and biosolid applications.   Teknologi hijau boleh menawarkan penyelesaian terbaik untuk mewujudkan penggunaan semula air sisa dengan memastikan kemampanan alam sekitar dan ekonomi masyarakat, sejajar dengan usaha menyokong sasaran Kerajaan ke arah meningkatkan penggunaan tenaga boleh diperbaharui. Jelaskan penggunaan semula air sisa yang boleh digunakan dari bioeffluent, aplikasi biogas dan biosolid .    (10 marks/markah)   ...8/- [REG 563]  - 8 -  (b)  Application of engineering or science principles is important to ensure the sustainable infrastructure such as road, drainage, water supply being designed properly. Based on the design code of practice/s, carry out the stability analyses of the concrete retaining wall against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity. Assume the coefficient of base friction is 0.55, the foundation soil’s ultimate bearing capacity is 200kN/m2, unit weight of concrete is 24kN/m3 and the angle of internal friction () of the granular soil is 30o     Aplikasi prinsip-prinsip kejuruteraan atau sains adalah penting untuk memastikan infrastruktur mampan seperti jalan, saliran, bekalan air  direkabentuk dengan betul. Berdasarkan kod amalan rekabentuk, jalankan kerja analisa kestabilan tembok penahan konkrit  terhadap kegelinciran, keterbalikan dan keupayaan galas. Anggap angkali rintangan untuk tapak adalah 0.55, keupayaan galas tanah  adalah 200kN/m2, unit berat konkrit adalah 24kN/m3 dan sudut gesaran dalaman tanah  () adalah 30o.        (10 marks/markah)        ...9/- [REG 563] - 9 - APPENDIX I    (Eqn. 1) where,  to = Overland sheet flow travel time (minutes) Lo= Length of Overland flow path (m) n= Manning’s Roughness coefficient for the overland surface S= Average surface slope of the catchment surface (in %)                   (Eqn. 2)     (Eqn. 3)  where, = the average rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for ARI of R and duration of   storm t a,b,c and d=Fitted coefficient of rainfall intensity duration frequency (IDF) curve  t= duration of storm=time of concentration, tc (minutes)    …10/-  [REG 563] - 10 -     (Eqn. 4)     (Eqn. 5)    Where: Qc= Flow capacity of channel (m3/s) A=Cross sectional area of channel (m2) R=Hydraulic Radius of flow channel (m) S= Slope of channel (in decimal form) n= Manning’s Coefficient for channel lining                                                         (Eqn. 6)  Where: V= Flow velocity of storm water in channel (m/s) Qc= Flow capacity of channel (m3/s) A=Cross sectional area of channel (m2)  ...11/-    [REG 563] - 11 -              (Eqn. 7)  Where: Pd= Rainfall depth for a given duration of d (mm) RIt = R year ARI rainfall intensity over time of concentration tc (mm/hr) d= time of concentration/storm duration (in hour)           (Eqn. 8) Where: Pd= Corrected Rainfall depth for a given duration of d (mm) (for d<30minutes) P30= Rainfall depth for a given duration of 30 minutes (mm) P60= Rainfall depth for a given duration of 60 minutes (mm) FD= Adjustment factor for storm duration d            (Eqn.9)  For above ground storage:         (Eqn.10)            (Eqn.11)  For below ground storage:        (Eqn.12)           (Eqn.13)  Where: PSD= Permissible site discharge (l/s) tc=Measured time of concentration (minutes) Qa=The post-development flow from the site from the design storm with duration equal to tc (l/s) Qp=The pre-development flow from the site from the design storm with duration equal to tc (l/s)    …12/-  [REG 563] - 12 -  Table 1: ARI of design storm Jadual 1: ARI ribut rekabentuk    Table 2: Values of FD Jadual 2: Nilai FD    …13/- [REG 563] - 13 -       Figure 1 : 2P24h Mapping for Peninsular Malaysia  Rajah 1 :  Peta 2P24h untuk Semenanjung Malaysia          …14/-   [REG 563] - 14 -   Figure 2 : Runoff coefficient for impervious surface Rajah 2: Pekali air larian untuk permukaan tidak telap air   …15/- [REG 563] - 15 -   Figure 3 : Runoff coefficient for pervious surface Rajah 3 : Pekali air larian untuk permukaan telap air  -ooo0ooo- 

REG 563 – Sustainable Infrastructure - December 2013 / January 2014

http://eprints.usm.my/27494/1/REG_563_%E2%80%93_SUSTAINABLE_INFRASTRUCTURE.pdf

REG 563 – Sustainable Infrastructure - December 2013 / January 2014

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