Galtier, E.

Heimann, P. A.

Lee, J. J.

Lee, R. W.

Makita, M.

Moinard, A.

Nagler, B.

Renner, O.

Riley, D.

Rosmej, F. B.

Schlotter, W.

Seely, J.

Turner, J. J.

Journal of Physics : Conference Series

Similarly to the case of LIF (Laser-Induced Fluorescence), an equally revolutionary impact to science is expected from resonant X-ray photo-pumping. It will particularly contribute to a progress in high energy density science: pumped core hole states create X-ray transitions that can escape dense matter on a 10 fs-time scale without essential photoabsorption, thus providing a unique possibility to study matter under extreme conditions. In the first proof of principle experiment at the X-ray Free Electron Laser LCLS at SCLAC [Seely, J., Rosmej, F.B., Shepherd, R., Riley, D., Lee, R.W. Proposal to Perform the 1st High Energy Density Plasma Spectroscopic Pump/Probe Experiment", approved LCLS proposal L332 (2010)] we have successfully pumped inner-shell X-ray transitions in dense plasmas. The plasma was generated with a YAG laser irradiating solid Al and Mg targets attached to a rotating cylinder. In parallel to the optical laser beam, the XFEL was focused into the plasma plume at different delay times and pump energies. Pumped X-ray transitions have been observed with a spherically bent crystal spectrometer coupled to a Princeton CCD. By using this experimental configuration, we have simultaneously achieved extremely high spectral (λ/δλ ≈ 5000) and spatial resolution (δx≈70 μm) while maintaining high luminosity and a large spectral range covered (6.90 - 8.35 Å). By precisely measuring the variations in spectra emitted from plasma under action of XFEL radiation, we have successfully demonstrated transient X- ray pumping in a dense plasma.</p

Queen's University Belfast Research Portal

XFEL resonant photo-pumping of dense plasmas and dynamicevolution of autoionizing core hole statesRosmej, F. B., Moinard, A., Renner, O., Galtier, E., Lee, J. J., Nagler, B., ... Seely, J. (2016). XFEL resonantphoto-pumping of dense plasmas and dynamic evolution of autoionizing core hole states. Journal of Physics:Conference Series, 688(1), [012093]. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/012093Published in:Journal of Physics: Conference SeriesDocument Version:Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordQueen's University Belfast - Research Portal:Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research PortalPublisher rights© 2016 The Authors.This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/),which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited.General rightsCopyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or othercopyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associatedwith these rights.Take down policyThe Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made toensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in theResearch Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact openaccess@qub.ac.uk.Download date:15. Feb. 2017This content has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text.Download details:IP Address: 143.117.193.82This content was downloaded on 14/07/2016 at 16:31Please note that terms and conditions apply.XFEL resonant photo-pumping of dense plasmas and dynamic evolution of autoionizing corehole statesView the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for more2016 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 688 012093(http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/688/1/012093)Home Search Collections Journals About Contact us My IOPscience     XFEL resonant photo-pumping of dense plasmas and dynamic evolution of autoionizing core hole states  F B Rosmej1,2, A Moinard1,2, O Renner3, E Galtier4*, J J Lee4, B Nagler4, P A Heimann4, W Schlotter4, J J Turner4, R W Lee4, M Makita5, D Riley5, J Seely6 1 Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie, UMR7605, LULI, case 128, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France 2 LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, CNRS, Physique Atomique dans les Plasmas Denses, Palaiseau, France 3 Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences CR, Prague, Czech Republic 4 SLAC Accelerator National Laboratory, California, USA 5 Queen's University of Belfast, Centre for Plasma Physics, UK 6 Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA * part of the work was done being a post-doc at LULI-PAPD  E-mail: frank.rosmej@upmc.fr  Abstract. Similarly to the case of LIF (Laser-Induced Fluorescence), an equally revolutionary impact to science is expected from resonant X-ray photo-pumping. It will particularly contribute to a progress in high energy density science: pumped core hole states create X-ray transitions that can escape dense matter on a 10 fs-time scale without essential photo-absorption, thus providing a unique possibility to study matter under extreme conditions. In the first proof of principle experiment at the X-ray Free Electron Laser LCLS at SCLAC [Seely, J., Rosmej, F.B., Shepherd, R., Riley, D., Lee, R.W. Proposal to Perform the 1st High Energy Density Plasma Spectroscopic Pump/Probe Experiment”, approved LCLS proposal L332 (2010)] we have successfully pumped inner-shell X-ray transitions in dense plasmas. The plasma was generated with a YAG laser irradiating solid Al and Mg targets attached to a rotating cylinder. In parallel to the optical laser beam, the XFEL was focused into the plasma plume at different delay times and pump energies. Pumped X-ray transitions have been observed with a spherically bent crystal spectrometer coupled to a Princeton CCD. By using this experimental configuration, we have simultaneously achieved extremely high spectral (λ/δλ ≈ 5000) and spatial resolution (δx≈70 µm) while maintaining high luminosity and a large spectral range covered (6.90 - 8.35 Å). By precisely measuring the variations in spectra emitted from plasma under action of XFEL radiation, we have successfully demonstrated transient X-ray pumping in a dense plasma. 1. Introduction Laser Induced Fluorescence “LIF” [see, e.g. 1] is a well-known method of laser spectroscopy in the optical wavelength range that has received worldwide attention, e.g., in physics, biology, medicine, and technology. Its physical principle is based on the stimulated photo-absorption of an electric dipole transition by a laser photon that matches the energy difference of the upper and lower atomic states (i.e., fulfills conditions of the resonant photo-pumping). The pumped upper states can decay via spontaneous radiative emission, the so-called fluorescence radiation. Here, we report on the laser-8th International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA 2013) IOP PublishingJournal of Physics: Conference Series 688 (2016) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/012093Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distributionof this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1     induced fluorescence in the X-ray spectral range that could be realized only with the emergence of the 4th generation of light sources, X-ray Free Electron Lasers. LCLS at SLAC in United States [2] has been the first installation available for the scientific community. Although the principle of the X-ray LIF can also be approximated by an effective two level system, the X-ray spectral range shows several important differences. First, radiative transition probabilities scale as Z4 (where Z is the effective charge of the ion) and transition energy as Z2, i.e., the laser intensity requested to efficiently pump X-ray transitions scales as I∝Z6 [3]. Second, in most of the cases X-ray pumping creates core hole states that are autoionizing. To induce effective changes in X-ray energy levels, X-ray pumping must therefore be realized in a time interval corresponding to the characteristic time scale of autoionization. As autoionization rates are very large (characteristic time scales are of the order of 1-100 fs), efficient pumping in the X-ray range is a great challenge: extremely high X-ray photon intensities are requested on a 10 fs time scale to “beat the Auger clock”. Moreover, X-ray fluorescence may be seriously reduced by the non-favorable branching ratio A/(A+Γ) where A is the spontaneous X-ray transition probability and Γ the autoionization rate. We note that these constraints are also strongly related to the production of “hollow” ions in intense radiation fields [3-5], a subject that became recently also of interest in the high-energy laser community [6].  2. Experimental setup Figure 1 (left) shows the scheme of the experimental setup. A dense plasma was created by a YAG laser (λ=800 nm, E=24 mJ, τ=120 ps, I≈4·1012 W/cm2) irradiating solid aluminium and magnesium that was mounted on a rotating cylinder (to provide fresh target surfaces for each shot at repetition frequency of 120 Hz). At 11.5° relative to the optical laser beam, the XFEL (about 1013 photons/shot, pulse duration 250 fs) was focused to a diameter of 20 µm in the dense plasma plume at different delay times and X-ray pump energies. Pumped X-ray transitions have been observed with a Bragg crystal coupled to a Princeton CCD (2048x2048 pixels). The spherically bent crystal of mica (004) set at the distance of 57 cm from the plasma source provided a magnification factor of 0.21 and a high spectral resolution at the level of λ/δλ ≈ 3500 while maintaining a large spectral range (6.90 - 8.3 Å). The spatial resolution in a direction perpendicular to the expanding plasma (about 64 µm) was essentially determined by the CCD pixel size of 13.5 µm . The crystal was protected with a 2 µm thick polycarbonate (C16H14O3) foil (effectively resulting in 4 µm thick foil due to transmission of incoming and outgoing rays), the CCD was protected with a 1 µm polypropylene (C3H6) coated with 0.1 µm aluminum from each side to supress the visible light. Spectra have been corrected for crystal reflectivity, CCD response and filter transmission. The right part of Fig. 1 shows the Mg spectrum obtained when irradiating the rotating Mg cylinder by optical laser only, i.e., without XFEL interaction. The spectrum shows the He-like resonance line   Figure 1: Schematic of the experimental setup (left) and emission spectrum of Mg (right) 8th International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA 2013) IOP PublishingJournal of Physics: Conference Series 688 (2016) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/0120932     series (Heβ = 1s3p 1P1 - 1s2 1S0, Heγ = 1s4p 1P1 - 1s2 1S0, Heδ = 1s4p 1P1 - 1s2 1S0, Heε = 1s5p 1P1 - 1s2 1S0,) and associated dielectronic statellite emission, Heβ - satellites 1s2l3l’ - 1s22l’’ and Heγ - satellites 1s2l4l’ - 1s22l’’. The spectrum demonstrates excellent quality and resolution of the implemented X-ray diagnostics: a) high signal to noise ratio, b) large spectral coverage 6.9-8.3 Å, c) extremely high spectral resolution - note that even single LSJ-split configurations in the Heβ-satellites 1s2l3l’-1s22l’’ are resolved (for further details on Heβ - satellites see [7,8]). 3. Resonant X-ray pumping Figure 2 shows the X-ray spectral distributions observed at solid Al targets. The upper spectrum was obtained when irradiating the Al cylinder with the optical laser only. The strongest emission is the He-like resonance line Heα = W = 1s2p 1P1 - 1s2 1S0 and the intercombination line Y = 1s2p 3P1 - 1s2 1S0. Li-like satellite emission 1s2l2l’-1s22l’’ (indicated by 1s2l2l’:=K1L2 in Fig. 2) is rather weak. The spectral distributions indicated with He…C designate pumping of the Heα transition (pump photon energy set to 1597 eV), pumping of the Li-like configuration K1L2 (pumping K2L1+hνXFEL→K1L2 at 1587 eV), Be-like configuration K1L3 (pumping K2L2+hνXFEL→K1L3 at 1570 eV), B-like configuration K1L4 (pumping K2L3+hνXFEL→K1L4 at 1551 eV) and C-like configuration K1L5 (pumping K2L4+hνXFEL→K1L5 at 1531 eV). The pumping at 1587 eV (curve labeled as “Li” in Fig. 2) is of particular  interest. This photon energy corresponds to the transitions 1s22l + hνXFEL → 1s2l2l’. The pumped states are therefore the autoionizing Li-like levels of the type 1s2l2l’. Although the spontaneous electric dipole radiative transitions that originate from these states are of very low intensity for the case without pumping (see upper spectrum with transitions labelled 1s2l2l’ in Fig. 2), the X-ray pump creates an impressive intensity increase. It is important to emphasize that emission lines, being entirely absent in the dense plasma produced by the optical laser only (upper spectrum in Fig. 2, emission labelled “Be”, “B” and “C”), have been pumped to intensities that exceed those of the resonance line W (usually the most intensive X-ray emission line) by a factor of about 100. This is an extremely important demonstration of X-ray pumping: ion charge state distributions of dense matter can be probed via X-ray transitions that have been inaccessible up to present due insufficient signal/noise, background level. This is particular important for high energy density science: one of the most challenging plasma regimes are strongly coupled plasmas where the coupling parameter is proportional to n1/3/T with “n” being the density and “T” the temperature. High coupling parameters request therefore high density and low temperatures, but low temperatures usually  prohibit X-ray transitions.   Figure 2: X-ray spectral distribution of Al pumped at different XFEL energies. 8th International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA 2013) IOP PublishingJournal of Physics: Conference Series 688 (2016) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/0120933                     Our final concern has been the demonstration that X-ray pumping also provides a possibility to study the evolution of transient dense matter. Figure 3 shows its successful demonstration via a time dependent pumping of the Be-like configurations (right part of Fig. 3) which was realized by setting different delay times between the maximum of the optical laser pulse and the XFEL onset. As can be seen from the spectra, the spectral distribution changes in time, thus reflecting the dense plasma evolution. The left part of Fig. 3 {switch left- and right-hand part of Fig. 3?} shows the MULTI-fs simulations [9] of aluminum plasmas created by the optical YAG laser that provides insight in the transient evolution of temperature and density for different target distances.  4. Conclusion In the first proof of principle experiment at the LCLS X-ray Free Electron Laser, we have successfully demonstrated transient X-ray pumping of the dense plasma. The application of curved Bragg crystal X-ray spectroscopic technique provided high-resolution spectral distributions that permitted interpretation that goes much beyond the hydrogenic approximations (via resolving even LSJ-split levels in complex autoionizing configurations that permits in turn to separate the different excitation channels). These results open new horizons in X-ray pumping/X-ray fluorescence XFEL physics.  5. References [1] Demtröder W 2008 Laser spectroscopy Springer. [2] https://portal.slac.stanford.edu/sites/lcls_public/Pages/Default.aspx [3] Rosmej F B 2012 Exotic states of high density matter driven by intense XUV/X-ray Free Electron Lasers” in "Free Electron Laser", InTech2012, p. 187, ed. S. Varró, ISBN 978-953-51-0279-3. [4] Rosmej F B and Lee R W 2007 Europhysics Letters 77 24001. [5] Rosmej F B, Lee R W, Schneider D H G 2007 High Energy Density Physics 3 218. [6] Colgan J, Abdallah J Jr, Faenov A Ya, Pikuz S A, Wagenaars E, Booth N, Culfa O, Dance RJ, Evans RG, Gray R J, Kaempfer T, Lancaster K L, McKenna P, Rossall A L, Skobelev I Yu, Schulze K S, Uschmann, I Zhidkov A G, Woolsey N C 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 125001. [7] Rosmej F B, Calisti A, Talin B, Stamm R, Hoffmann D H H, Süß W, Geißel M, Faenov A Ya, Pikuz T A 2001 JQSRT 71 639. [8] Skobelev I Yu, Faenov A Ya, Pikuz T A, Magunov A I, Flora F, Bollanti S, DiLazzaro P, Murra D, Reale A, Reale L, Tomassetti G, Ritucci A, Petrocelli G, Martellucci S, Lisi N, Rosmej F B 2002 JETP 95 421. [9] Ramis R, Eidmann K, Meyer-ter-Vehn J, Hüller S 2012 Computer Phys. Comm. 183 637.   Figure 3: MULTI-fs simulations of the optical YAG laser (left) and transient photopumping of Be-like configurations K1L3 (right). 8th International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA 2013) IOP PublishingJournal of Physics: Conference Series 688 (2016) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/0120934

XFEL resonant photo-pumping of dense plasmas and dynamic evolution of autoionizing core hole states

XFEL resonant photo-pumping of dense plasmas and dynamic evolution of autoionizing core hole states

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Queen's University Belfast Research Portal