A total of 200 finishing pigs (PIC TR4 Ã— 1050; average initial BW of 103.2 lb) were used in a 69-d growth assay to determine the effects of sorghum particle size on growth performance. Pigs were sorted by sex and ancestry and balanced by BW, with 5 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control with the corn milled to a target mean particle size of 600 Î¼m, and sorghum diets milled to a target mean particle size of 800, 600, or 400 Î¼m. Actual mean particle sizes were 555 Î¼m for corn, and 724, 573, and 319 Î¼m for sorghum, respectively. Feed and water were offered on an ad libitum basis until the pigs were slaughtered (average final BW of 271 lb) at a commercial abattoir. Reducing sorghum particle size improved (linear, P \u3c 0.01) F/G, and we observed a tendency for decreased (P \u3c 0.06) ADFI. Reducing sorghum particle size from 724 to 319 Î¼m had no effects on HCW, backfat thickness, loin depth, or percentage fat-free lean index (FFLI), but tended to increase (P \u3c 0.06) carcass yield. Pigs fed the sorghum-based diets had no difference in growth performance or carcass characteristics compared with those fed the control diet, except carcass yield, which was numerically greater (P \u3c 0.07) for pigs fed the sorghum-based diets. When using a regression equation, we determined that sorghum must be ground to 513 Î¼m to achieve a F/G equal to that of a corn-based diet, with corn ground to 550 Î¼m. In conclusion, linear improvements in F/G and carcass yield were demonstrated with the reduction of sorghum particle size to 319 Î¼m. In this experiment, sorghum should be ground 42 Î¼m finer than corn to achieve a similar feeding value.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 201

Benhke, Keith C

Fahrenholz, Adam C

Hancock, Joe D

McKinney, Leland J

Paulk, C B

Wilson, J M

English

A total of 200 finishing pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050; average initial BW of 103.2 lb) were used in a 69-d growth assay to determine the effects of sorghum particle size on growth performance. Pigs were sorted by sex and ancestry and balanced by BW, with 5 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control with the corn milled to a target mean particle size of 600 Î¼m, and sorghum diets milled to a target mean particle size of 800, 600, or 400 Î¼m. Actual mean particle sizes were 555 Î¼m for corn, and 724, 573, and 319 Î¼m for sorghum, respectively. Feed and water were offered on an ad libitum basis until the pigs were slaughtered (average final BW of 271 lb) at a commercial abattoir. Reducing sorghum particle size improved (linear, P\u3c0.01) F/G, and we observed a tendency for decreased (P\u3c0.06) ADFI. Reducing sorghum particle size from 724 to 319 Î¼m had no effects on HCW, backfat thickness, loin depth, or percentage fat-free lean index (FFLI), but tended to increase (P\u3c0.06) carcass yield. Pigs fed the sorghum-based diets had no difference in growth performance or carcass characteristics compared with those fed the control diet, except carcass yield, which was numerically greater (P\u3c0.07) for pigs fed the sorghum-based diets. When using a regression equation, we determined that sorghum must be ground to 513 Î¼m to achieve a F/G equal to that of a corn-based diet, with corn ground to 550 Î¼m. In conclusion, linear improvements in F/G and carcass yield were demonstrated with the reduction of sorghum particle size to 319 Î¼m. In this experiment, sorghum should be ground 42 Î¼m finer than corn to achieve a similar feeding value.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 201

Kansas State University

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports Volume 0 Issue 10 Swine Day (1968-2014) Article 1275 2011 Effects of sorghum particle size on milling characteristics, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs C B. Paulk Joe D. Hancock Adam C. Fahrenholz See next page for additional authors This report is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. Copyright 2011 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Contents of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. Brand names appearing in this publication are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/kaesrr  Part of the Other Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Paulk, C B.; Hancock, Joe D.; Fahrenholz, Adam C.; Wilson, J M.; McKinney, Leland J.; and Benhke, Keith C. (2011) "Effects of sorghum particle size on milling characteristics, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs," Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 0: Iss. 10. https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7115 Effects of sorghum particle size on milling characteristics, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs Abstract A total of 200 finishing pigs (PIC TR4 Ã— 1050; average initial BW of 103.2 lb) were used in a 69-d growth assay to determine the effects of sorghum particle size on growth performance. Pigs were sorted by sex and ancestry and balanced by BW, with 5 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control with the corn milled to a target mean particle size of 600 Î¼m, and sorghum diets milled to a target mean particle size of 800, 600, or 400 Î¼m. Actual mean particle sizes were 555 Î¼m for corn, and 724, 573, and 319 Î¼m for sorghum, respectively. Feed and water were offered on an ad libitum basis until the pigs were slaughtered (average final BW of 271 lb) at a commercial abattoir. Reducing sorghum particle size improved (linear, P < 0.01) F/G, and we observed a tendency for decreased (P < 0.06) ADFI. Reducing sorghum particle size from 724 to 319 Î¼m had no effects on HCW, backfat thickness, loin depth, or percentage fat-free lean index (FFLI), but tended to increase (P < 0.06) carcass yield. Pigs fed the sorghum-based diets had no difference in growth performance or carcass characteristics compared with those fed the control diet, except carcass yield, which was numerically greater (P < 0.07) for pigs fed the sorghum-based diets. When using a regression equation, we determined that sorghum must be ground to 513 Î¼m to achieve a F/G equal to that of a corn-based diet, with corn ground to 550 Î¼m. In conclusion, linear improvements in F/G and carcass yield were demonstrated with the reduction of sorghum particle size to 319 Î¼m. In this experiment, sorghum should be ground 42 Î¼m finer than corn to achieve a similar feeding value.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 2011 Keywords Swine Day, 2011; Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station contribution; no. 12-064-S; Report of progress (Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service); 1056; Swine; Corn; Particle size; Sorghum; Finishing pig Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Authors C B. Paulk, Joe D. Hancock, Adam C. Fahrenholz, J M. Wilson, Leland J. McKinney, and Keith C. Benhke This research report is available in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: https://newprairiepress.org/kaesrr/vol0/iss10/1275 282Finishing Nutrition and ManagementEffects of Sorghum Particle Size on Milling Characteristics, Growth Performance,  and Carcass Characteristics in Finishing PigsC. B. Paulk, J. D. Hancock, A. C. Fahrenholz1, J. M. Wilson1,  L. J. McKinney1, and K. C. Benhke1SummaryA total of 200 finishing pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050; average initial BW of 103.2 lb) were used in a 69-d growth assay to determine the effects of sorghum particle size on growth performance. Pigs were sorted by sex and ancestry and balanced by BW, with 5 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control with the corn milled to a target mean particle size of 600 μm, and sorghum diets milled to a target mean particle size of 800, 600, or 400 μm. Actual mean particle sizes were 555 μm for corn, and 724, 573, and 319 μm for sorghum, respectively. Feed and water were offered on an ad libitum basis until the pigs were slaughtered (average final BW of 271 lb) at a commercial abattoir. Reducing sorghum particle size improved (linear, P < 0.01) F/G, and we observed a tendency for decreased (P < 0.06) ADFI. Reducing sorghum particle size from 724 to 319 μm had no effects on HCW, backfat thickness, loin depth, or percentage fat-free lean index (FFLI), but tended to increase (P < 0.06) carcass yield. Pigs fed the sorghum-based diets had no difference in growth performance or carcass characteristics compared with those fed the control diet, except carcass yield, which was numerically greater (P < 0.07) for pigs fed the sorghum-based diets. When using a regression equation, we determined that sorghum must be ground to 513 μm to achieve a F/G equal to that of a corn-based diet, with corn ground to 550 μm. In conclusion, linear improvements in F/G and carcass yield were demonstrated with the reduction of sorghum particle size to 319 μm. In this experiment, sorghum should be ground 42 μm finer than corn to achieve a similar feeding value. Key words: corn, particle size, sorghum, finishing pigIntroductionWith the continuous increase in corn prices, swine producers are utilizing alterna-tive feedstuffs to reduce diet cost. Sorghum is a cereal grain that can be an economical replacement for corn; its attributes, such as resistance to heat stress and drought, make it favorable to produce in certain regions worldwide.Through the years, the nutritional value of sorghum has been enhanced through genetic selection of sorghum grains and by applying feed processing strategies. The most common feed manufacturing practice used to enhance swine performance is the grind-ing of cereal grains; however, the particle size necessary to make the feeding value of sorghum equal to that of corn is not well defined. Thus, we designed an experiment to determine the effects of reducing sorghum particle size on milling inputs and growth 1 Department of Grain Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University.283Finishing Nutrition and Managementperformance, and to develop a sorghum particle size necessary to achieve the same performance as corn when fed to growing and finishing pigs. ProceduresThe Kansas State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved the protocol used in this experiment. The experiment was completed at the K-State Swine Teaching and Research Center in Manhattan, KS. A total of 200 pigs (PIC line TR4 × 1050; average initial BW of 103.2 lb) were sorted by sex and ancestry, balanced by BW, and assigned to treatments, with 5 barrows per pen or 5 gilts per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Pigs were housed in an environmen-tally controlled finisher with pens (10 ft × 5 ft) that had concrete slatted floors. Each pen contained a self-feeder and 2 nipple waterers to allow ad libitum consumption of feed and water. The control diet was corn-based with the corn milled to a target geometric mean particle size of 600 μm. Treatments were sorghum-based with sorghum milled to a targeted mean particle size of 800, 600, or 400 μm. For the control, corn was milled using a hammer mill (Jacobson P240D) with a screen size of ¼ in. (“teardrop” full circle screen). For the 400 μm treatment, sorghum was milled using the same hammer mill (Jacobson P240D) with a screen size of 1/16 in. (“teardrop” full circle screen). For the 800- and 600-μm treatments, sorghum was milled using a three-high roller mill (1:1, 1.5:1, 1.5:1 differential drives; 3.2, 4.7, and 6.3 corrugations per cm; and 0, 8.3, and  8.3 cm of spiral/meter of roller, Model K, Roskamp Manufacturing, Cedar Falls, IA). All diets were pelleted in a 30 horsepower pellet mill (30 HD Master Model, California Pellet Mill, San Francisco, CA) with a 1 ¼-in.-thick die that had 5/32-in. openings. Pellets were analyzed for pellet durability index (PDI) and modified PDI. PDI was determined using the standard tumbling-box technique and modified PDI by alter-ing the procedure by adding 5 hexagonal nuts prior to tumbling. An amp-volt meter (Model DM-II, Amprobe Instrument, Lynbrook, NY) was used to calculate energy used during grinding and pelleting.  The experimental treatments (Table 1) were fed in 3 phases, with Phase 1 fed from d 0 to 28, Phase 2 from d 28 to 48, and Phase 3 from d 48 to 69. All diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (19982) recommendations. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0, 20, 41, and 69 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and F/G. On d 69, pigs were harvested (average final BW of 271 lb) at a commercial abattoir (Farmland Foods, Inc.; Crete, NE) and HCW, carcass yield, backfat thickness, loin depth, and percentage FFLI were recorded.The MIXED procedure (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) was used to perform the statisti-cal analysis. All growth data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with pen as the experimental unit. For analyses of backfat thickness, loin depth, and FFLI, HCW was used as a covariate. The corn treatment was compared with the average of the 3 sorghum particle sizes, and the shape of the response to decreasing particle size of sorghum was characterized using polynomial regression. Results were considered signifi-cant at P ≤ 0.05 and considered a trend at P ≤ 0.15.2 NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.284Finishing Nutrition and ManagementResults and DiscussionThe particle size for each treatment was lower than that of the targeted value. Actual mean particle sizes were 555 μm for corn and 724, 573, and 319 μm for sorghum  (Table 2). Energy required for pelleting the sorghum treatments increased slightly as particle size decreased; however, pelleting the corn-based diet required 5% more energy than the average of the sorghum treatments. Pelleting the 319-μm sorghum treatment resulted in the highest production rate or largest amount of pellets produced in an hour, which were 7% higher than that of the 724 and 573 μm treatments and 4% higher than that of the corn control. As particle size was decreased from 724 to 573 μm, minor improvements were observed in PDI, and all were higher than that of corn.No difference was found in growth performance for pigs fed the corn compared with the mean of the 3 sorghum-based diets (Table 3), but F/G improved (linear, P < 0.01)  as particle size decreased in sorghum-based diets. This resulted from a numerical decrease (linear, P < 0.06) in ADFI as particle size of sorghum was reduced. A linear regression was plotted to demonstrate the improvements in F/G when reducing the particle size of sorghum from 724 to 319 μm. When applying the F/G achieved by pigs fed the corn control (corn ground to 555 μm), it was demonstrated that sorghum needed to be ground to 513 μm to achieve similar efficiencies of gain to that of the corn control (Figure 1).  Among pigs fed sorghum-based diets, no difference in HCW, backfat thickness, loin depth, and FFLI were observed compared with those fed the corn-based control; however, pigs fed sorghum-based diets had numerically greater (P < 0.07) carcass yield compared to those fed the corn-based control. As sorghum particle size was reduced from 724 to 319 μm, there was a tendency for a linear increase (P < 0.06) in carcass yield. In conclusion, reducing the particle size of sorghum from 724 to 319 μm improved efficiency of gain by 3.6% and tended to increase carcass yield. Feeding sorghum-based diets to growing-finishing pigs resulted in no significant differences in growth perfor-mance or carcass characteristics compared to those fed a corn-based diet, but the aver-age of the 3 sorghum-based treatments resulted in a trend toward an increase in carcass yield compared to those fed the corn-based treatment. We found that F/G improved by 0.9% for every 100-μm reduction in particle size, and sorghum should be ground 42 μm finer than corn to achieve the same efficiency of gain as corn.  285Finishing Nutrition and ManagementTable 1. Composition of experimental diets (as-fed basis)1Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3Item Corn Sorghum Corn Sorghum Corn SorghumIngredient, %Corn 76.22 — 78.60 — 80.67 —Sorghum — 76.21 — 78.60 — 80.64Soybean meal (46.5% CP) 21.5 21.5 19.5 19.5 17.5 17.5L-Lysine HCl 0.21 0.23 0.14 0.16 0.074 0.096DL-Methionine 0.03 0.04 — 0.002 — —L-Threonine 0.06 0.04 0.018 0.002 — —Monocalcium P (21% P) 0.70 0.70 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51Limestone 0.88 0.88 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25Vitamin premix 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04Mineral premix 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06Antibiotic2 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00Calculated analyses,%CP 16.6 17.3 15.7 16.5 15.0 15.6SID lysine3 0.88 0.88 0.78 0.78 0.68 0.68Ca 0.55 0.55 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50Available P 0.21 0.22 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.181 Experimental treatments were fed in pelleted form. 2 Provided (per kilogram of diet) 9.1 mg/kg of tylosin.3 Standardized ileal digestible.286Finishing Nutrition and ManagementTable 2. Processing characteristics of corn and sorghum Corn, μm Sorghum, μmItem 5551 7242 5732 3193dgw, μm4Milled grain 555 724 573 319sgw, μm5Milled grain 3.14 2.46 2.31 2.52 GrindingEnergy, kWh/ton 6.0 2.62 6.1 11.4Production rate, ton/h 2.7 1.9 2.7 2.1PelletingEnergy, kWh/ton 10.31 9.67 9.84 9.96Production rate, ton/h 1.43 1.39 1.39 1.49Durability, % 88.4 89.0 89.7 90.4Modified durability, %6 85.0 85.2 86.8 86.91 Corn was milled using a hammer mill (Jacobson P240D) with a screen size of ¼ in. (“teardrop” full circle screen).2 Sorghum was milled using a three-high roller mill (Model K, Roskamp Manufacturing, Cedar Falls, IA).3 Sorghum was milled using the same hammer mill (Jacobson P240D) with a screen size of 1/16 in. (“teardrop” full circle screen).4 Geometric mean particle size.5 Log normal standard deviation.6 Modified by adding 5 ½-in. hexagonal nuts prior to tumbling.Table 3. Effects of sorghum particle size in finishing pig diets1Corn, μm Sorghum, μm P-valueItem 555 724 573 319 SECorn vs. sorghum Linear QuadraticADG, lb 2.38 2.49 2.43 2.43 0.05 0.22 0.39 0.68ADFI, lb 6.40 6.82 6.60 6.41 0.15 0.24 0.06 0.91F/G 2.69 2.74 2.71 2.64 0.03 0.81 0.01 0.52Final BW, lb 267.0 274.9 271.0 270.7 5.3 0.40 0.57 0.78HCW, lb 194.2 199.8 197.8 198.3 4.0 0.33 0.78 0.80Yield, % 72.5 72.7 73.0 73.2 0.2 0.07 0.06 0.99Backfat, in.2 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.04 0.68 0.85 0.91Loin depth, in.2 2.35 2.40 2.36 2.34 0.04 0.76 0.24 0.83FFLI, %2,3 49.2 49.7 49.5 49.3 0.6 0.69 0.67 0.971 A total 200 pigs (PIC line TR4 × 1050, average initial BW of 103.2 lb) were used in the 69-d growth assay.2 HCW used as a covariate.3 Fat-free lean index.287Finishing Nutrition and ManagementF/G3.002.902.802.702.602.502.40200300500700800Particle size, µm600 400Corn (555 µm)Sorghum (513 µm)y = 0.00025728x + 2.56014519Figure 1. Particle size of sorghum required to obtain an efficiency of gain equal to that of corn.

Effects of sorghum particle size on milling characteristics, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs (2011)

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Effects of sorghum particle size on milling characteristics, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs

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