This paper presents the results of the research conducted at the Research and Development Station of Viticulture and Winemaking Murfatlar, during 2007 - 2009, on two vine varieties established in the area, the Columna variety and Cabernet Sauvignon variety. In addition to production results, studies and analysis have been conducted on its quality, specifically the influence of the irrigation regime and technology elements on the concentration of sugars in grapes

Bolos, P.

Ionescu, A.

Luca, E.

Luca, Laura Cristina

English

P. Bolos

E. Luca

A. Ionescu

Laura Cristina Luca

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Agricultura – Ştiinţă şi practică                                                                                                                                                   nr. 3- 4(79-80)/2011   - 67 -THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION AND OF TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN THE GRAPEVINE PRODUCTION QUALITY, UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MURFATLAR  Boloș P.1), E. Luca2), A. Ionescu1), Laura Luca2) 1) Research and Development Station for Viticulture and Winemaking Murfatlar 2) University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur nr. 3-5, 400372, Romania; email:emil.luca@yahoo.com  Abstract. This paper presents the results of the research conducted at the Research and Development Station of Viticulture and Winemaking Murfatlar, during 2007 - 2009, on two vine varieties established in the area, the Columna variety and Cabernet Sauvignon variety. In addition to production results, studies and analysis have been conducted on its quality, specifically the influence of the irrigation regime and technology elements on the concentration of sugars in grapes.  Keywords: production quality, concentration of sugars in grapes, irrigation regime.  INTRODUCTION   The reasearch carried out so far in the Murfatlar vineyard shows that the grapevine varieties for wine making get sufficient water from the precipitation if it does not exceed during the growing season (April-October) 300 mm and it does not to fall below 200 mm, when the effect of drought begins to feel. If the vine receives sufficient rainfall over the winter (November to March) respectively a minimum of 150-200 mm, it will easily resists to drought in summer (Ionescu 1984 Ranca Aurora 2011). It is noted that in recent decades drought years frequency is appreciably higher, this due to increasing solar activity and its conjugation with increasing pollution of the environment (air and soil). Rarefication of the ozone protective layer and the greenhouse effect currently growing year by year is already felt by increasing water scarcity, an indispensable element for animal and plant life. If you reached the stage in which the vine - a moderate water-consumer compared to many other agricultural plant species (especially annual) - feels the lack of water, you have to consider it an urgent wake-up call both for rational resource management and also for  developping and appliing new technologies of culture, on the concept of fighting drought to restrict to a minimum evapotranspiration and unproductive consumption of water and increase its specific and productive consumption and for the dry synthesis of crops (Luca and Nagy 1999, Luca et al. 2008). As a result, it was considered appropriate, current and stringent implementation of the present study to specify the conditions of irrigation and nonirigation using different production loads and fertilization variants to determine the effect of these factors on the quality of wine production in two varieties of high perspective belonging to the Murfatlar vineyard range. Agricultura – Ştiinţă şi practică                                                                                                                                                   nr. 3- 4(79-80)/2011   - 68 -MATERIAL AND METHOD  The biological material tested in the experiments conducted at Murfatlar between 2007 -2009 was represented by the Columna and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties. These experiments monitored the effect of three factors on the quality of grape production: Factor A - Irrigation method with three graduations: a1. nonirrigated, a2. sprinkler irrigation providing between 50-75% of I.U.A. applied in the last decade, for wine varieties 800-1200 m3 (cubic meters) water per hectare (depending on weather conditions); a3. drip irrigation (localized) with standard irrigation IUA keeping to a minimum of 50% and CC at best); Factor B - Fertilization method with 2 graduations: b1. unfertilized, b2. minerally fertilized with N50, P50, K50 per hectare with the annual autumn tillage; Factor C - production load with three graduations: c1 - reduced load (75%), c2 - normal load (100%) and c3 – amplified load ( 125%) for each of the two varieties studied. Experimental data were collated and processed by computer operated programs for experimental techniques and interpreted statistically.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  Regarding the quality of the raw materials – the grapes, expressed primarily through the sugar content and total acidity of the grape berries must at full phenophase maturity, as the variance analysis, respectively the data in Tables 1 and 2 shows, in the average results on period 2007 - 2009, only a statistic partial insurance, as follows: for the Columna variety, variant V18 and variant V3 for the Cabernet Sauvignon, achieved significant gains compared to the control variants; for the Columna variety, variants V12 and v15 and for the variety Cabernet Sauvignon, variant V2 have made significant increases to control variants. The remaining variants had no statistical insurance. Since the quality of the wine grapes production as raw material for winemaking is also assessed in terms of its technological characteristics, for this purpose annual determinations were made. These consisted of physical analysis of a kg of grapes to determine the weight of the clusters, the number and weight of the grains, the amount by weight and volume of unfermented wine (must) as well as the weight of the marc of grapes, of the seed, peel and core (from the marc of grapes). Simultaneously an analysis also was performed on 100 grape berries and the total weight, weight of skin, the pulp (core), seeds, the number and weight of 100 seeds were determined. The average results obtained during the analysis are listed for each variety, in Tables 3 and 4. The knowledge of the parameters of these technological elements that deepen the quality of grapes for wine production was used to calculate the main technological indices, namely: grape berries composition index = mass of berries / cluster mass; grape berry composition index = mass of the berry core / skin mass; Agricultura – Ştiinţă şi practică                                                                                                                                                   nr. 3- 4(79-80)/2011   - 69 -berry index = no. grains per 100 g grape; grape yield index = weight of the grape must / marc weight (skin + seed + cluster). The technological indices complete, along with the sugar content and total acidity of the must, the degree of grape quality suitability for wine production and they are directly reflected in the value of the must yield of the grapes, a valuable element in the oenology process. Data concerning the value of these average technological indices determined during the research circumscribed within typical values for wine grape varieties of higher quality. Table 1. Determining variance analysis for the sugar concentration of Columna variety grapes (g/l)  (Murfatlar, average data from 2007 to 2009) Variability Cause SP GL SP/GL Probe F 0 1 2 3 4 Total 5,98 17 0,35  Variants 5,11 8 0,64 5,74 (4,87) Repetitions 0,32 4 0,08  Error 0,55 5 0,11   Variant Production obtained (calculated) per hectar/ tone Relative production % Diferences + (-) t/ha Meaning 0 1 2 3 4 V18 203,4 108,65 16,2 xx V12 194,6 103,95 7,4 x V15 193,9 103,58 6,7 x V9 191,7 102,40 4,5 - V6 191,5 102,29 4,3 - V8 188,7 100,80 1,5 - V4 188,3 100,58 1,1 - V3 187,6 100,21 0,4 - Media 187,2 100,00 - Mt V11 186,7 99,73 -0,5 - V1 184,8 98,72 -2,4 - V5 184,7 98,66 -2,5 - V16 184,0 98,29 -3,2 - V10 183,5 98,02 -3,7 - V14 183,5 98,02 -3,7 - V2 182,0 97,22 -5,2 - V17 181,1 96,74 -6,1 - V13 180,9 96,63 -6,3 - V7 179,0 95,62 -8,2 - DL 5% = 5,2 g/l DL 1% = 10,7 g/l DL 0,1% = 16,8 g/l  Agricultura – Ştiinţă şi practică                                                                                                                                                   nr. 3- 4(79-80)/2011   - 70 -Table 2. Determining variance analysis for the sugar concentration of Cabernet Sauvignon variety grapes (g/l) (Murfatlar, average data from 2007 to 2009)  Variability Cause SP GL SP/GL Proba F 0 1 2 3 4 Total 5,44 17 0,32  Variants 4,20 8 0,52 4,48 /3,78) Repetitions 0,49 4 0,12  Error 0,75 5 0,15   Variant Production obtained (calculated) per hectar/ tone Relative production % Diferences + (-) t/ha Meaning 0 1 2 3 4 V3 203,2 103,09 6,1 xx V2 201,1 102,03 4,0 x V15 199,8 101,36 2,7 - V8 199,3 101,12 2,2 - V6 199,1 101,01 2,0 - V14 198,6 100,76 1,5 - V4 198,3 100,60 1,2 - V5 197,5 100,20 0,4 - Media 197,1 100,00 - Mt V17 196,9 99,89 -0,2 - V12 196,8 99,85 -0,3 - V1 196,2 99,54 -0,9 - V18 196,0 99,44 -1,1 - V16 195,6 99,24 -1,5 - V11 195,5 99,19 -1,6 - V13 195,1 98,98 -2,0 - V10 194,5 98,68 -2,6 - V9 194,2 98,53 -2,9 - V7 190,6 96,70 -6,5 0 DL 5% = 3,2 g/l DL 1% = 4,5 g/l DL 0,1% = 8,3 g/l        Agricultura – Ştiinţă şi practică                                                                                                                                                   nr. 3- 4(79-80)/2011   - 71 -Table 3. Main technological characteristic at the full maturity of the Columna grape variety – mechanical analysis (Murfatlar average data 2007-2009) Analyzed elements Granes Must  Seeds Must content : Block and experimental plot Variante no.  Weight of rachi des g Weig ht g No.  Volum  cm3 Weig ht g Skin g Weig ht g No. Rape Sugar g/l Acidi-taty g/l H2SO4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nonirrigated 1 43,8 956,2 555 663 789,6 132,9 33,7 1028 210,4 184,8 5,15 - Unfertilized 2 43,4 956,6 558 661 791,0 132,1 33,5 1041 209,0 182,0 5,25  3 43,0 957,0 567 671 779,2 142,4 35,4 1102 220,8 187,6 5,08 Average X 43,4 956,6 560 665 786,6 135,8 34,2 1057 213,4 184,8 5,16  4 40,9 959,1 571 672 775,7 145,7 37,7 1127 224,3 188,3 5,18 - Fertilized 5 41,6 958,4 564 660 784,3 139,1 35,0 1096 215,7 184,7 5,33  6 42,0 958,0 563 654 782,4 140,3 35,3 1101 217,6 191,5 5,07 Average X 41,5 958,5 566 662 780,8 141,7 36,0 1108 219,2 188,2 5,19 Average block 42,4 957,6 563 663 783,7 138,7 35,2 1082 216,3 186,5 5,17 Sprinkler irrigated 7 42,7 957,3 532 646 762,2 122,6 34,9 1005 200,2 179,0 5,70 - Unfertilized 8 42,1 957,9 557 685 808,5 133,5 37,2 1109 212,8 188,7 5,14  9 41,8 958,2 555 682 804,7 133,0 36,8 1186 211,6 191,7 5,08 Average X 42,2 957,8 548 671 791,8 129,7 36,3 1110 208,2 186,5 5,31 - Fertilized 10 39,8 960,2 540 669 787,6 137,1 35,5 1088 212,4 183,5 5,81  11 41,7 958,3 560 680 792,3 128,4 37,6 1155 207,7 186,7 5,16  12 40,9 959,1 553 685 790,0 130,3 38,8 1189 210,0 194,6 5,01 Average X 40,8 959,2 551 678 790,0 131,9 37,3 1144 210,0 188,3 5,33 Average block 41,5 958,5 549 674 791,0 130,8 36,8 1122 209,0 187,4 5,32 Irrigated locally 13 42,6 957,4 537 656 767,2 123,7 35,1 1004 201,4 180,9 5,57 - Unfertilized 14 41,9 958,1 542 683 809,0 127,8 36,9 1098 206,6 183,5 5,51  15 41,5 958,5 538 695 805,8 131,9 36,6 1186 210,0 193,9 5,12 Average X 42,0 958,0 539 678 794,0 127,8 36,2 1096 206,0 186,1 5,43 - Fertilized 16 38,1 961,9 536 671 804,5 118,1 39,3 1079 195,5 184,0 5,42  17 40,9 959,1 555 685 801,3 125,8 32,0 1168 198,7 181,1 5,56  18 41,3 958,7 550 690 797,2 119,7 41,8 1140 202,8 203,4 5,08 Average X 40,1 959,9 547 682 801,0 121,8 37,1 1189 199,0 189,5 5,35 Average block 41,0 959,0 543 680 797,5 124,8 36,6 1112 202,5 187,8 5,39  Agricultura – Ştiinţă şi practică                                                                                                                                                   nr. 3- 4(79-80)/2011   - 72 -Table 4. The main technological features at full maturity of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety – mechanical analysis for 1 kg grapes  (Murfatlar, average data 2007-2009) Analyzed elements Granes Must  Seeds Must content : Block and experimental plot Variante no.  Weig ht of rachi des g Weig ht g No.  Volum  cm3 Weig ht g Skin g Weig ht g No. Rape Sugar g/l Acidi-taty g/l H2SO4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nonirrigated 1 54,2 945,8 930 672 730,4 161,1 54,3 1612 269,6 196,2 4,49 - Unfertilized 2 55,9 944,1 928 671 735,3 156,7 52,1 1578 264,7 201,1 4,45  3 58,8 941,2 926 670 733,0 155,6 52,6 1586 267,0 203,2 4,41 Average X 56,3 943,7 928 671 732,9 157,8 53,0 1590 267,1 200,2 4,44  4 52,1 947,9 934 678 747,8 149,7 50,4 1514 252,2 198,3 4,52 - Fertilized 5 55,4 944,6 932 676 738,0 150,8 55,8 1720 262,0 197,5 4,59  6 57,2 942,8 929 671 720,6 159,5 62,7 1830 279,4 199,1 4,65 Average X 54,9 945,1 932 675 735,5 153,3 56,3 1688 264,5 198,3 4,59 Average block 55,6 944,4 930 673 731,4 155,5 54,6 1639 265,7 199,2 4,51 Sprinkler irrigated 7 54,8 945,2 913 686 748,7 138,2 58,3 1621 2513 190,6 4,83 - Unfertilized 8 57,4 942,6 911 677 725,4 159,3 57,9 1704 274,6 199,3 4,75  9 59,4 940,6 909 671 720,8 168,9 50,9 1719 279,2 194,2 4,77 Average X 57,2 942,8 911 678 731,6 155,5 55,7 1681 268,4 194,7 4,78 - Fertilized 10 54,4 945,6 930 697 759,8 138,5 47,3 1655 240,2 194,5 4,75  11 56,2 943,8 928 684 742,4 156,6 44,8 1794 257,6 195,5 4,73  12 57,7 942,3 926 682 744,5 149,5 48,3 1878 255,5 196,8 4,74 Average X 56,1 943,9 928 688 748,9 148,2 46,8 1775 251,1 195,6 4,74 Average block 56,6 943,4 919 683 740,2 151,8 51,4 1728 259,8 195,1 4,76 Irrigated locally 13 54,9 945,1 918 696 776,8 122,0 46,3 1678 223,2 195,1 4,72 - Unfertilized 14 57,2 942,8 916 671 721,1 178,5 43,2 1642 278,9 198,6 4,68  15 58,3 941,7 916 673 746,7 150,9 44,1 1638 253,3 199,8 4,59 Average X 56,8 943,2 917 680 748,2 150,5 44,5 1653 251,8 197,8 4,66 - Fertilized 16 53,8 946,2 933 703 727,6 172,4 46,2 1724 272,4 195,6 4,76  17 55,9 944,1 931 688 746,6 147,1 50,4 1701 253,4 196,9 4,76  18 57,1 942,9 930 632 780,0 107,7 55,2 1669 220,0 196,0 4,78 Average X 55,6 944,4 931 691 751,4 142,4 50,6 1698 248,6 196,1 4,77 Average block 56,2 943,8 924 686 749,8 146,5 47,5 1675 250,2 196,9 4,71 Agricultura – Ştiinţă şi practică                                                                                                                                                   nr. 3- 4(79-80)/2011   - 73 -Grape structure index ranges between 21,8 (V1) and 25,2 (V16) for the Columna variety and 15,8 (V9) and 18,2 (V4) for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety and reflects a good rapport berry to cluster weight; the berry index ranges between 53 (V7) and 57 (V4) berries in 100 g grapes for the Columna variety and 91 berries (3 variants V7-9) and 93 (in 9 variants, V4-6, V10-12 şi V16-18), ampelographic values characteristic for these varieties; the berry compozition index ranges between 8,47 (V3) and 9,81 (V16) for the Columna variety and 7,26 (V9) and 10,24 (V18) for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety, also typical values, where as the yield index ranges between 3,46 (V4) and 4,11 (V16) for the Columna variety and between 2,58 (V6, 9, 14) and 3,54 (V18) for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety.  CONCLUSIONS  In terms of production quality, expressed through sugar content during 2007 - 2009, the variants on drip and sprinkler irrigation and the fertilized variant significantly exceeded the control variant. All indices determined, except the “berry index" show higher values for the Columna variety compared with the Cabernet Sauvignon one, where the berry index shows higher values due exclusively to its biological characteristics on grain size, which are smaller. It should be noted that the maximum values of all these indices are found exclusively in both varieties in the irrigated and fertilized variations, which highlights the combined positive influence in reaching production and grape quality. It can be therefore appreciated that the technological characteristics and size index calculations considered for the two species studied are entirely characteristic of producing high quality wines.  REFERENCES  1. Ionescu, A. (1984). Experimental vineyards from Murfatlar - National Symposium on Agricultural History and Retrology of Romania, vol. Papers presented, Constanta. 2. Luca, E. and Z. Nagy (1999). Crop irrigation, Genesis Tipo Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca; 3. Luca, E. et al. (2008). Exploitation of land reclamation, Risoprint Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca. 4. Ranca, Aurora and I. Toncea (2011). Organic viticulture and winemaking, Totol Publishing House, Bucharest;    

THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION AND OF TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN THE GRAPEVINE PRODUCTION QUALITY, UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MURFATLAR

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THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION AND OF TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN THE GRAPEVINE PRODUCTION QUALITY, UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MURFATLAR

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