Depto. de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del ComportamientoFac. de PsicologíaTRUEsubmitte

Evers  , Oliver

Ramirez, J. Martín

Scheithauer, Herbert

Docta Complutense

Cultural Equivalence of the Questionnaire on Moral Attitudes Toward Aggression (CAMA) Using Structural Equation Modeling in a German University Context Measuring aggression cross-culturally 16.07.2012 Evers, O., Ramirez, J.M., Scheithauer, H. Cultural Equivalence Image source: Druce, G. (1919). The elephant in medieval legend and art. Journal of the Royal Archaeological Institute, 76. London: 1919 16.07.2012 Introduction - Cultural equivalence 2 ©David Badke, 2007 Cultural Equivalence Levels of equivalence: • Structural equivalence • Metric equivalence • Scalar equivalence  Testing equivalence: • Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis (Vandenberg & Lance, 2000)   16.07.2012 Introduction - Cultural equivalence 3 Cultural Equivalence: level of comparability of measurement outcomes across  different cultures  van de Vijver & Leung, 2011 Goal of the study Assess the structural equivalence of the Questionnaire on Moral Attitudes toward Aggression (CAMA) for the German context  using factor structures from: • USA, Spain, Japan (Fujihara et al., 1999) • Hong Kong (Ramírez et al., 2011)  21.06.2012 Goals 4 CAMA • Questionnaire on Moral Attitudes Toward Aggression (Ramírez & Folgado 1985; Fraczek et al., 1985) • Based on SAI (Lagerspetz & Westman, 1980) • Applied since 1980‘s in Eastern and Southern Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America 16.07.2012 Introduction - CAMA Questionnaire 5 In self defense To protect another person When communica-tion breaks down When angry To protect one‘s property As a punishment To be ironical To threaten To stop sb. from doing sth. To use torture To shout angrily To hit another person To get furious To kill another person 16.07.2012 Method - CAMA Questionnaire 6 Action scores Sample & Measurement • Testing the structural equivalence of the CAMA – Situation Scores – Action Scores • Sample: – 117 German social studies students (mean age 23,1 [19-38], 74% female) – Presented German translation of CAMA • 6 point-likert scale (never justified – always justified) • Statistical Method: – Confirmatory Factor Analysis – Mplus 5.21   16.07.2012 Methods – Sample & Measurement 7 Situation-Score Models 16.07.2012 Method- Situation Models 8  Sit I: USA / Hong Kong Sit II: Spain / Japan Situation-Score Models: Results ML: - CFI: 0.91 - RMSEA: 0.17 - SRMR: 0.08 GLS: - CFI: 0.68 - RMSEA: 0.16 - SRMR: 0.12   16.07.2012 Results - Situation Models 9 Sit I: USA / Hong Kong ML: - CFI: 0.92 - RMSEA: 0.16 - SRMR: 0.06 GLS: - CFI: 0.81 - RMSEA: 0.12 - SRMR: 0.08  Sit II: Spain / Japan no sufficient fit good -sufficient fit Action-Score Models 16.07.2012 Method - Action Models 10  Act I: USA / Spain Act II: Japan Action-Score Models: Results ML: - CFI: 0.88 - RMSEA: 0.13 - SRMR: 0.09 GLS: - CFI: 0.72 - RMSEA: 0.10 - SRMR: 0.14   16.07.2012 Results - Action Models 11 Act I: USA / Spain ML: - CFI: 0.88 - RMSEA: 0.13 - SRMR: 0.09 WLS: - CFI: 0.90 - RMSEA: 0.13 - SRMR: 0.09  Act II: Japan no sufficient fit no sufficient fit Action-Score Model for the German context  • no sufficient fit for either action model   Exploratory Factor Analysis  • to develop a German structural model 16.07.2012 Results - Action Models 12 Action-Score Model for the German context: Results • 2 factors – Differentiated by use of physical forms of aggression – 61% explained variance 16.07.2012 Results - Action Models 13 Summary • Goal: – assess structural equivalence of CAMA  Situation models (defense – non-defense)  Action models (physical aggression, indirect verbal aggression, direct verbal aggression) • Results: – Situation model:  Fit for defense – non-defense model  Action model:  No fit for action models   new action model for German context (physical aggression – non-physical aggression)    16.07.2012 Results - Summary 14 Discussion • Method / further study: – Replication needed  Larger & more representative sample  “True“ 2nd order model  Verification of German factor structure for action model  Comparison of justification of aggression between Germany and other cultures • Suggestions for further assessment: – Elaboration of the role of irony – Focus on specific combinations of actions and situations (e.g. Ramírez, 1993) – Use of scenarios  16.07.2012 Discussion 15 Literature Fraczek, A., Ramírez, J.M., Torchalska, B. (1985). Attitudes toward interpersonal aggression: some further data and comments on the influence of cultural variables. III European ISRA, Parma. Fujihara, T., Kohyama, T., Andreu, J. M., & Ramírez, J. M. (1999). Justification of interpersonal aggression in Japanese, American, and Spanish students. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 185–195. Lagerspetz, K. M. J., & Westman, M. (1980). Moral approval of aggressive acts: A preliminary investigation. Aggressive Behavior, 6, 119–130. Ramírez, J. M. (1993). Acceptability of aggression in four Spanish regions and a comparison with other European countries. Aggressive Behavior, 19, 185–197. Ramírez, J. M. & Folgado, L.C. (1985). Attitudes toward aggression in four Spanish regions (con.). Paper presented at III European ISRA, Parma. Ramírez, J. M., Lai-chu, A. F., Alvarado, J. M., & Millana, L. (2011). Justification of emotional and instrumental aggression in Hong Kong and Spanish university students. The Open Psychology Journal, 4, 49-53 van de Vijver, F. J., & Leung, K. (2011). Equivalence and bias: A review of concepts, models, and data analytic procedures. In D. R. Matsumoto & F. J. van de Vijver (Eds.), Culture and psychology. Cross-cultural research methods in psychology (pp. 46–70). New York: Cambridge University Press. Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research . Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.   21.06.2012 Literature 16 

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Cultural Equivalence of the Questionnaire on Moral Attitudes Toward Aggression (CAMA) using Structural Equation Modeling in a German University Context

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Cultural Equivalence of the Questionnaire on Moral Attitudes Toward Aggression (CAMA) using Structural Equation Modeling in a German University Context

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