Kada nema izričito preuzete obveze naručitelja da izvrši prijevoz, smatra se da je prijevoznik brodovlasnik, te da zapovjednik i naručitelj izdaju i potpisuju teretnice u ime i za račun brodovlasnika. Jedini izuzetak postoji u slučaju kad se prema okolnostima slučaja nedvojbeno može zaključiti da je naručitelj preuzeo na sebe obvezu izvršenja prijevoza.Where there are no explicit obligations of the contracting authority to carry out the carriage, it is considered that the carrier is a shipowner and that the commander and the contracting authority issue and sign the bill of ladings on behalf and for the account of the shipowner. The only exception exists when it is possible to conclude, under the circumstances of the case, that the contracting authority has assumed the obligation to carry out the carriage
