Cardiac Complications after Non-cardiac Surgery: Perioperative Risk Prediction and Reduction Strategies

Abstract

__Abstract__ Introduction | 9 I More than 200 million people worldwide undergo non-cardiac surgery annually. It is estimated that 2-5 percent of these patients suffer a cardiac complication (i.e. myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia), resulting in death in approximately 0.5 percent of all patients. The frequent occurrence of devastating cardiac complications necessitates a thorough assessment of the risk of cardiac complications in every patient scheduled for non-cardiac surgery. This risk is influenced by the preoperative condition of the patient and the invasiveness of the planned procedure, and is modifiable by vari