M.A.The Rural Development strategy is very important to the dominantly rural Molopo District of the North-West Province of South Africa. However, the majority of the case studies in Africa seem to suggest that the strategy is always 'top-down' (void of people's participation). The failure of this strategy to alleviate rural poverty is mostly predicated on this nature. This study examines the prevalence of people's participation in all the stages of the rural development projects, in four rural areas in the Molopo District. The study was done through literature review and testing the theory (by use of questionnaires and interviews) on people's participation in the four rural areas. The findings reveal a dire need for people's participation in the rural development projects. One may argue that though people's participation renders projects more effective and successful, the stages at which involvement can occur are varied. In the final analysis, the case studies of two most successful and two least successful projects are discussed. In conclusion, the study makes recommendations to the rural development agencies in the North-West to practise meaningful and realistic people's participation in their projects

Blokland, [No Value]

Boudewijn, A

Dawson, MJ

Dillingh, JH

Down, JD

Hadfield, JA

McGown, AT

Ploemacher, RE

Westerhof, GR

Mpolokeng, Patric Gaopalelwe Mpolokeng

University of Johannesburg Institutional Repository

People's participation in rural development : a case study of four rural areas in Molopo (North-West Region)

University of Groningen Research Database

Comparison of different busulfan analogues for depletion of hematopoietic stem cells and promotion of donor-type chimerism in murine bone marrow transplant recipients

Busulfan (1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate, BU) is relatively unique
          among other standard chemotherapy compounds in its ability to deplete
          noncycling primitive stem cells in the host and consequently to allow for
          high levels of long-term, donor-type engraftment after bone marrow
          transplantation (BMT). Such a property explains why this drug can be used
          as an alternative to total body irradiation in preparative regimes for
          BMT. However, as with radiation, BU conditioning is still troubled by
          severe toxicities that limit its applications to suboptimal drug doses.
          These problems stress the need for other BMT-conditioning drugs that are
          better tolerated and more selectively targeted toward normal and malignant
          hematopoietic stem cells. We have therefore compared the effects of
          various novel dimethanesulfonate compounds (related to BU) in terms of
          their toxicity to different stem cell subsets in vivo and in vitro and
          their ability to provide for long-term donor bone marrow engraftment using
          the congenic glucose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 marker. Introduction of
          a benzene or cyclohexane ring in some of these drugs affords rigidity to
          the molecule and restricts the spatial positioning of the alkylating
          groups. Among 25 different compounds thus far tested at single doses, PL63
          [cis-1,2-(2-hydroxyethyl) cyclohexane dimethanesulfonate] proved to be the
          most effective in providing for hematopoietic engraftment. The transisomer
          of the same compound gave significantly less engraftment and was
          comparable with the effects of dimethylbusulfan and Hepsulfam. The
          engraftment data correlated well with the depletion of different bone
          marrow stem cell subsets in the host as measured using the cobblestone
          area forming cell assay. The extent of stem cell depletion could not be
          explained on the basis of the distance and orientation of the two
          alkylating groups. Pharmacokinetic data, however, indicate that there is a
          correlation between biological activity and plasma levels reached. The
          diverse cytotoxic effects shown by these novel analogues of BU have
          provided a basis for relating biological activity with pharmacokinetic
          properties rather than with structural properties such as distance and
          orientation of the two alkylating groups. The identification of highly
          active compounds such as PL63 offers an opportunity for further developing
          other closely related drugs for potential application in clinical BMT
          conditioning therapy

Westerhof, G.R.

Ploemacher, R.E. (Robert)

Boudewijn, A. (Adrie)

Blokland, I. (Irene)

Dillingh, J.H.

McGown, A.T.

Hadfield, J.A.

Dawson, M.J.

Down, J.D. (Julian)

Erasmus University Digital Repository

University of Groningen

Busulfan (1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate, BU) is relatively unique among other standard chemotherapy compounds in its ability to deplete noncycling primitive stem cells in the host and consequently to allow for high levels of long-term, donor-type engraftment after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), Such a property explains why this drug can be used as an alternative to total body irradiation in preparative regimes for BMT, However, as with radiation, BU conditioning is still troubled by severe toxicities that limit its applications to suboptimal drug doses. These problems stress the need for other BMT-conditioning drugs that are better tolerated and more selectively targeted toward normal and malignant hematopoietic stem cells. We have therefore compared the effects of various novel dimethanesulfonate compounds (related to BU) in terms of their toxicity to different stem cell subsets in vivo and in vitro and their ability to provide for long-term donor bone marrow engraftment using the congenic glucose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 marker. Introduction of a benzene or cyclohexane ring in some of these drugs affords rigidity to the molecule and restricts the spatial positioning of the alkylating groups, Among 25 different compounds thus far tested at single doses, PL63 [cis-1,2-(2-hydroxyethyl) cyclohexane dimethanesulfonate] proved to be the most effective in providing for hematopoietic engraftment, The trans-isomer of the same compound gave significantly less engraftment and was comparable with the effects of dimethylbusulfan and Hepsulfam. The engraftment data correlated well with the depletion of different bone marrow stem cell subsets in the host as measured using the cobblestone area forming cell assay. The extent of stem cell depletion could not be explained on the basis of the distance and orientation of the two alkylating groups. Pharmacokinetic data, however, indicate that there is a correlation between biological activity and plasma levels reached, The diverse cytotoxic effects shown by these novel analogues of BU have provided a basis for relating biological activity with pharmacokinetic properties rather than with structural properties such as distance and orientation of the two alkylating groups, The identification of highly active compounds such as PL63 offers an opportunity for further developing other closely related drugs for potential application in clinical BMT conditioning therapy

NARCIS 

Ploemacher, Rob

Boudewijn, A (Adrie)

Blokland, EAW (Ellen)

EUR Research Repository

English

Busulfan (1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate, BU) is relatively unique among other standard chemotherapy compounds in its ability to deplete noncycling primitive stem cells in the host and consequently to allow for high levels of long-term, donor-type engraftment after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), Such a property explains why this drug can be used as an alternative to total body irradiation in preparative regimes for BMT, However, as with radiation, BU conditioning is still troubled by severe toxicities that limit its applications to suboptimal drug doses. These problems stress the need for other BMT-conditioning drugs that are better tolerated and more selectively targeted toward normal and malignant hematopoietic stem cells. We have therefore compared the effects of various novel dimethanesulfonate compounds (related to BU) in terms of their toxicity to different stem cell subsets in vivo and in vitro and their ability to provide for long-term donor bone marrow engraftment using the congenic glucose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 marker. Introduction of a benzene or cyclohexane ring in some of these drugs affords rigidity to the molecule and restricts the spatial positioning of the alkylating groups, Among 25 different compounds thus far tested at single doses, PL63 [cis-1,2-(2-hydroxyethyl) cyclohexane dimethanesulfonate] proved to be the most effective in providing for hematopoietic engraftment, The trans-isomer of the same compound gave significantly less engraftment and was comparable with the effects of dimethylbusulfan and Hepsulfam. The engraftment data correlated well with the depletion of different bone marrow stem cell subsets in the host as measured using the cobblestone area forming cell assay. The extent of stem cell depletion could not be explained on the basis of the distance and orientation of the two alkylating groups. Pharmacokinetic data, however, indicate that there is a correlation between biological activity and plasma levels reached,The diverse cytotoxic effects shown by these novel analogues of BU have provided a basis for relating biological activity with pharmacokinetic properties rather than with structural properties such as distance and orientation of the two alkylating groups, The identification of highly active compounds such as PL63 offers an opportunity for further developing other closely related drugs for potential application in clinical BMT conditioning therapy.</p

ARTS repository - University of Groningen

https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/vital/access/services/Download/uj:10175/CONTENT1

People's participation in rural development : a case study of four rural areas in Molopo (North-West Region)

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University of Johannesburg Institutional Repository

University of Groningen Research Database

Erasmus University Digital Repository

University of Groningen

NARCIS

EUR Research Repository

ARTS repository - University of Groningen

ARTS repository - University of Groningen