It is shown that the saturation of an aqueous solution containing K2PtCl4 with hydrogen in the presence of 6.3 nm silver nanoparticles leads to the reduction of platinum on the silver surface and the formation of Ag/Pt core-shell nanoparticles. The Ag:Pt molar ratio is varied from 9:1 to 1:9 for synthesizing Pt 
shell layer of different thickness. An apparent shift of Ag surface plasmon band from 405 nm to 230 nm 
and broadening of one with decrease of Ag:Pt ratio was observed. The TEM images and SAED pattern of 
Pt@Ag nanoparticles has been obtained. The UV-Vis and TEM data confirms a formation of Ag/Pt coreshell nanoparticles.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3503

Abkhalimov, E.V.

Ershov, B.G.

Solovov, R.D.

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES Vol. 1 No 1, 01PCN39(3pp) (2012)   2304-1862/2012/1(1)01PCN39(3) 01PCN39-1  2012 Sumy State University Composite Ag-Pt Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution  E.V. Abkhalimov1,*, R.D. Solovov1,†, B.G. Ershov1,‡  Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences - A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of RAS, 31-4, Leninsky ave., 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation  (Received 23 June 2012; published online 13 August 2012)  It is shown that the saturation of an aqueous solution containing K2PtCl4 with hydrogen in the pres-ence of 6.3 nm silver nanoparticles leads to the reduction of platinum on the silver surface and the for-mation of Ag/Pt core-shell nanoparticles. The Ag:Pt molar ratio is varied from 9:1 to 1:9 for synthesizing Pt shell layer of different thickness. An apparent shift of Ag surface plasmon band from 405 nm to 230 nm and broadening of one with decrease of Ag:Pt ratio was observed. The TEM images and SAED pattern of Pt@Ag nanoparticles has been obtained. The UV-Vis and TEM data confirms a formation of Ag/Pt core-shell nanoparticles.  Keywords: Nanoparticles, Platinum, Pulse radiolysis, Silver, Optical spectra, Synthesis, hydrogen.    PACS numbers: 78.67.Bf, 78.67. – n, 81.16.Be                                                             * abkhalimov@ipc.rssi.ru † solovov@ipc.rssi.ru ‡ ershov@ipc.rssi.ru 1. INTRODUCTION  Studying the properties of bimetallic nanoparticle core-shell type, which contain the noble metals [1, 2] causes a great interest. This applies in particular to Pt and Pd, due to their exhibited high catalytic activity [3]. However, the high cost of these metals makes re-searchers look for ways to reduce their content in the catalyst without loss of catalytic activity. Previous studies have shown that the number of shell layers may have a significant effect on the properties of the synthesized composite. In work [4], the catalytic activi-ty of bimetallic nanoparticles of Ag@Pt has been con-trolled by changing the thickness of silver shell. Coat-ing of nanoparticles of titanium oxide with a thin layer of gold has led to the appearance of the photo-catalytic activity of the synthesized particles [5]. In the present paper, the preparation particles is de-scribed, which contain a silver nucleus and platinum shell of different thicknesses. The particles are made by reduc-ing Pt(II) in an aqueous solution of the “radiolysis” silver nanoparticles on their surface by hydrogen. The pulse radiolysis technique [6] and the hydrogen reducing meth-od [7] to synthesize bimetallic nanoparticles are used. It’s allowed to obtain colloidal solutions without co-products of reducing formed in the case of other methods, which could have a significant effect on the process of formation of bimetallic nanoparticles and their properties. The effect of the composition of bimetallic Pt@Ag nanoparticles on their optical and catalytic properties is studied.  2. MATERIALS AND METHODS  2.1 Materials  Potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II) (K2PtCl4, 99.99%), silver perchlorate hydrate (AgClO4·H2O, 99.999%) from Aldrich, methylviologen dichloride hy-drate (MV, 98%), sodium polyacrylic acid 2100 sodium salt (PANa) from Fluka, sodium formiate (HCOONa, 99.99%) by Reachim, sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99.0%) from Chimmed, pure hydrogen (H2, 99,999%) were used. All glassware and Teflon-coated magnetic stirrer bar were cleaned with aqua regia, followed by copious rinsing with puriﬁed water. Solutions were prepared in distilled water, which was additionally deionized with a “Vodoley” water system and had a conductivity of no higher than 0.056 μS/cm.  2.2 Characterization  A Carl Zeiss LEO912 AB OMEGA microscope was used to obtain transmission electron microscope (TEM) images and the selected area electron diffraction pat-tern (SAED) of the nanoparticles. UV–vis absorption spectra were recorded on Varian Cary 100 spectropho-tometer with water-cooled Peltier accessory.  2.3. Synthesis procedure  2.3.1. Ag nanoparticle  An Ag hydrosol with diameter of about 6 nm was pre-pared by the pulse radiolysis technique [6]. A 2 ml of 10 mM sodium polyacrylate solution was mixed with the 20 ml of 1 mM aqueous solution of AgClO4, then 68 ml 0.29 mM aqueous solution of sodium formiate was added. The deaerated solutions were irradiated on the electron beam accelerator U-2 with electron’s energy equal 7 MeV.  2.3.2. Pt nanoparticle  A Pt hydrosol was obtained by hydrogen method [7]. A 20 ml 1 mM aqueous K2PtCl4 was mixed with 80 ml of 0.25 mM sodium polyacrylate solution, then the solu-tion was saturated by hydrogen with stirring at 1 atm and 20 0C and stored for 1 day for complete Pt(II) re-duction and form Pt hydrosol. The size of the spherical particles that formed ranges from 5-8 nm.  2.3.3. Pt@Ag nanoparticle  A sample of the Ag nanoparticle prepared as men-tioned above was used as a source of particle cores for preparation of a series of Ag/Pt bimetallic nanoparti- E.V. ABKHALIMOV, R.D. SOLOVOV, B.G. ERSHOV PROC. NAP 1, 01PCN39 (2012)   01PCN39-2 cles with the expected core-shell structure and varying thicknesses of Pt shells. A preparation of core-shell Ag/Pt bimetallic nanoparticles was prepared as follows: 5 ml of 0.2 mM fresh aqueous K2PtCl4 solution and 5 ml of 0.4 mM PANa solution was mixed, and then it was added to 10 ml of 0.1 mM Ag hydrosol. The result-ing solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for one hour, and then it was deaerated and saturated with hydrogen to form the core-shell particles. Analogously, Ag-Pt core-shell nanoparticles with a calculated quan-tity of Ag:Pt molar ratio of Ag90Pt10, Ag80Pt20, Ag60Pt40, Ag40Pt60, Ag20Pt80 and Ag10Pt90 were prepared.  3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  Absorption spectra of colloidal solution of Ag/Pt core-shell nanoparticles with different composition, Ag and Pt colloids are shown in Fig. 1. Typical absorption spectra of colloidal silver and platinum are character-ized by an absorption band with maximum at 400-410 nm for silver, due to the absorption of surface plas-mons, and the faint maximum at 215 nm with a smooth     Fig. 1 – UV–vis absorption spectra of the Ag, Pt and bimetal-lic Pt@Ag nanoparticles with various ratio (black) Ag80Pt20; (red) Ag60Pt40; (green) Ag40Pt60; (blue) Ag20Pt80; (magenta) Pt  drop-down absorption at longer wavelengths, caused by the conversion of d-electrons for platinum. Fig. 2 shows the optical absorption spectrum of nanoparticles of Ag, Pt, and a mixture of nanoparticles of Pt and Ag with different molar ratio. The 410 nm surface plasmon peak is due to Ag plasmon band and it gradually de-creases with the reduction of Ag:Pt molar ratio. Com-paring of absorption spectra of Pt@Ag nanoparticles (Fig. 1) with those physical mixtures of monometallic (Fig. 2) have shown that the bimetallic particles had a different spectral profile both from the monometallic particles and from their physical mixture. The standard potential of the pair E0(Pt2+/Pt) = 1.188 V [8] is lower than the potential of a pair of E0(Ag+/Ag) = 0.799 V in [9], which should lead to recov-ery of platinum and oxidized silver. Thus, the mixing of colloidal silver with an aqueous solution should occur the reaction (1), but in this case platinum in the solu-tion is in the form of ions PtCl42-, and the standard po-tential of the pair E0(PtCl42+/Pt) = 0.758 V [8] which is less than a pair of potential Ag+/Ag, and thus the reac-tion (1) can’t occur,   2Ags + Pt2+ → Pts + 2Ag+ (1)   Fig. 2 – UV–vis absorption spectra of the both Ag and Pt na-noparticles and the various molar ratios physical mixtures of individual Ag and Pt nanoparticles (red) Ag; Ag80Pt20; Ag75 Pt25; Ag50Pt50; Ag25Pt75; (blue) Pt   as evidenced by the absence of any change in the opti-cal spectrum of the solution within a few hours of ob-servations, would indicate the flow of the reaction (1). The reduction process begins only after saturation of the reaction mixture with hydrogen. In this case there was a slight induction period and a rapid reducing of platinum in a few seconds. Previous studies have shown that full reduction of platinum with hydrogen continued for quite a long time [17]. Because of this we can conclude that the reduction of platinum in the presence of silver nanoparticles is catalytic. Fig. 3 and fig. 4 shows TEM micrographs and histo-grams of size distributions of silver nanoparticles and bimetallic Pt@Ag nanoparticles with different molar ratio of metals. Silver nanoparticles obtained by radiol-ysis have nearly spherical shape and size distribution is well described by the lognormal law. The average size of the received NP was 6.3 nm. On the images are       Fig. 3 – TEM images of an Ag and a Pt@Ag various ratio na-noparticles (Ag, Ag80Pt20, Ag60Pt40, Ag40Pt60)  COMPOSITE AG-PT NANOPARTICLES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION PROC. NAP 1, 01PCN39 (2012)   01PCN39-3 readily identified the components of bimetallic nano-particles (core-shell). TEM images of core-shell nano-particles display an unusual “core-shell” contrast and     Fig. 4 – The size distribution histograms of an Ag and a Pt@Ag various molar ratio nanoparticles. (Ag, Ag80Pt20, Ag60Pt40, Ag40Pt60)  have a bright central part and dark out part indicating the formation of core-shell nanostructure, where the bright central part correspond to the expected Ag core and the dark out part to the Pt shell. The difference in brightness due to the difference in the densities of the core and shell materials of Ag and Pt, respectively. The reduced on the silver nanoparticles surface platinum forms the shell, which leads to an increase in average particle size that can be clearly seen from the sequence of histograms of size distributions shown in Fig. 4, as well as the previously approved increase in absorption at long wavelengths.  4. CONCLUSION  The synthesis and characterization of core-shell type nanoparticles Pt@Ag with different thicknesses of plati-num shell was described. The reduction of platinum in the presence of silver nanoparticles is catalytic.The UV-Vis and TEM data confirms a formation of Ag/Pt core-shell nanoparticles. An apparent shift of Ag sur-face plasmon band from 405 nm to 230 nm and broad-ening of one with decrease of Ag:Pt ratio was observed. The TEM images and SAED pattern of Pt@Ag nano-particles has been obtained.  ACKNOLEGMENTS  The authors thank Sergei Abramchuk for technical assistance in the TEM experiments. This work was supported by the Russian Found of Basic Research (Project Grant Nos. 12-03-00449-а).   REFERENCES  1. S. Guo, Y. Fang, S. Dong, E. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 17104 (2007). 2. L. Kuai, X. Yu, S. Wang, Y. Sang, B. Geng, Langmuir 28, 7168 (2012). 3. R.E. Krebs, Platinum. The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements (Westport: Greenwood Press: 1998). 4. E.V. Abkhalimov, B.G. Ershov, Colloid J. 72, 441 (2010). 5. K. Kimura, S. Naya, Y. Jin-nouchi, H. Tada, J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 7111 (2012). 6. B.G. Ershov, E. Janata, A. Henglein, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 339 (1993). 7. L.D. Rampino, F.F. Nord, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 2745 (1941). 8. A.J. Bard, L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods. Fun-damentals and Applications, 2nd edition (New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc: 2001). 9. P. Vanýsek, Electrochemical Series: Handbook of Chemis-try and Physics: 88th Edition (London: CRC Press: 2007). 10. A. Henglein, B.G. Ershov, M. Malow, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 14129 (1995).  

Composite Ag-Pt Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 
Vol. 1 No 1, 01PCN39(3pp) (2012) 
 
 
2304-1862/2012/1(1)01PCN39(3) 01PCN39-1  2012 Sumy State University 
Composite Ag-Pt Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution 
 
E.V. Abkhalimov1,*, R.D. Solovov1,†, B.G. Ershov1,‡ 
 
Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences - A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of 
RAS, 31-4, Leninsky ave., 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation 
 
(Received 23 June 2012; published online 13 August 2012) 
 
It is shown that the saturation of an aqueous solution containing K2PtCl4 with hydrogen in the pres-
ence of 6.3 nm silver nanoparticles leads to the reduction of platinum on the silver surface and the for-
mation of Ag/Pt core-shell nanoparticles. The Ag:Pt molar ratio is varied from 9:1 to 1:9 for synthesizing Pt 
shell layer of different thickness. An apparent shift of Ag surface plasmon band from 405 nm to 230 nm 
and broadening of one with decrease of Ag:Pt ratio was observed. The TEM images and SAED pattern of 
Pt@Ag nanoparticles has been obtained. The UV-Vis and TEM data confirms a formation of Ag/Pt core-
shell nanoparticles. 
 
Keywords: Nanoparticles, Platinum, Pulse radiolysis, Silver, Optical spectra, Synthesis, hydrogen. 
 
  PACS numbers: 78.67.Bf, 78.67. – n, 81.16.Be 
 
 
                                                          
* abkhalimov@ipc.rssi.ru 
† solovov@ipc.rssi.ru 
‡ ershov@ipc.rssi.ru 
1. INTRODUCTION 
 
Studying the properties of bimetallic nanoparticle 
core-shell type, which contain the noble metals [1, 2] 
causes a great interest. This applies in particular to Pt 
and Pd, due to their exhibited high catalytic activity 
[3]. However, the high cost of these metals makes re-
searchers look for ways to reduce their content in the 
catalyst without loss of catalytic activity. Previous 
studies have shown that the number of shell layers 
may have a significant effect on the properties of the 
synthesized composite. In work [4], the catalytic activi-
ty of bimetallic nanoparticles of Ag@Pt has been con-
trolled by changing the thickness of silver shell. Coat-
ing of nanoparticles of titanium oxide with a thin layer 
of gold has led to the appearance of the photo-catalytic 
activity of the synthesized particles [5]. 
In the present paper, the preparation particles is de-
scribed, which contain a silver nucleus and platinum shell 
of different thicknesses. The particles are made by reduc-
ing Pt(II) in an aqueous solution of the “radiolysis” silver 
nanoparticles on their surface by hydrogen. The pulse 
radiolysis technique [6] and the hydrogen reducing meth-
od [7] to synthesize bimetallic nanoparticles are used. It’s 
allowed to obtain colloidal solutions without co-products of 
reducing formed in the case of other methods, which could 
have a significant effect on the process of formation of 
bimetallic nanoparticles and their properties. The effect of 
the composition of bimetallic Pt@Ag nanoparticles on 
their optical and catalytic properties is studied. 
 
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 
 
2.1 Materials 
 
Potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II) (K2PtCl4, 
99.99%), silver perchlorate hydrate (AgClO4·H2O, 
99.999%) from Aldrich, methylviologen dichloride hy-
drate (MV, 98%), sodium polyacrylic acid 2100 sodium 
salt (PANa) from Fluka, sodium formiate (HCOONa, 
99.99%) by Reachim, sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99.0%) 
from Chimmed, pure hydrogen (H2, 99,999%) were 
used. All glassware and Teflon-coated magnetic stirrer 
bar were cleaned with aqua regia, followed by copious 
rinsing with purified water. Solutions were prepared in 
distilled water, which was additionally deionized with 
a “Vodoley” water system and had a conductivity of no 
higher than 0.056 μS/cm. 
 
2.2 Characterization 
 
A Carl Zeiss LEO912 AB OMEGA microscope was 
used to obtain transmission electron microscope (TEM) 
images and the selected area electron diffraction pat-
tern (SAED) of the nanoparticles. UV–vis absorption 
spectra were recorded on Varian Cary 100 spectropho-
tometer with water-cooled Peltier accessory. 
 
2.3. Synthesis procedure 
 
2.3.1. Ag nanoparticle 
 
An Ag hydrosol with diameter of about 6 nm was pre-
pared by the pulse radiolysis technique [6]. A 2 ml of 10 
mM sodium polyacrylate solution was mixed with the 20 
ml of 1 mM aqueous solution of AgClO4, then 68 ml 0.29 
mM aqueous solution of sodium formiate was added. The 
deaerated solutions were irradiated on the electron beam 
accelerator U-2 with electron’s energy equal 7 MeV. 
 
2.3.2. Pt nanoparticle 
 
A Pt hydrosol was obtained by hydrogen method [7]. 
A 20 ml 1 mM aqueous K2PtCl4 was mixed with 80 ml 
of 0.25 mM sodium polyacrylate solution, then the solu-
tion was saturated by hydrogen with stirring at 1 atm 
and 20 0C and stored for 1 day for complete Pt(II) re-
duction and form Pt hydrosol. The size of the spherical 
particles that formed ranges from 5-8 nm. 
 
2.3.3. Pt@Ag nanoparticle 
 
A sample of the Ag nanoparticle prepared as men-
tioned above was used as a source of particle cores for 
preparation of a series of Ag/Pt bimetallic nanoparti-
 E.V. ABKHALIMOV, R.D. SOLOVOV, B.G. ERSHOV PROC. NAP 1, 01PCN39 (2012) 
 
 
01PCN39-2 
cles with the expected core-shell structure and varying 
thicknesses of Pt shells. A preparation of core-shell 
Ag/Pt bimetallic nanoparticles was prepared as follows: 
5 ml of 0.2 mM fresh aqueous K2PtCl4 solution and 5 
ml of 0.4 mM PANa solution was mixed, and then it 
was added to 10 ml of 0.1 mM Ag hydrosol. The result-
ing solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for one 
hour, and then it was deaerated and saturated with 
hydrogen to form the core-shell particles. Analogously, 
Ag-Pt core-shell nanoparticles with a calculated quan-
tity of Ag:Pt molar ratio of Ag90Pt10, Ag80Pt20, Ag60Pt40, 
Ag40Pt60, Ag20Pt80 and Ag10Pt90 were prepared. 
 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
Absorption spectra of colloidal solution of Ag/Pt 
core-shell nanoparticles with different composition, Ag 
and Pt colloids are shown in Fig. 1. Typical absorption 
spectra of colloidal silver and platinum are character-
ized by an absorption band with maximum at 400-410 
nm for silver, due to the absorption of surface plas-
mons, and the faint maximum at 215 nm with a smooth  
 
 
 
Fig. 1 – UV–vis absorption spectra of the Ag, Pt and bimetal-
lic Pt@Ag nanoparticles with various ratio (black) Ag80Pt20; 
(red) Ag60Pt40; (green) Ag40Pt60; (blue) Ag20Pt80; (magenta) Pt 
 
drop-down absorption at longer wavelengths, caused by 
the conversion of d-electrons for platinum. Fig. 2 shows 
the optical absorption spectrum of nanoparticles of Ag, 
Pt, and a mixture of nanoparticles of Pt and Ag with 
different molar ratio. The 410 nm surface plasmon 
peak is due to Ag plasmon band and it gradually de-
creases with the reduction of Ag:Pt molar ratio. Com-
paring of absorption spectra of Pt@Ag nanoparticles 
(Fig. 1) with those physical mixtures of monometallic 
(Fig. 2) have shown that the bimetallic particles had a 
different spectral profile both from the monometallic 
particles and from their physical mixture. 
The standard potential of the pair E0(Pt2+/Pt) = 1.188 V 
[8] is lower than the potential of a pair of 
E0(Ag+/Ag) = 0.799 V in [9], which should lead to recov-
ery of platinum and oxidized silver. Thus, the mixing of 
colloidal silver with an aqueous solution should occur 
the reaction (1), but in this case platinum in the solu-
tion is in the form of ions PtCl42-, and the standard po-
tential of the pair E0(PtCl42+/Pt) = 0.758 V [8] which is 
less than a pair of potential Ag+/Ag, and thus the reac-
tion (1) can’t occur, 
 
 2Ags + Pt2+ → Pts + 2Ag+ (1) 
 
 
Fig. 2 – UV–vis absorption spectra of the both Ag and Pt na-
noparticles and the various molar ratios physical mixtures of 
individual Ag and Pt nanoparticles (red) Ag; Ag80Pt20; Ag75 
Pt25; Ag50Pt50; Ag25Pt75; (blue) Pt 
 
 
as evidenced by the absence of any change in the opti-
cal spectrum of the solution within a few hours of ob-
servations, would indicate the flow of the reaction (1). 
The reduction process begins only after saturation of 
the reaction mixture with hydrogen. In this case there 
was a slight induction period and a rapid reducing of 
platinum in a few seconds. Previous studies have 
shown that full reduction of platinum with hydrogen 
continued for quite a long time [17]. Because of this we 
can conclude that the reduction of platinum in the 
presence of silver nanoparticles is catalytic. 
Fig. 3 and fig. 4 shows TEM micrographs and histo-
grams of size distributions of silver nanoparticles and 
bimetallic Pt@Ag nanoparticles with different molar 
ratio of metals. Silver nanoparticles obtained by radiol-
ysis have nearly spherical shape and size distribution 
is well described by the lognormal law. The average 
size of the received NP was 6.3 nm. On the images are  
 
 
 
 
 
Fig. 3 – TEM images of an Ag and a Pt@Ag various ratio na-
noparticles (Ag, Ag80Pt20, Ag60Pt40, Ag40Pt60) 
 COMPOSITE AG-PT NANOPARTICLES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION PROC. NAP 1, 01PCN39 (2012) 
 
 
01PCN39-3 
readily identified the components of bimetallic nano-
particles (core-shell). TEM images of core-shell nano-
particles display an unusual “core-shell” contrast and  
 
 
 
Fig. 4 – The size distribution histograms of an Ag and a 
Pt@Ag various molar ratio nanoparticles. (Ag, Ag80Pt20, 
Ag60Pt40, Ag40Pt60) 
 
have a bright central part and dark out part indicating 
the formation of core-shell nanostructure, where the 
bright central part correspond to the expected Ag core 
and the dark out part to the Pt shell. The difference in 
brightness due to the difference in the densities of the 
core and shell materials of Ag and Pt, respectively. The 
reduced on the silver nanoparticles surface platinum 
forms the shell, which leads to an increase in average 
particle size that can be clearly seen from the sequence 
of histograms of size distributions shown in Fig. 4, as 
well as the previously approved increase in absorption 
at long wavelengths. 
 
4. CONCLUSION 
 
The synthesis and characterization of core-shell type 
nanoparticles Pt@Ag with different thicknesses of plati-
num shell was described. The reduction of platinum in 
the presence of silver nanoparticles is catalytic.The 
UV-Vis and TEM data confirms a formation of Ag/Pt 
core-shell nanoparticles. An apparent shift of Ag sur-
face plasmon band from 405 nm to 230 nm and broad-
ening of one with decrease of Ag:Pt ratio was observed. 
The TEM images and SAED pattern of Pt@Ag nano-
particles has been obtained. 
 
ACKNOLEGMENTS 
 
The authors thank Sergei Abramchuk for technical 
assistance in the TEM experiments. This work was 
supported by the Russian Found of Basic Research 
(Project Grant Nos. 12-03-00449-а). 
 
 
REFERENCES 
 
1. S. Guo, Y. Fang, S. Dong, E. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 
17104 (2007). 
2. L. Kuai, X. Yu, S. Wang, Y. Sang, B. Geng, Langmuir 28, 
7168 (2012). 
3. R.E. Krebs, Platinum. The History and Use of our Earth's 
Chemical Elements (Westport: Greenwood Press: 1998). 
4. E.V. Abkhalimov, B.G. Ershov, Colloid J. 72, 441 (2010). 
5. K. Kimura, S. Naya, Y. Jin-nouchi, H. Tada, J. Phys. 
Chem. C 116, 7111 (2012). 
6. B.G. Ershov, E. Janata, A. Henglein, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 
339 (1993). 
7. L.D. Rampino, F.F. Nord, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 2745 
(1941). 
8. A.J. Bard, L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods. Fun-
damentals and Applications, 2nd edition (New York: John 
Wiley and Sons Inc: 2001). 
9. P. Vanýsek, Electrochemical Series: Handbook of Chemis-
try and Physics: 88th Edition (London: CRC Press: 2007). 
10. A. Henglein, B.G. Ershov, M. Malow, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 
14129 (1995). 
 


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Composite Ag-Pt Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution

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