Shape-memory alloys are a new class of functional materials with a peculiar property known as shape
memory effect. These alloys have an ability to recover a particular shape. The origin of this phenomenon
lies in the fact that the material changes its internal crystalline structure with changing temperature.
Copper based ternary alloys exhibit shape memory effect in metastable - phase field. These alloys undergo
two ordered transitions on cooling, and bcc structures turn into B2(CsCl) or DO3(Fe3Al) -type ordered
structures. The ordered structures martensitically undergo the non-conventional layered structures on further
cooling. These structures are called as 3R, 9R or 18R martensites depending on the stacking sequences
on the close-packed planes of the matrix.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3505

Adiguzel, O.

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 
Vol. 1 No 3, 03CNN01(3pp) (2012) 
 
 
2304-1862/2012/1(3)03CNN01(3) 03CNN01-1  2012 Sumy State University 
Phase Transition and Functional Characteristics of Shape Memory Alloys 
 
O. Adiguzel 
 
 Firat University, Department of Physics, 23169 Elazig, Turkey 
 
(Received 15 February 2012; published online 17 August 2012) 
 
Shape-memory alloys are a new class of functional materials with a peculiar property known as shape 
memory effect. These alloys have an ability to recover a particular shape. The origin of this phenomenon 
lies in the fact that the material changes its internal crystalline structure with changing temperature.  
Copper based ternary alloys exhibit shape memory effect in metastable - phase field. These alloys under-
go two ordered transitions on cooling, and bcc structures turn into B2(CsCl) or DO3(Fe3Al) -type ordered 
structures. The ordered structures martensitically undergo the non-conventional layered structures on fur-
ther cooling. These structures are called as 3R, 9R or 18R martensites depending on the stacking sequenc-
es on the close-packed planes of the matrix.  
 
Keywords: Shape memory effect, Martensite, Atom sizes, Layered structures, Hexagonal distortion.  
 
 PACS number(s): 64.70.K – , 81.30. – t 
 
 
1. INTRODUCTION  
 
Shape memory alloys take place in a class of func-
tional materials by exhibiting a peculiar property 
called shape memory effect. This property is character-
ized by the recoverability of a certain shape of material 
at different conditions. Shape memory effect is associ-
ated with martensitic transformation which is a solid 
state phase transformation and occurs with the cooper-
ative movements of atoms in the alloy on cooling from 
high temperature austenite phase region. Shape 
memory effect   refers to the shape recovery of materi-
als resulting from reverse transformation, from mar-
tensite to parent austenite, when heated over reverse 
transformation temperature after deforming in the 
martensitic phase. These alloys also cycle between two 
certain shapes with changing temperature.  
Shape memory effect is based on martensitic trans-
formation, and shape memory properties are intimately 
related to the microstructures of the material, especial-
ly orientation relationship between the various mar-
tensite variants.    
Copper based alloys exhibit this property in meta-
stable -phase field. High temperature -phase bcc-
structures martensitically undergo the non-
conventional structures following two ordered reactions 
on cooling, and structural changes in nanoscale level 
govern this transition cooling [1-3]. Atomic movements 
are also confined to interatomic lengths in sub-μm or 
angstrom scale. Martensitic transformations  occur in a 
few steps with the cooperative movement of atoms less 
than interatomic distances by means of lattice invari-
ant shears on a {110} - type plane of austenite matrix 
which is basal plane of martensite. These shears give 
rise the formation of unusual complex structures called 
long period layered structures such as 3R, 9R or 18R 
depending on the stacking sequences on the close-
packed planes of the ordered lattice. The complicated 
long-period stacking ordered structures mentioned 
above can be described by different unit cells. In case 
the parent phase has a B2-type superlattice, the stack-
ing sequence is ABCBCACAB (9R) [2, 4]. The stacking 
of (110)  -planes in DO3-type structure and formation of 
layered structures are shown in Fig.1. Martensitic 
transformation is characterized by a change in the 
crystal structure of the material at the nano-level ra-
ther than micro- level, and the transformed region con-
sists of parallel bands containing alternately two dif-
ferent variants. 
 
 
 
Fig. 1 – a) Stacking of (110)  planes viewed from [001]  direc-
tion in DO3-type structures, b) Inhomogeneous shear and for-
mation of layered structures 
2. EXPERIMENTAL 
 
In the present contribution, x-ray diffraction and 
transmission electron microscopy studies were carried 
out on two copper based alloys which have the chemical 
compositions in weight; Cu-26.1%Zn 4%Al and Cu-
11%Al-6%Mn. Powder specimens for X-ray examina-
tion were prepared by filling the alloys. Specimens for 
TEM examination were   prepared from 3 mm diameter 
discs and thinned down mechanically to 0.3 mm thick-
ness. 
These specimens  were heated in evacuated quartz 
tubes in the -phase field (15 minutes at 830 C for 
CuZnAl  and 20 minutes at 700 C for CuAlMn) for ho-
 O. ADIGUZEL PROC. NAP 1, 03CNN01 (2012) 
 
 
03CNN01-2 
mogenization, and  quenched in iced-brine. These spec-
imens were also given different post-quench heat 
treatments and aged at room temperature. TEM and X-
ray diffraction studies carried out on these specimens.  
 TEM specimens were examined in a JEOL 200CX 
electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction profiles were 
taken from the quenched specimens using Cu-K  radi-
ation with wavelength 1.5418 Å  
 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
An x-ray powder diffractogram taken from the 
quenched CuAlMn alloy samples is shown in Fig. 2. 
Two electron diffraction patterns taken from CuZnAl 
and CuAlMn alloy samples are also shown in Fig. 3a 
and b, respectively. X-ray powder diffractogram and 
electron diffraction patterns reveal that these alloys 
exhibit superlattice reflections. X-ray powder diffracto-
grams and electron diffraction patterns taken from the 
specimens in a large time interval were compared with 
each other.  
 
 
0
500
1000
1500
2000
38 42 46 50
in
te
n
si
ty
 
 
Fig.2 – An x-ray powder diffractogram taken from Cu-11%Al-
6%Mn alloy sample 
 
 
 
Fig. 3 – Two electron diffraction patterns taken from the 
CuZnAl and CuAlMn alloy samples 
 
A series of x-ray diffractograms have been taken 
from both of the alloy samples in a long time interval 
and some changes in peak characteristics on the dif-
fractogram with aging duration have been observed. X-
ray powder diffractograms and electron diffraction pat-
terns taken from the specimens in a large time interval 
were compared with each other. It has been observed 
that electron diffraction patterns exhibit similar char-
acteristics, but some changes have been occurred in the 
locations and intensities of diffraction peaks on the x-
ray diffractograms with aging duration.  
It has been observed that some peak pairs come 
close each other with ageing duration [5]. These chang-
es imply new transitions which have diffusive charac-
ter. It means that some neighbor atoms change their 
locations. 
It is interesting that miller indices of these plane pairs 
provide a special relation: 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1( ) 3 ( )h h k k n  
where n  4 for 18R martensite [1, 5]. These plane pairs 
can be listed as follow; (122)-(202), (128)-(208), (1 2 10) 
– (2 0 10), (040)- (320). This observation can be at-
tributed to a relation between interplane distances of 
these plane pairs. In the disordered case, atom sizes 
can be taken nearly equal, and martensite basal plane 
becomes an ideal hexagon. Therefore, if the interplane 
distances are calculated, it can be seen that these val-
ues will be equal each other for the pairs and diffrac-
tion peaks overlap each other. In the ordered case, 
neighbour atom sizes are different, interplane distanc-
es of these plane pairs become different and each peak 
appears separately [5].  On the other hand, the alloys 
have the layered complex structure in martensitic 
state. The monoclinic distortion of 18R-type structure 
contributes to the martensite stabilization which pro-
ceeds by a diffusion-controlled process [6]. Metastable 
phases of copper-based shape memory alloys are very 
sensitive to the ageing effects, and heat treatments can 
change the relative stability and the configurational 
order of crystal planes. The parent phase has highly 
symmetric structure and the product phase has inter-
nally twinned and complex structures. Several types of 
microscopic deformation involving changes can occur in 
the stacking sequence of close-packed planes of materi-
al with martensite formation [2,7].  This change gives 
rise the increase in the complexity of crystal structure.  
When the martensite is transformed from the par-
ent phase with differently ordered states such as B2 or 
DO3, the close-packed plane may consist of atomic sites 
with different sizes due to the ordering arrangement. 
The different sizes of atomic sites lead to a distortion of 
the close-packed plane from an exact hexagon and thus 
a more close-packed layered structure may be expected.   
The martensitic phase in copper-based -phase al-
loys is based on one of the {110}  planes of parent phase 
called basal plane for martensite. On the other hand, 
(110) – type planes of the parent phase are rectangular 
in original case, and it transforms to a hexagon with 
hexagonal distortion. The detailed explanation and 
illustration related to these distortions has been given 
elsewhere  
Structural ordering is one of the important factors 
for the formation of martensite, and atom sizes have an 
important effect on formation of ordered structures [8-
10].  
The martensite basal plane (110)  has an ideal hex-
agonal form in case atom sizes of alloying elements are 
equal, and it undergoes a hexagonal distortion in case 
atom sizes are different [6].  In the disordered case, 
sublattices are occupied randomly by atoms, and the 
basal plane becomes ideal hexagon taking the atomic 
sizes approximately equal. In the ordered case, sublat-
tices are occupied regularly by certain atoms which 
have different atomic sizes, and basal plane undergoes 
122-202 
0 0 18 
 
128 208  1 2 10 
2 0 10   
 PHASE TRANSITION AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS… PROC. NAP 1, 03CNN01 (2012) 
 
 
03CNN01-3 
a hexagonal distortion owing to the differences in atom 
sizes [10].  
Metastable -phases of copper-based shape memory 
alloys are very sensitive to the ageing effects, and any 
heat treatment can change the relative stability of both 
martensite and parent phases. The martensitic trans-
formation obtained on cooling is called thermally in-
duced phase transformation.  The obtained martensite 
consists of up to 24 variants, which are regions of the 
same structure but with different crystallographic ori-
entations [5, 6, 11]. CuZnAl alloys and   other copper-
based shape memory alloys exhibit a tendency to mar-
tensitic thermal stabilization. During the stabilization 
process, the pinning of martensitic variants can take 
place only in thermally induced martensite, while the 
atom rearrangement can take place in both thermal 
and stress-induced martensite [11]. For the stress-
induced martensite, the stabilization manifests as a 
decrease of the stresses at which the reverse transfor-
mation takes place [5, 6, 10].  Martensite stabilization 
is closely related to the disordering in martensitic 
state, and atom locations in the lattice sites in the crys-
tal unit cell are very important for the analysis and 
process of transformation.  
Shape memory alloys have the important ability to 
remember their original shape on heating after defor-
mation in low temperature martenstic state, and they 
are used as shape memory elements in devices due to 
this property. These alloys cycle between two particu-
lar shapes with changing temperature. In the cycling 
processes; the martensite normally returns to a self-
accommodated structure after cooling from austenite in 
the one way shape memory case, whereas two way 
shape memory effect causes the martensite to adopt a 
detwinned -single variant configuration [9, 11, 12, 13]. 
 
4. CONCLUSION 
 
It has been observed that electron diffraction pat-
terns exhibit similar characteristics, but some changes 
have been occurred in the locations and intensities of 
diffraction peaks on the x-ray diffractograms with ag-
ing duration. In particular, some peak pairs satisfying 
a specific relation between miller indices come close 
each other with ageing [5]. These changes imply new 
transitions which have diffusive character. 
It can be concluded from the above results that the 
copper-based shape memory alloys are very sensitive to 
the ageing treatments, and heat treatments can change 
the relative stability and the configurational order of 
atoms in the material. This result attributes to rear-
rangement of atoms in diffusive manner. Although 
martensitic transformations are diffusionless, the dis-
ordering reaction occurring with the ageing treatment 
has a diffusive character, and this also gives rise to a 
change in the configurational order.  
 
 
REFERENCES 
 
1. O. Adiguzel, Mater. Res. Bull. 30, 755 (1995). 
2. J.J, Zhu, K.M. Liew, Acta Mater., 51 (9), 2443 (2003). 
3. Y. Sutou et al, Acta Mater. 53(15), 4121 (2005). 
4. J.L. Pelegrina, R. Romero, Mater. Science Engin. A 282, 16 
(2000). 
5. O. Adiguzel, J. Mater. Proces. Tech. 185, 120 (2007). 
6. Z. Li, S. Gong, M.P. Wang, J. Alloys Compd. 452, 307 
(2008). 
7. V. Paidar, Mater. Science Engin. A 481–482, 243 (2008). 
8. Y. Sutou et al, Acta Mater. 53, 4121 (2005). 
9. P.K. Kumar, D.C. Lagoudos, Shape Memory Alloys, Model-
ing and Engineering (Springer: 2008). 
10. J.L. Pelegrina, R.Romero, Mater. Science Engin. A 282, 16 
(2000). 
11. Y. Liu, Smart Materials, Proceedings of SPIE 4234, 82 
(2001). 
12. J. Ma, I. Karaman, R.D. Noebe, Int. Mater. Rev. 55(5), 257 
(2010). 
13. O. Adiguzel, Key Engin. Mater. 510-511, 105 (2012). 
 


Phase Transition and Functional Characteristics of Shape Memory Alloys

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES Vol. 1 No 3, 03CNN01(3pp) (2012)   2304-1862/2012/1(3)03CNN01(3) 03CNN01-1  2012 Sumy State University Phase Transition and Functional Characteristics of Shape Memory Alloys  O. Adiguzel   Firat University, Department of Physics, 23169 Elazig, Turkey  (Received 15 February 2012; published online 17 August 2012)  Shape-memory alloys are a new class of functional materials with a peculiar property known as shape memory effect. These alloys have an ability to recover a particular shape. The origin of this phenomenon lies in the fact that the material changes its internal crystalline structure with changing temperature.  Copper based ternary alloys exhibit shape memory effect in metastable - phase field. These alloys under-go two ordered transitions on cooling, and bcc structures turn into B2(CsCl) or DO3(Fe3Al) -type ordered structures. The ordered structures martensitically undergo the non-conventional layered structures on fur-ther cooling. These structures are called as 3R, 9R or 18R martensites depending on the stacking sequenc-es on the close-packed planes of the matrix.   Keywords: Shape memory effect, Martensite, Atom sizes, Layered structures, Hexagonal distortion.    PACS number(s): 64.70.K – , 81.30. – t   1. INTRODUCTION   Shape memory alloys take place in a class of func-tional materials by exhibiting a peculiar property called shape memory effect. This property is character-ized by the recoverability of a certain shape of material at different conditions. Shape memory effect is associ-ated with martensitic transformation which is a solid state phase transformation and occurs with the cooper-ative movements of atoms in the alloy on cooling from high temperature austenite phase region. Shape memory effect   refers to the shape recovery of materi-als resulting from reverse transformation, from mar-tensite to parent austenite, when heated over reverse transformation temperature after deforming in the martensitic phase. These alloys also cycle between two certain shapes with changing temperature.  Shape memory effect is based on martensitic trans-formation, and shape memory properties are intimately related to the microstructures of the material, especial-ly orientation relationship between the various mar-tensite variants.    Copper based alloys exhibit this property in meta-stable -phase field. High temperature -phase bcc-structures martensitically undergo the non-conventional structures following two ordered reactions on cooling, and structural changes in nanoscale level govern this transition cooling [1-3]. Atomic movements are also confined to interatomic lengths in sub-μm or angstrom scale. Martensitic transformations  occur in a few steps with the cooperative movement of atoms less than interatomic distances by means of lattice invari-ant shears on a {110} - type plane of austenite matrix which is basal plane of martensite. These shears give rise the formation of unusual complex structures called long period layered structures such as 3R, 9R or 18R depending on the stacking sequences on the close-packed planes of the ordered lattice. The complicated long-period stacking ordered structures mentioned above can be described by different unit cells. In case the parent phase has a B2-type superlattice, the stack-ing sequence is ABCBCACAB (9R) [2, 4]. The stacking of (110)  -planes in DO3-type structure and formation of layered structures are shown in Fig.1. Martensitic transformation is characterized by a change in the crystal structure of the material at the nano-level ra-ther than micro- level, and the transformed region con-sists of parallel bands containing alternately two dif-ferent variants.    Fig. 1 – a) Stacking of (110)  planes viewed from [001]  direc-tion in DO3-type structures, b) Inhomogeneous shear and for-mation of layered structures 2. EXPERIMENTAL  In the present contribution, x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies were carried out on two copper based alloys which have the chemical compositions in weight; Cu-26.1%Zn 4%Al and Cu-11%Al-6%Mn. Powder specimens for X-ray examina-tion were prepared by filling the alloys. Specimens for TEM examination were   prepared from 3 mm diameter discs and thinned down mechanically to 0.3 mm thick-ness. These specimens  were heated in evacuated quartz tubes in the -phase field (15 minutes at 830 C for CuZnAl  and 20 minutes at 700 C for CuAlMn) for ho- O. ADIGUZEL PROC. NAP 1, 03CNN01 (2012)   03CNN01-2 mogenization, and  quenched in iced-brine. These spec-imens were also given different post-quench heat treatments and aged at room temperature. TEM and X-ray diffraction studies carried out on these specimens.   TEM specimens were examined in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction profiles were taken from the quenched specimens using Cu-K  radi-ation with wavelength 1.5418 Å   3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  An x-ray powder diffractogram taken from the quenched CuAlMn alloy samples is shown in Fig. 2. Two electron diffraction patterns taken from CuZnAl and CuAlMn alloy samples are also shown in Fig. 3a and b, respectively. X-ray powder diffractogram and electron diffraction patterns reveal that these alloys exhibit superlattice reflections. X-ray powder diffracto-grams and electron diffraction patterns taken from the specimens in a large time interval were compared with each other.    050010001500200038 42 46 50intensity  Fig.2 – An x-ray powder diffractogram taken from Cu-11%Al-6%Mn alloy sample    Fig. 3 – Two electron diffraction patterns taken from the CuZnAl and CuAlMn alloy samples  A series of x-ray diffractograms have been taken from both of the alloy samples in a long time interval and some changes in peak characteristics on the dif-fractogram with aging duration have been observed. X-ray powder diffractograms and electron diffraction pat-terns taken from the specimens in a large time interval were compared with each other. It has been observed that electron diffraction patterns exhibit similar char-acteristics, but some changes have been occurred in the locations and intensities of diffraction peaks on the x-ray diffractograms with aging duration.  It has been observed that some peak pairs come close each other with ageing duration [5]. These chang-es imply new transitions which have diffusive charac-ter. It means that some neighbor atoms change their locations. It is interesting that miller indices of these plane pairs provide a special relation: 2 2 2 21 2 2 1( ) 3 ( )h h k k n  where n  4 for 18R martensite [1, 5]. These plane pairs can be listed as follow; (122)-(202), (128)-(208), (1 2 10) – (2 0 10), (040)- (320). This observation can be at-tributed to a relation between interplane distances of these plane pairs. In the disordered case, atom sizes can be taken nearly equal, and martensite basal plane becomes an ideal hexagon. Therefore, if the interplane distances are calculated, it can be seen that these val-ues will be equal each other for the pairs and diffrac-tion peaks overlap each other. In the ordered case, neighbour atom sizes are different, interplane distanc-es of these plane pairs become different and each peak appears separately [5].  On the other hand, the alloys have the layered complex structure in martensitic state. The monoclinic distortion of 18R-type structure contributes to the martensite stabilization which pro-ceeds by a diffusion-controlled process [6]. Metastable phases of copper-based shape memory alloys are very sensitive to the ageing effects, and heat treatments can change the relative stability and the configurational order of crystal planes. The parent phase has highly symmetric structure and the product phase has inter-nally twinned and complex structures. Several types of microscopic deformation involving changes can occur in the stacking sequence of close-packed planes of materi-al with martensite formation [2,7].  This change gives rise the increase in the complexity of crystal structure.  When the martensite is transformed from the par-ent phase with differently ordered states such as B2 or DO3, the close-packed plane may consist of atomic sites with different sizes due to the ordering arrangement. The different sizes of atomic sites lead to a distortion of the close-packed plane from an exact hexagon and thus a more close-packed layered structure may be expected.   The martensitic phase in copper-based -phase al-loys is based on one of the {110}  planes of parent phase called basal plane for martensite. On the other hand, (110) – type planes of the parent phase are rectangular in original case, and it transforms to a hexagon with hexagonal distortion. The detailed explanation and illustration related to these distortions has been given elsewhere  Structural ordering is one of the important factors for the formation of martensite, and atom sizes have an important effect on formation of ordered structures [8-10].  The martensite basal plane (110)  has an ideal hex-agonal form in case atom sizes of alloying elements are equal, and it undergoes a hexagonal distortion in case atom sizes are different [6].  In the disordered case, sublattices are occupied randomly by atoms, and the basal plane becomes ideal hexagon taking the atomic sizes approximately equal. In the ordered case, sublat-tices are occupied regularly by certain atoms which have different atomic sizes, and basal plane undergoes 122-202 0 0 18  128 208  1 2 10 2 0 10    PHASE TRANSITION AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS… PROC. NAP 1, 03CNN01 (2012)   03CNN01-3 a hexagonal distortion owing to the differences in atom sizes [10].  Metastable -phases of copper-based shape memory alloys are very sensitive to the ageing effects, and any heat treatment can change the relative stability of both martensite and parent phases. The martensitic trans-formation obtained on cooling is called thermally in-duced phase transformation.  The obtained martensite consists of up to 24 variants, which are regions of the same structure but with different crystallographic ori-entations [5, 6, 11]. CuZnAl alloys and   other copper-based shape memory alloys exhibit a tendency to mar-tensitic thermal stabilization. During the stabilization process, the pinning of martensitic variants can take place only in thermally induced martensite, while the atom rearrangement can take place in both thermal and stress-induced martensite [11]. For the stress-induced martensite, the stabilization manifests as a decrease of the stresses at which the reverse transfor-mation takes place [5, 6, 10].  Martensite stabilization is closely related to the disordering in martensitic state, and atom locations in the lattice sites in the crys-tal unit cell are very important for the analysis and process of transformation.  Shape memory alloys have the important ability to remember their original shape on heating after defor-mation in low temperature martenstic state, and they are used as shape memory elements in devices due to this property. These alloys cycle between two particu-lar shapes with changing temperature. In the cycling processes; the martensite normally returns to a self-accommodated structure after cooling from austenite in the one way shape memory case, whereas two way shape memory effect causes the martensite to adopt a detwinned -single variant configuration [9, 11, 12, 13].  4. CONCLUSION  It has been observed that electron diffraction pat-terns exhibit similar characteristics, but some changes have been occurred in the locations and intensities of diffraction peaks on the x-ray diffractograms with ag-ing duration. In particular, some peak pairs satisfying a specific relation between miller indices come close each other with ageing [5]. These changes imply new transitions which have diffusive character. It can be concluded from the above results that the copper-based shape memory alloys are very sensitive to the ageing treatments, and heat treatments can change the relative stability and the configurational order of atoms in the material. This result attributes to rear-rangement of atoms in diffusive manner. Although martensitic transformations are diffusionless, the dis-ordering reaction occurring with the ageing treatment has a diffusive character, and this also gives rise to a change in the configurational order.    REFERENCES  1. O. Adiguzel, Mater. Res. Bull. 30, 755 (1995). 2. J.J, Zhu, K.M. Liew, Acta Mater., 51 (9), 2443 (2003). 3. Y. Sutou et al, Acta Mater. 53(15), 4121 (2005). 4. J.L. Pelegrina, R. Romero, Mater. Science Engin. A 282, 16 (2000). 5. O. Adiguzel, J. Mater. Proces. Tech. 185, 120 (2007). 6. Z. Li, S. Gong, M.P. Wang, J. Alloys Compd. 452, 307 (2008). 7. V. Paidar, Mater. Science Engin. A 481–482, 243 (2008). 8. Y. Sutou et al, Acta Mater. 53, 4121 (2005). 9. P.K. Kumar, D.C. Lagoudos, Shape Memory Alloys, Model-ing and Engineering (Springer: 2008). 10. J.L. Pelegrina, R.Romero, Mater. Science Engin. A 282, 16 (2000). 11. Y. Liu, Smart Materials, Proceedings of SPIE 4234, 82 (2001). 12. J. Ma, I. Karaman, R.D. Noebe, Int. Mater. Rev. 55(5), 257 (2010). 13. O. Adiguzel, Key Engin. Mater. 510-511, 105 (2012).  

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Phase Transition and Functional Characteristics of Shape Memory Alloys

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