Influence of nanomaterials (based on bentonitic clays and calcium carbonate) in pelagic sediments of
the Black Sea on their biologic activity has been investigated. It was shown that chemical composition, preliminary
thermal treatment and concentration of nanomaterials in composition with pelagic sediments
have a great influence to their medical properties. Based on obtained data for complex influence of nanocomposites
to organism (behaviour, nervimuscular irritability, reflexes, vegetative effects, functional condition
of lever and kidneys) a conclusion of substantially increasing the biological activity of pelagic sediments
with the properties of medicinal mud (peloid), under the influence of bentonite and calcium carbonate
that contain nanoparticles. A method for testing the pelagic sea and ocean sediments with nanodispersed
components to predict the prospects of their use as medicinal muds (peloids) has been suggested.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3495

Alekseenko, N.

Kovzun, I.G.

Nikipelova, E.M.

Oleinik, V.A.

Panko, A.V.

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES Vol. 1 No 2, 02NNBM16(3pp) (2012)   2304-1862/2012/1(2)02NNBM16(3) 02NNBM16-1  2012 Sumy State University Influence of Nanomaterials on Biological Activity of Marine Pelagic Sediments (peloids)  V.A. Olejnik1,*, A.V. Panko1, E.M. Nikipelova2,†, N.A. Alekseenko2, I.G. Kovzun1  1 Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry named after F.D.Ovcharenko, National, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,  42, Vernadskogo Blvd., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03680  2 State agency «Ukrainian Research Institute of Medical Rehabilitation and Balneology, Ministry of Health of Ukraine», 6, Lermontovskiy Lane, Odessa, Ukraine, 65014  (Received 15 June 2012; published online 22 August 2012)  Influence of nanomaterials (based on bentonitic clays and calcium carbonate) in pelagic sediments of the Black Sea on their biologic activity has been investigated. It was shown that chemical composition, pre-liminary thermal treatment and concentration of nanomaterials in composition with pelagic sediments have a great influence to their medical properties. Based on obtained data for complex influence of nano-composites to organism (behaviour, nervimuscular irritability, reflexes, vegetative effects, functional condi-tion of lever and kidneys) a conclusion of substantially increasing the biological activity of pelagic sedi-ments with the properties of medicinal mud (peloid), under the influence of bentonite and calcium car-bonate that contain nanoparticles. A method for testing the pelagic sea and ocean sediments with nanodis-persed components to predict the prospects of their use as medicinal muds (peloids) has been suggested.   Keywords: Nanomaterials, Bentonite, Calcium carbonate, Peloid, Biologic activity.    PACS numbers: 62.23.Pq, 87.85.Qr, 87.85.Rs, 82.70.Dd                                                             * protsenkoit@ukr.net † center@kurort.odessa.net 1. INTRODUCTION  Pelagic sediments (PS), reserves of which in Ukraine are found mainly in the basin of the Black Sea, attracted attention of researchers as a source of miner-als for a long time, and recently as a source of medical mud (peloids) [1-5]. The structure of PS consists of highly dispersed and nanodispersed clay minerals, feldspars, quartz, opal, diatomites, microorganisms and microalgae, biologically active organic substances, sul-fur and other compounds. Therefore, PS are typical biocolloidal material, which can be converted in the processes of metamorphism not only in a sedimentary deposits of iron ore, nodules, clays, but in medical muds too. Indeed, the newly discovered deep-sea deposits of the Black Sea peloids have unique healing properties [5]. However, the impact of nanoadditives on them vir-tually not has been studied, and that was the basis for carrying out of this study.  2. EXPERIMENTAL  Samples of the Black Sea deep-water deposits of peloids have been used as the main object of studies, preparation of which was conducted in accordance with the recommendations [6]. Natural bentonitic clay from Dashukovka site of Cherkassy deposit and saponites were used as nanoadditives to peloids. They were pro-cessed to form nanoparticles (Fig. 1 and Table. 1) and injected into peloids in accordance with [6,7]. Cher-kassy bentonite also were subjected to thermal treat-ment at 600 °C (Fig. 2) by the method [8]. Nanodis-persed calcium carbonate, which was also used as an additive to peloids, was prepared by the methods de-scribed in [5 and 9]. The size of the formed nanoparti-cles was within 20-40 nm (Fig. 3, 4). Physiological stud-ies using compositions of peloids with nanomaterials were performed according to recommendations [10]. They were defined by the response of various body sys-tems of healthy animals (white Wistar’s rats) on the action of the compositions.  3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  Data given on Fig. 5 shows skin-resorptive action of natural bentonite on functional state of liver of experi-mental laboratory animals. Thus, addition of 5 % and 10 % of bentonite to peloids almost has not influenced the time to fall asleep and sleeping duration at meta-bolic test with barbiturates. It have a reason to decide that it also has no negative influence of such composi-tion on central nervous system (CNS) and liver. Raising concentration of bentonite up to 15 % or addition of 5 % of saponite into peloid composition decreases metabolic processes in liver that confirms with increasing of met-abolic sleep of animals while thiopental test. In this case the functional state of central nervous system (CNS) remains at background levels.  Tests of renal function of experimental animals un-der the influence of skin-resorptive action of peloids with nanoadditives have shown that addition of 5% bentonitic clay leaves renal function virtually un-changed. Increasing of clay addition up to 10 % gives negative effects. They appear in decreasing of filtration rate of primary urine in the glomeruli of nephrons. This causes in decreasing of daily urine output 1.5 times as much, daily urinary excretion 1.2 times as much, and creatinine 1.6 times as much.  V.A. OLEJNIC, A.V. PANKO, E.M. NIKIPELOVA, ET AL. PROC. NAP 1, 02NNBM16 (2012)   02NNBM16-2     Fig. 1 – Electron microscope images of Cherkassy montmorillonite (1), palygorskite (2), hydromica (3)     Fig. 2 – Electron microscope image of thermal treated clay mineral with organic matter    Fig. 3 – Electron microscope images of CaCO3    Fig. 4 – Electron microscope image of polymineral car-bonate clay   36,430,437,937,9 40,6104,01 2 3   Fig. 5 – Sleep duration of test animal caused by addition of 5% (1), 10% (2) and 15% (3) of natural clay into peloid.  ■ – check, □ – experiment  Table 1 – Distribution of particles by sizes in clay minerals  Fraction, nm ≤ 60 61-105 106-158 159-209 210-417 418-550 551-724 Montmorillonite, % 0.53 2.6 2.08 2.68 6.76 6.79 7.05 Palygorskite, % 0.17 0.34 0.38 1.96 4.17 3.24 3.83 Hydromica, % 0.26 0.35 1.57 1.95 8.64 5.37 2.91  Addition of 5 % of saponite clay into peloids stimu-lates exclusive processes of uropoiesis: filtering of the primary urine and water readsorption. In this case there is no change of the daily urine output and creati-nine excretion increases 1.5 times, chlorides – 1.3 times. Daily excretion of chlorides and reaction of daily urine remains unchanged. Thus, these studies provide a basis for conclusion that presence of 5-10 % of bentonite and not more than 5% of saponite clays in bottom peloids makes such de-posit could be prospective for commercial production of biologically active peloids.  Testing of bentonitic clay influence thermodestruct-ed at 600 °С on biologic activity of peloids has shown that its addition in quantities of 5 and 10 % changes previously shown readings. Antitoxic ability of liver increases which is confirmed by decreasing of medica-tion sleep duration in 3 times (5 % of bentonite) and in 1 2 3  INFLUENCE OF NANOMATERIALS ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY… PROC. NAP 1, 02NNBM16 (2012)   02NNBM16-3 1.9 times (10 % of bentonite) – see Fig. 6.  As we can see from Table 2, uropoiesis of rats be-comes better when 10% of burnt bentonite is added into peloids. Increasing of daily diuresis is caused by increase of filtration rate of primary urine with unchanged readsorption of water in kidney tubular structure.  Addition of calcium carbonate in quantities of 5, 10, 15 % by peloid mass has shown that functional condition of central nervous system (CNS) is not changing and antitoxic ability of liver is increasing. Skin-resorptive application of 5 and 10 % additive of calcium carbonate does not influence on functional condition of kidneys. Addition of 15 % of CaCO3 to peloid influences on rising of filtering of the primary urine in nephron glomerulus in 1.5 times and decreasing of water readsorption in kidney tubular structure. In addition, excretive function of kidneys increases. That confirms with growth of creat-inine excretion in 1.5 times, urea excretion in 1.12 times and more active chlorides excretion.  34,249,011,026,11 2   Fig. 6 – Influence of addition of heated by 600 °С bentonite to peloid on duration of medication sleep. 1 and 2 – 5% and 10% of bentonite correspondingly. ■ – check, □ – experiment  Table 2 – Skin-resorptive action of peloids with addition of 5 % (1) and 10 % (2) of bentonite  burnt at 600 °С on renal function of white Wistar’s rats  No. Indexes Check group Experimental group 1 2 1 Daily diuresis, cm3/cm2 of body surface 1.39 ± 0.09 1.41 ± 0.45 1.91 ± 0.09 2 Nodule filtration, cm3/cm2·min 0.10 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.01 3 Tubular readsorption, % to filtration 99.00 ± 0.09 98.73 ± 0.22 97.07 ± 0.18 4 Excretion of creatinine, mmole 0.011 ± 0.001 0.009 ± 0.003 0.16 ± 0.002 5 Excretion of  urea, mmole 0.74 ± 0.04 0.70 ± 0.15 0.88 ± 0.14 6 Excretion of  chlorides, mmole 0.60 ± 0.05 0.87 ± 0.08 0.81 ± 0.06 7 рН of uina, units of pH 6.40 ± 0.09 6.30 ± 0.15 6.00 ± 0.0001  4. CONCLUSIONS  Analysis of obtained data shows that addition of 5% of natural and burnt saponites to peloids decreases their biological activity. Similar effect is observed for 10 % of bentonites. Concentration of 15 % of burnt benton-ites and CaCO3 enhances biological activity of peloids. These results indicate that increasing of quantity of nanoparticles in bentonites and calcium carbonate en-hances biological activity of peloids. It happens likely due to the increased sorption and ion exchange capacity of nanomaterials [5, 7, 8, 11, 12]. The research allowed drawing up the method of bot-tom pelagic sediments testing in order to pre-assess their biological activity and assess a possibility of their use as a medicinal mud (peloid). The basis of this method is in testing of sediment dispersion and deter-mination of quantity nanoparticles of bentonitic clays and calcium carbonate in it.  It seems reasonable to continue such investigations to find a connection between biological activity of peloids and colloid-chemical properties of nanomateri-als and nanosorbents of different chemical nature.   REFERENCES  1. M.V. Loboda, K.D. Babov, T.A. Zolotareva, E.M. Nikipelova, Medicinal muds of Ukraine (Kyiv: Kuprijanova: 2006). 2. A.E. Babinets, V.A. Emeljanov, A.Yu. Mitropolskiy et al., Physicochemical properties of bottom sediments of the Black Sea (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka: 1981). 3. I. Verhoogen, F.J. Turner, L.E. Weiss, C. Warhaftig, W.S. Fufe, An introduction to physical geology (New York: Holt: Rinegalt and Winston: 1970). 4. K. Frye, The Encyclopedia of Mineralogy (Strondsburg, Pensilvania: Hutchinson Ross P.C.: 1981). 5. I.G. Kovzun, I.M. Kovalenko, I.T. Protsenko, Coloid J. 69 No3, 342 (2007). 6. A.V. Panko, N.S. Pivovarova, E.M. Nikipelova, S.Yu. Smyk, V.N. Pahomova, Research Bulletin of Nation-al Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Insti-tute" 56 No4, 121 (2007). 7. I.G. Kovzun, A.V. Panko, E.V. Jatskiv, E.M. Nikipelova, V.F. Grytsenko, Ye.V. Averyanov, S.V. Burnaeva, V.I. Semenyaka, Nanosystems, Nanomaterials, Nanotech-nologies 6 No2, 613 (2008). 8. A.V. Panko, I.G. Kovzun, Z.R. Ulberg, I.T. Protsenko, V.A. Zubkova, Nanostructural Material Science 2, 93 (2009). 9. I.G. Kovzun, E.M. Nikipelova, Z.R. Ulberg, Yu.M. Samchenko, N.A. Pasmurtseva, Nanostructural Ma-terial Science 1, 17 (2009). 10. N.A. Alekseenko, O.S. Pavlova, B.A. Nasilulin, A.S. Ruchkina, Handbook of research methods of natural and preformed remedies. Part 3. Experimental and clinical studies (Odessa: Ukrainian Research Institute of Medical Rehabilitation and Balneology: 2002). 11. Yu.V. Kuznetsov, V.N. Shebetkovskiy, A.G. Truskov, Fun-damentals of water purification from radioactive contami-nation (Moscow: Atomizdat: 1974). 12. L.-F. Chen, H.-W. Liang, Y. Lu, C.-H. Cui, S.-H. Yu. Langmuir 27 No14, 8998 (2011). 

Influence of Nanomaterials on Biological Activity of Marine Pelagic Sediments (peloids)

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 
Vol. 1 No 2, 02NNBM16(3pp) (2012) 
 
 
2304-1862/2012/1(2)02NNBM16(3) 02NNBM16-1  2012 Sumy State University 
Influence of Nanomaterials on Biological Activity of Marine Pelagic Sediments (peloids) 
 
V.A. Olejnik1,*, A.V. Panko1, E.M. Nikipelova2,†, N.A. Alekseenko2, I.G. Kovzun1 
 
1 Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry named after F.D.Ovcharenko, National, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,  
42, Vernadskogo Blvd., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03680  
2 State agency «Ukrainian Research Institute of Medical Rehabilitation and Balneology, Ministry of Health of 
Ukraine», 6, Lermontovskiy Lane, Odessa, Ukraine, 65014 
 
(Received 15 June 2012; published online 22 August 2012) 
 
Influence of nanomaterials (based on bentonitic clays and calcium carbonate) in pelagic sediments of 
the Black Sea on their biologic activity has been investigated. It was shown that chemical composition, pre-
liminary thermal treatment and concentration of nanomaterials in composition with pelagic sediments 
have a great influence to their medical properties. Based on obtained data for complex influence of nano-
composites to organism (behaviour, nervimuscular irritability, reflexes, vegetative effects, functional condi-
tion of lever and kidneys) a conclusion of substantially increasing the biological activity of pelagic sedi-
ments with the properties of medicinal mud (peloid), under the influence of bentonite and calcium car-
bonate that contain nanoparticles. A method for testing the pelagic sea and ocean sediments with nanodis-
persed components to predict the prospects of their use as medicinal muds (peloids) has been suggested.  
 
Keywords: Nanomaterials, Bentonite, Calcium carbonate, Peloid, Biologic activity. 
 
  PACS numbers: 62.23.Pq, 87.85.Qr, 87.85.Rs, 82.70.Dd 
 
 
                                                          
* protsenkoit@ukr.net 
† center@kurort.odessa.net 
1. INTRODUCTION 
 
Pelagic sediments (PS), reserves of which in 
Ukraine are found mainly in the basin of the Black Sea, 
attracted attention of researchers as a source of miner-
als for a long time, and recently as a source of medical 
mud (peloids) [1-5]. The structure of PS consists of 
highly dispersed and nanodispersed clay minerals, 
feldspars, quartz, opal, diatomites, microorganisms and 
microalgae, biologically active organic substances, sul-
fur and other compounds. Therefore, PS are typical 
biocolloidal material, which can be converted in the 
processes of metamorphism not only in a sedimentary 
deposits of iron ore, nodules, clays, but in medical muds 
too. Indeed, the newly discovered deep-sea deposits of 
the Black Sea peloids have unique healing properties 
[5]. However, the impact of nanoadditives on them vir-
tually not has been studied, and that was the basis for 
carrying out of this study. 
 
2. EXPERIMENTAL 
 
Samples of the Black Sea deep-water deposits of 
peloids have been used as the main object of studies, 
preparation of which was conducted in accordance with 
the recommendations [6]. Natural bentonitic clay from 
Dashukovka site of Cherkassy deposit and saponites 
were used as nanoadditives to peloids. They were pro-
cessed to form nanoparticles (Fig. 1 and Table. 1) and 
injected into peloids in accordance with [6,7]. Cher-
kassy bentonite also were subjected to thermal treat-
ment at 600 °C (Fig. 2) by the method [8]. Nanodis-
persed calcium carbonate, which was also used as an 
additive to peloids, was prepared by the methods de-
scribed in [5 and 9]. The size of the formed nanoparti-
cles was within 20-40 nm (Fig. 3, 4). Physiological stud-
ies using compositions of peloids with nanomaterials 
were performed according to recommendations [10]. 
They were defined by the response of various body sys-
tems of healthy animals (white Wistar’s rats) on the 
action of the compositions. 
 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
Data given on Fig. 5 shows skin-resorptive action of 
natural bentonite on functional state of liver of experi-
mental laboratory animals. Thus, addition of 5 % and 
10 % of bentonite to peloids almost has not influenced 
the time to fall asleep and sleeping duration at meta-
bolic test with barbiturates. It have a reason to decide 
that it also has no negative influence of such composi-
tion on central nervous system (CNS) and liver. Raising 
concentration of bentonite up to 15 % or addition of 5 % 
of saponite into peloid composition decreases metabolic 
processes in liver that confirms with increasing of met-
abolic sleep of animals while thiopental test. In this 
case the functional state of central nervous system 
(CNS) remains at background levels.  
Tests of renal function of experimental animals un-
der the influence of skin-resorptive action of peloids 
with nanoadditives have shown that addition of 5% 
bentonitic clay leaves renal function virtually un-
changed. Increasing of clay addition up to 10 % gives 
negative effects. They appear in decreasing of filtration 
rate of primary urine in the glomeruli of nephrons. This 
causes in decreasing of daily urine output 1.5 times as 
much, daily urinary excretion 1.2 times as much, and 
creatinine 1.6 times as much. 
 V.A. OLEJNIC, A.V. PANKO, E.M. NIKIPELOVA, ET AL. PROC. NAP 1, 02NNBM16 (2012) 
 
 
02NNBM16-2 
   
 
Fig. 1 – Electron microscope images of Cherkassy montmorillonite (1), palygorskite (2), hydromica (3) 
 
 
 
 
Fig. 2 – Electron microscope image of thermal treated clay 
mineral with organic matter 
 
 
 
Fig. 3 – Electron microscope images of CaCO3 
 
 
 
Fig. 4 – Electron microscope image of polymineral car-
bonate clay  
 
36,4
30,4
37,937,9 40,6
104,0
1 2 3  
 
Fig. 5 – Sleep duration of test animal caused by addition of 
5% (1), 10% (2) and 15% (3) of natural clay into peloid.  
■ – check, □ – experiment 
 
Table 1 – Distribution of particles by sizes in clay minerals 
 
Fraction, nm ≤ 60 61-105 106-158 159-209 210-417 418-550 551-724 
Montmorillonite, % 0.53 2.6 2.08 2.68 6.76 6.79 7.05 
Palygorskite, % 0.17 0.34 0.38 1.96 4.17 3.24 3.83 
Hydromica, % 0.26 0.35 1.57 1.95 8.64 5.37 2.91 
 
Addition of 5 % of saponite clay into peloids stimu-
lates exclusive processes of uropoiesis: filtering of the 
primary urine and water readsorption. In this case 
there is no change of the daily urine output and creati-
nine excretion increases 1.5 times, chlorides – 1.3 
times. Daily excretion of chlorides and reaction of daily 
urine remains unchanged. 
Thus, these studies provide a basis for conclusion 
that presence of 5-10 % of bentonite and not more than 
5% of saponite clays in bottom peloids makes such de-
posit could be prospective for commercial production of 
biologically active peloids.  
Testing of bentonitic clay influence thermodestruct-
ed at 600 °С on biologic activity of peloids has shown 
that its addition in quantities of 5 and 10 % changes 
previously shown readings. Antitoxic ability of liver 
increases which is confirmed by decreasing of medica-
tion sleep duration in 3 times (5 % of bentonite) and in 
1 2 3 
 INFLUENCE OF NANOMATERIALS ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY… PROC. NAP 1, 02NNBM16 (2012) 
 
 
02NNBM16-3 
1.9 times (10 % of bentonite) – see Fig. 6.  
As we can see from Table 2, uropoiesis of rats be-
comes better when 10% of burnt bentonite is added into 
peloids. Increasing of daily diuresis is caused by increase 
of filtration rate of primary urine with unchanged 
readsorption of water in kidney tubular structure.  
Addition of calcium carbonate in quantities of 5, 10, 
15 % by peloid mass has shown that functional condition 
of central nervous system (CNS) is not changing and 
antitoxic ability of liver is increasing. Skin-resorptive 
application of 5 and 10 % additive of calcium carbonate 
does not influence on functional condition of kidneys. 
Addition of 15 % of CaCO3 to peloid influences on rising 
of filtering of the primary urine in nephron glomerulus 
in 1.5 times and decreasing of water readsorption in 
kidney tubular structure. In addition, excretive function 
of kidneys increases. That confirms with growth of creat-
inine excretion in 1.5 times, urea excretion in 1.12 times 
and more active chlorides excretion. 
 
34,2
49,0
11,0
26,1
1 2  
 
Fig. 6 – Influence of addition of heated by 600 °С bentonite to 
peloid on duration of medication sleep. 1 and 2 – 5% and 10% 
of bentonite correspondingly. ■ – check, □ – experiment 
 
Table 2 – Skin-resorptive action of peloids with addition of 5 % (1) and 10 % (2) of bentonite  burnt at 600 °С on renal function of 
white Wistar’s rats 
 
No. Indexes Check group Experimental group 
1 2 
1 Daily diuresis, cm3/cm2 of body surface 1.39 ± 0.09 1.41 ± 0.45 1.91 ± 0.09 
2 Nodule filtration, cm3/cm2·min 0.10 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.01 
3 Tubular readsorption, % to filtration 99.00 ± 0.09 98.73 ± 0.22 97.07 ± 0.18 
4 Excretion of creatinine, mmole 0.011 ± 0.001 0.009 ± 0.003 0.16 ± 0.002 
5 Excretion of  urea, mmole 0.74 ± 0.04 0.70 ± 0.15 0.88 ± 0.14 
6 Excretion of  chlorides, mmole 0.60 ± 0.05 0.87 ± 0.08 0.81 ± 0.06 
7 рН of uina, units of pH 6.40 ± 0.09 6.30 ± 0.15 6.00 ± 0.0001 
 
4. CONCLUSIONS 
 
Analysis of obtained data shows that addition of 5% 
of natural and burnt saponites to peloids decreases 
their biological activity. Similar effect is observed for 10 
% of bentonites. Concentration of 15 % of burnt benton-
ites and CaCO3 enhances biological activity of peloids. 
These results indicate that increasing of quantity of 
nanoparticles in bentonites and calcium carbonate en-
hances biological activity of peloids. It happens likely 
due to the increased sorption and ion exchange capacity 
of nanomaterials [5, 7, 8, 11, 12]. 
The research allowed drawing up the method of bot-
tom pelagic sediments testing in order to pre-assess 
their biological activity and assess a possibility of their 
use as a medicinal mud (peloid). The basis of this 
method is in testing of sediment dispersion and deter-
mination of quantity nanoparticles of bentonitic clays 
and calcium carbonate in it.  
It seems reasonable to continue such investigations 
to find a connection between biological activity of 
peloids and colloid-chemical properties of nanomateri-
als and nanosorbents of different chemical nature.  
 
REFERENCES 
 
1. M.V. Loboda, K.D. Babov, T.A. Zolotareva, 
E.M. Nikipelova, Medicinal muds of Ukraine (Kyiv: 
Kuprijanova: 2006). 
2. A.E. Babinets, V.A. Emeljanov, A.Yu. Mitropolskiy et al., 
Physicochemical properties of bottom sediments of the 
Black Sea (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka: 1981). 
3. I. Verhoogen, F.J. Turner, L.E. Weiss, C. Warhaftig, 
W.S. Fufe, An introduction to physical geology (New York: 
Holt: Rinegalt and Winston: 1970). 
4. K. Frye, The Encyclopedia of Mineralogy (Strondsburg, 
Pensilvania: Hutchinson Ross P.C.: 1981). 
5. I.G. Kovzun, I.M. Kovalenko, I.T. Protsenko, Coloid J. 69 
No3, 342 (2007). 
6. A.V. Panko, N.S. Pivovarova, E.M. Nikipelova, 
S.Yu. Smyk, V.N. Pahomova, Research Bulletin of Nation-
al Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Insti-
tute" 56 No4, 121 (2007). 
7. I.G. Kovzun, A.V. Panko, E.V. Jatskiv, E.M. Nikipelova, 
V.F. Grytsenko, Ye.V. Averyanov, S.V. Burnaeva, 
V.I. Semenyaka, Nanosystems, Nanomaterials, Nanotech-
nologies 6 No2, 613 (2008). 
8. A.V. Panko, I.G. Kovzun, Z.R. Ulberg, I.T. Protsenko, 
V.A. Zubkova, Nanostructural Material Science 2, 93 
(2009). 
9. I.G. Kovzun, E.M. Nikipelova, Z.R. Ulberg, 
Yu.M. Samchenko, N.A. Pasmurtseva, Nanostructural Ma-
terial Science 1, 17 (2009). 
10. N.A. Alekseenko, O.S. Pavlova, B.A. Nasilulin, 
A.S. Ruchkina, Handbook of research methods of natural 
and preformed remedies. Part 3. Experimental and clinical 
studies (Odessa: Ukrainian Research Institute of Medical 
Rehabilitation and Balneology: 2002). 
11. Yu.V. Kuznetsov, V.N. Shebetkovskiy, A.G. Truskov, Fun-
damentals of water purification from radioactive contami-
nation (Moscow: Atomizdat: 1974). 
12. L.-F. Chen, H.-W. Liang, Y. Lu, C.-H. Cui, S.-H. Yu. 
Langmuir 27 No14, 8998 (2011). 


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Influence of Nanomaterials on Biological Activity of Marine Pelagic Sediments (peloids)

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