The use of organo-modified montmorillonite as substitute of calcium carbonate in NBR compounds 
were studied. Rubber containing (3,5,7 phr) of nanoclay (Closite 30 B) were compared with those of reinforced by 10, 20 and 30 phr calcium carbonate as filler. The modified silicate is analysed by X-ray which 
suggested intercalation of elastomer chains into silicate layers. Rheological measurement as well as mechanical properties showed both nanoclay and calcium carbonate give rise to a marked increase in elastic 
modulus and viscosity which could be attributed to the good interaction between polymer/filler. It was noticed that nanoclay can reinforce the NBR much more noticeably than calcium carbonate.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3503

Alipour, A.

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 
Vol. 1 No 1, 01NDLCN04(4pp) (2012) 
 
 
2304-1862/2012/1(1)01NDLCN04(4) 01NDLCN04-1  2012 Sumy State University 
Nanoclay as Substitute of Calcium Carbonate in NBR Compounds 
 
Abd. Alipour* 
 
Young Researchers Club, Zarghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zarghan, Iran 
 
 (Received 15 June 2012; published online 21 August 2012) 
 
The use of organo-modified montmorillonite as substitute of calcium carbonate in NBR compounds 
were studied. Rubber containing (3,5,7 phr) of nanoclay (Closite 30 B) were compared with those of rein-
forced by 10, 20 and 30 phr calcium carbonate as filler. The modified silicate is analysed by X-ray which 
suggested intercalation of elastomer chains into silicate layers. Rheological measurement as well as me-
chanical properties showed both nanoclay and calcium carbonate give rise to a marked increase in elastic 
modulus and viscosity which could be attributed to the good interaction between polymer/filler. It was no-
ticed that nanoclay can reinforce the NBR much more noticeably than calcium carbonate. 
 
Keywords: Nanoclay, Calcium Carbonate, XRD, Mechanical Properties, SEM Photomicrograph 
 
  PACS number: 68.37.Lp 
 
 
                                                          
* Abdolmajid.Alipoor@gmail.com 
1. INTRODUCTION 
 
In the last two decades, research was focused on the 
development of other reinforcing agents to replace car-
bon black in rubber compounds. Sepiolite, kaolin and 
precipitated silica were commonly used as reinforcing 
Clays and clay minerals such as montmorillonite, sap-
onite, hectorite, etc, were widely used as filler for rub-
ber and plastic for many years, for saving polymer con-
sumption and reducing the cost. The clay minerals are 
composed of silicate layers 1 nm thick and 200 – 300 nm 
in the lateral dimensions . The internal and external 
cations can be exchanged by other inorganic or by organ-
ic ions, for example quaternary alkyl ammonium ions. 
Organophilic modification makes the silicate compatible 
with the polymer. These entering guest molecules can 
either simply increase the distances between the still-
parallel layers in an intercalation process or randomly 
entirely disperse the separate layers in an exfoliation. 
Organoclays have been mainly tested with engineering 
plastics, but, up to now there are only a few studies on 
rubber–clay nanocomposites [1-10]. Okada et al. 
[1] showed for acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR), 
that only 10 phr organoclay were necessary to achieve 
tensile strength comparable to compounds loaded with 
40 phr carbon black. The aim of this study is to evaluate 
the properties of NBR nanocompounds prepared with an 
organo-modified montmorillonite in comparison with 
calcium carbonate compounds. 
 
2. EXPERIMENTAL 
 
2.1 Material 
 
NBR, nanoclay , calcium carbonate and cure ingre-
dients were supplied from Enichem co Italy, Southern 
clay company (U.S.A), local company (Iran) and Bayer 
Co, respectively. Samples were prepare Preparationby 
Haak internal mixer at temperature of 110 C and the 
rotor speed of 60 rpm for 10 min. Curing agents ( stea-
ric acid 1.5 phr, Zno 5 phr, DEG 3 phr, sulfur 1.5 phr, 
TMTD 0.2 phr and MBT 1.5 phr) were mixed with 
compound on two-roll mill (Polymix-200L) at 25 C and 
rotor speed of 70 rpm (see Table 1). 
 
Table 1 –Composition of the Samples 
 
Sample 
Code 
NBR Cloisite 30B 
Calcium 
Carbonate 
NBR 100 - - 
NC3 100 3 - 
NC5 100 5 - 
NC7 100 7 - 
NCC10 100 - 10 
NCC20 100 - 20 
NCC30 100 - 30 
 
2.2 Samples  
 
2.3 Characterization 
 
X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples were rec-
orded on a Philips model X’Pert (50 kV, 40 mA) by us-
ing Cu-Kα radiation (   1.540598 Å) with a scanning 
rate 2 /min at room temperature. The basal spacing of 
silicates was estimated from the position of the plane 
peak in the WAXD intensity profile using the Bragg’s 
law, d  /(2sin max). The rheological measurements 
were performed using a RPA 2000 oscillatory rheome-
ter (Alpha Technology Company) at 80 C and frequen-
cy of 0.01 – 1000 (rad/sec).  
 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
3.1 X-ray Diffraction 
 
Fig. 1 shows the X-ray diffraction patterns of the 
clay (a) and the organoclay (b). The interlayer platelet 
spacing (001 diffraction peak) of nanoclay is of 18.5 Å. 
In the organoclay a displacement of the peak to lower 
angels is observed. In this case, the interlayer distance 
have increased. 
Nanocomposites with 3,5,7 phr nanoclay have no 
evident diffraction peaks in the measured angle scope. 
According to the literature [7], the absence of the char-
acteristic d(001) diffraction peak of clay is strong evi-
dence for the formation of exfoliated or disordered 
nanocomposites.  
 
 ABD. ALIPOUR PROC. NAP 1, 01NDLCN04 (2012) 
 
 
01NDLCN04-2 
 
 
Fig. 1 – XRD Results of the Nanocomposite Samples 
 
It can attributed to large spacing between the lay-
ers or because the nanocomposite do not present order-
ing any more. 
 
3.2 Cure Characteristics 
 
 The cure characteristics of the nanocomposite and 
microcomposite samples expressed in terms of scorch 
time (t 5 ), optimum cure time (t 90) and torque values 
( M  Mmax – Mmin). The scorch time (t 5 ) is defined 
as the time up to the onset of vulcanization or cross-
linking in rubber compounds. In Fig. 2 it can been seen 
that t 5 decreased when nanoclay added to NBR. Simi-
lar trends were observed in the t 90 values of NBR with 
increasing clay content (see Fig. 3). From these results 
it can be assumed that the organoclay behaves as an 
effective vulcanizing agent for NBR, giving rise to a 
significant increase in the elastomer vulcanization 
rate.  
 
 
 
Fig. 2 – Scorch Time of the Samples Prepared 
 
This effect is essentially attributed to the amine 
groups present in the nanosilicate structure which 
comes from the organophilization of the clay [7,8]. Sim-
ilar trends were reported by other researchers [7,8]. 
However, a different trend is observed for rubber com-
pounds containing Calcium carbonate. This mentioned 
filler gives a rise to scorch time and optimum cure 
time. 
 
 
 
Fig. 3 – Optimum Cure Time of the Samples Prepared 
 
Alongside this, the torque values, ΔM, measured as 
the difference between the maximum and minimum 
torque ( M  Mmax – Mmin) are summarized in Ta-
ble 2. The increase in maximum and minimum torques 
as well as their difference is seen with nanoclay and 
calcium carbonate filled system compared to pristine 
NBR. Assuming the torque value is related to the cross-
links number, it can be deduced that fillers certainly 
increase the crosslinking density of NBR. However, it 
is of interest that the organoclay nanocomposite gives 
rise to a dramatic increase in the torque value com-
pared calcium carbonate filled systems even at high 
content (30wt %). These results are attributed to the 
intercalation of the matrix chains between the silicate 
galleries, so increasing the interlayer distance which 
facilitates the incorporation and confinement of NBR 
chains into the silicate galleries. Consequently, a better 
interaction between nanoclay and elastomer is ob-
tained. 
 
Table 2 – Torque Value of the Prepared Samples 
 
Sample Code M  Mmax – Mmin, (Ibf.in) 
NBR 30.91 
NC3 49.22 
NC3 52.49 
NC7 54.15 
NCC10 38.15 
NCC20 40.29 
NCC30 42.35 
 
3.3 Microscopy 
 
 Insights on the morphology of the prepared sam-
ples are found in Fig. 4 where SEM micrographs of 
cryogenically of fractured samples, Nn7, and NCC30 is 
reported. As seen the fractured surface of pristine NBR 
(Fig. 4(a)) is smooth. The harsh surface of NBR filled 
compounds exemplifies an effective interaction estab-
lished between polymer matrix/filler. The dispersion of 
Calcium carbonate in the rubber matrix was not con-
tinuous where the formation of filler agglomeration 
started due to the interfacial interaction between filler 
and matrix, which led to void formation. 
 
 NANOCLAY AS SUBSTITUTE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE IN NBR COMPOUNDS PROC. NAP 1, 01NDLCN04 (2012) 
 
 
01NDLCN04-3 
 
 
a 
 
 
 
b 
 
 
 
c 
 
Fig. 4 – SEM Photomicrographs of a) NBR b) NC7 c) NCC30 
 
3.4 Rheological Measurements 
 
 Fig. 5 shows the comparison of complex viscosity and 
dynamic moduli, G' of sample containing nanoclay and 
calcium carbonate. As been seen, both fillers have an in-
creasing effect in rheological properties. In fact addition of 
nanoclay and calcium carbonate, lead to an increase in 
storage modulus which can be attributed to the good in-
teraction established in the interface of polymer/filler. 
 
 
 
Fig. 5 – Rheological Measurements of the Samples Prepared 
 
It is noticeable that sample containing 7 %wt 
nanoclay causes a greater effect on the modulus which 
means more reinforcing than sample with 30 % wt cal-
cium carbonate. On the other hand, G' of samples have 
a ascending trend by filler loading. In comparison with 
pristine NBR, the filled samples show higher value of 
dynamic modui. It is because of this fact that both fill-
ers form a network structure which increases interac-
tion between polymer/filler and as a consequence, G' 
increases. It is obvious that nanoclay filled samples 
show higher dynamic module [7,8]. 
 
3.5 Mechanical Properties 
 
Table 3 shows the mechanical properties of NBR 
and their composites filled by nanoclay and Calcium 
carbonate. Introduction of both nanoclay and calcium 
carbonate fillers causes that tensile strength of NBR 
increases. It should be mentioned that it is necessary to 
add 30 wt % calcium carbonate to obtain nearly similar 
tensile strength as the composite with 7 wt % or-
ganoclay. Since Calcium carbonate filled samples show 
less value of tensile strength than nanoclay filled ones, 
it can be deduced that interaction between nanoclay 
/rubber macromolecules to be stronger than that of cal-
cium carbonate and rubber macromolecules. 
Modulus is an indication of the relative stiffness of 
the material. Fillers are known to increase modulus pro-
vided the modulus of the filler is higher than that of the 
polymer matrix. 
 ABD. ALIPOUR PROC. NAP 1, 01NDLCN04 (2012) 
 
 
01NDLCN04-4 
Table 3 – Mechanical Properties of the Prepared Samples 
 
Sample 
Code 
Tensile 
Strength, 
Mpa 
Modulus 
300 %, Mpa 
Elongation % 
NBR 1.67 1.63 306 
NC3 4.1 2.58 325 
NC3 4.81 3.34 362 
NC7 5.6 3.59 345 
NCC10 1.79 1.81 299 
NCC20 2.01 1.72 275 
NCC30 2.36 1.79 264 
 
From Table 3 it can be seen that nanoclay improved 
the stiffness of the rubber blends, whereas Calcium 
carbonate showed a small increase in this property. 
This could be ascribed to the huge surface area of clay 
dispersed at nanometer level and the largest aspect 
ratio of silicate layers, which results in the increased 
silicate layer networking. The improvements of tensile 
strength, tensile modulus and hardness in case of pol-
ymer-clay nanocomposites were given by some re-
searchers [2-10]. Their studies suggested that the in-
crease of strength and modulus is related to the degree 
of dispersion of clay layers into the polymer matrix. 
 
4. CONCLUSION 
 
 NBR compounds containing nanoclay and calcium 
carbonate were prepared via vulcanization process and 
characterized by several techniques. In these materials 
rubber chains could penetrate into silicate layers re-
sulting an increase in d-spacing of layers which was 
confirmed by XRD results. On the other hand enhanced 
viscosity and dynamic moduli as well as mechanical 
properties of samples suggested a good interaction be-
tween polymer matrix and filler particles that also con-
firmed SEM photomicrographs. It also was con-cluded 
that nanoclay is a better reinforcing filler than calcium 
carbonate. 
 
 
REFERENCES 
 
1. A. Okada, A. Usuki, T. Kurauchi, O. Kamigaito. Hybrid 
organic–inorganic composites (ACS Symp Ser: 1995). 
2. A.K. Ghosh, S.C. Debnath, N. Naskar, D.K Basu, J. Appl. 
Polym. Sci. 181, 800 (2000). 
3. M.W. Hess, P.C. Vegvari, R.A. Swor, Rubber. Chem. Tech-
nol. 58, 350 (1985). 
4. D.V. Sarbach, Rubber Age, 89, 283-290 (1961). 
5. M. Arroyo, M.A. Lo´pez-Manchado, J.L. Valentı´n, 
J. Carretero. Comp. Sci. Tech. 67, 1330 (2007). 
6. S. Varghese, J. Karger-Kocsis, K.G. Gatos. Polymer., 44, 
3977 (2003). 
7. A. Alipour, G. Naderi, G.R. Bakhshandeh, H. Vali, 
Sh. Shokoohi. Internationa Polymer Processing, XXVI, 48 
(2011). 
8. A. Alipour, G. Naderi, G.R. Bakhshandeh, Sh. Shokoohi. 
Iran Rubber Magazine 62, 26-34 (2011). 
9. A. Alipour, G. Naderi, M.H.R. Ghreishy, J. Appl. Polym. 
Sci, DOI: 10.1002/app.37752, (2012). 
10. A. Alipour, Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioin-
formatics 2, 79 (2102). 
 


Nanoclay as Substitute of Calcium Carbonate in NBR Compounds

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES Vol. 1 No 1, 01NDLCN04(4pp) (2012)   2304-1862/2012/1(1)01NDLCN04(4) 01NDLCN04-1  2012 Sumy State University Nanoclay as Substitute of Calcium Carbonate in NBR Compounds  Abd. Alipour*  Young Researchers Club, Zarghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zarghan, Iran   (Received 15 June 2012; published online 21 August 2012)  The use of organo-modified montmorillonite as substitute of calcium carbonate in NBR compounds were studied. Rubber containing (3,5,7 phr) of nanoclay (Closite 30 B) were compared with those of rein-forced by 10, 20 and 30 phr calcium carbonate as filler. The modified silicate is analysed by X-ray which suggested intercalation of elastomer chains into silicate layers. Rheological measurement as well as me-chanical properties showed both nanoclay and calcium carbonate give rise to a marked increase in elastic modulus and viscosity which could be attributed to the good interaction between polymer/filler. It was no-ticed that nanoclay can reinforce the NBR much more noticeably than calcium carbonate.  Keywords: Nanoclay, Calcium Carbonate, XRD, Mechanical Properties, SEM Photomicrograph    PACS number: 68.37.Lp                                                             * Abdolmajid.Alipoor@gmail.com 1. INTRODUCTION  In the last two decades, research was focused on the development of other reinforcing agents to replace car-bon black in rubber compounds. Sepiolite, kaolin and precipitated silica were commonly used as reinforcing Clays and clay minerals such as montmorillonite, sap-onite, hectorite, etc, were widely used as filler for rub-ber and plastic for many years, for saving polymer con-sumption and reducing the cost. The clay minerals are composed of silicate layers 1 nm thick and 200 – 300 nm in the lateral dimensions . The internal and external cations can be exchanged by other inorganic or by organ-ic ions, for example quaternary alkyl ammonium ions. Organophilic modification makes the silicate compatible with the polymer. These entering guest molecules can either simply increase the distances between the still-parallel layers in an intercalation process or randomly entirely disperse the separate layers in an exfoliation. Organoclays have been mainly tested with engineering plastics, but, up to now there are only a few studies on rubber–clay nanocomposites [1-10]. Okada et al. [1] showed for acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR), that only 10 phr organoclay were necessary to achieve tensile strength comparable to compounds loaded with 40 phr carbon black. The aim of this study is to evaluate the properties of NBR nanocompounds prepared with an organo-modified montmorillonite in comparison with calcium carbonate compounds.  2. EXPERIMENTAL  2.1 Material  NBR, nanoclay , calcium carbonate and cure ingre-dients were supplied from Enichem co Italy, Southern clay company (U.S.A), local company (Iran) and Bayer Co, respectively. Samples were prepare Preparationby Haak internal mixer at temperature of 110 C and the rotor speed of 60 rpm for 10 min. Curing agents ( stea-ric acid 1.5 phr, Zno 5 phr, DEG 3 phr, sulfur 1.5 phr, TMTD 0.2 phr and MBT 1.5 phr) were mixed with compound on two-roll mill (Polymix-200L) at 25 C and rotor speed of 70 rpm (see Table 1).  Table 1 –Composition of the Samples  Sample Code NBR Cloisite 30B Calcium Carbonate NBR 100 - - NC3 100 3 - NC5 100 5 - NC7 100 7 - NCC10 100 - 10 NCC20 100 - 20 NCC30 100 - 30  2.2 Samples   2.3 Characterization  X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples were rec-orded on a Philips model X’Pert (50 kV, 40 mA) by us-ing Cu-Kα radiation (   1.540598 Å) with a scanning rate 2 /min at room temperature. The basal spacing of silicates was estimated from the position of the plane peak in the WAXD intensity profile using the Bragg’s law, d  /(2sin max). The rheological measurements were performed using a RPA 2000 oscillatory rheome-ter (Alpha Technology Company) at 80 C and frequen-cy of 0.01 – 1000 (rad/sec).   3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  3.1 X-ray Diffraction  Fig. 1 shows the X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay (a) and the organoclay (b). The interlayer platelet spacing (001 diffraction peak) of nanoclay is of 18.5 Å. In the organoclay a displacement of the peak to lower angels is observed. In this case, the interlayer distance have increased. Nanocomposites with 3,5,7 phr nanoclay have no evident diffraction peaks in the measured angle scope. According to the literature [7], the absence of the char-acteristic d(001) diffraction peak of clay is strong evi-dence for the formation of exfoliated or disordered nanocomposites.    ABD. ALIPOUR PROC. NAP 1, 01NDLCN04 (2012)   01NDLCN04-2   Fig. 1 – XRD Results of the Nanocomposite Samples  It can attributed to large spacing between the lay-ers or because the nanocomposite do not present order-ing any more.  3.2 Cure Characteristics   The cure characteristics of the nanocomposite and microcomposite samples expressed in terms of scorch time (t 5 ), optimum cure time (t 90) and torque values ( M  Mmax – Mmin). The scorch time (t 5 ) is defined as the time up to the onset of vulcanization or cross-linking in rubber compounds. In Fig. 2 it can been seen that t 5 decreased when nanoclay added to NBR. Simi-lar trends were observed in the t 90 values of NBR with increasing clay content (see Fig. 3). From these results it can be assumed that the organoclay behaves as an effective vulcanizing agent for NBR, giving rise to a significant increase in the elastomer vulcanization rate.     Fig. 2 – Scorch Time of the Samples Prepared  This effect is essentially attributed to the amine groups present in the nanosilicate structure which comes from the organophilization of the clay [7,8]. Sim-ilar trends were reported by other researchers [7,8]. However, a different trend is observed for rubber com-pounds containing Calcium carbonate. This mentioned filler gives a rise to scorch time and optimum cure time.    Fig. 3 – Optimum Cure Time of the Samples Prepared  Alongside this, the torque values, ΔM, measured as the difference between the maximum and minimum torque ( M  Mmax – Mmin) are summarized in Ta-ble 2. The increase in maximum and minimum torques as well as their difference is seen with nanoclay and calcium carbonate filled system compared to pristine NBR. Assuming the torque value is related to the cross-links number, it can be deduced that fillers certainly increase the crosslinking density of NBR. However, it is of interest that the organoclay nanocomposite gives rise to a dramatic increase in the torque value com-pared calcium carbonate filled systems even at high content (30wt %). These results are attributed to the intercalation of the matrix chains between the silicate galleries, so increasing the interlayer distance which facilitates the incorporation and confinement of NBR chains into the silicate galleries. Consequently, a better interaction between nanoclay and elastomer is ob-tained.  Table 2 – Torque Value of the Prepared Samples  Sample Code M  Mmax – Mmin, (Ibf.in) NBR 30.91 NC3 49.22 NC3 52.49 NC7 54.15 NCC10 38.15 NCC20 40.29 NCC30 42.35  3.3 Microscopy   Insights on the morphology of the prepared sam-ples are found in Fig. 4 where SEM micrographs of cryogenically of fractured samples, Nn7, and NCC30 is reported. As seen the fractured surface of pristine NBR (Fig. 4(a)) is smooth. The harsh surface of NBR filled compounds exemplifies an effective interaction estab-lished between polymer matrix/filler. The dispersion of Calcium carbonate in the rubber matrix was not con-tinuous where the formation of filler agglomeration started due to the interfacial interaction between filler and matrix, which led to void formation.   NANOCLAY AS SUBSTITUTE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE IN NBR COMPOUNDS PROC. NAP 1, 01NDLCN04 (2012)   01NDLCN04-3   a    b    c  Fig. 4 – SEM Photomicrographs of a) NBR b) NC7 c) NCC30  3.4 Rheological Measurements   Fig. 5 shows the comparison of complex viscosity and dynamic moduli, G' of sample containing nanoclay and calcium carbonate. As been seen, both fillers have an in-creasing effect in rheological properties. In fact addition of nanoclay and calcium carbonate, lead to an increase in storage modulus which can be attributed to the good in-teraction established in the interface of polymer/filler.    Fig. 5 – Rheological Measurements of the Samples Prepared  It is noticeable that sample containing 7 %wt nanoclay causes a greater effect on the modulus which means more reinforcing than sample with 30 % wt cal-cium carbonate. On the other hand, G' of samples have a ascending trend by filler loading. In comparison with pristine NBR, the filled samples show higher value of dynamic modui. It is because of this fact that both fill-ers form a network structure which increases interac-tion between polymer/filler and as a consequence, G' increases. It is obvious that nanoclay filled samples show higher dynamic module [7,8].  3.5 Mechanical Properties  Table 3 shows the mechanical properties of NBR and their composites filled by nanoclay and Calcium carbonate. Introduction of both nanoclay and calcium carbonate fillers causes that tensile strength of NBR increases. It should be mentioned that it is necessary to add 30 wt % calcium carbonate to obtain nearly similar tensile strength as the composite with 7 wt % or-ganoclay. Since Calcium carbonate filled samples show less value of tensile strength than nanoclay filled ones, it can be deduced that interaction between nanoclay /rubber macromolecules to be stronger than that of cal-cium carbonate and rubber macromolecules. Modulus is an indication of the relative stiffness of the material. Fillers are known to increase modulus pro-vided the modulus of the filler is higher than that of the polymer matrix.  ABD. ALIPOUR PROC. NAP 1, 01NDLCN04 (2012)   01NDLCN04-4 Table 3 – Mechanical Properties of the Prepared Samples  Sample Code Tensile Strength, Mpa Modulus 300 %, Mpa Elongation % NBR 1.67 1.63 306 NC3 4.1 2.58 325 NC3 4.81 3.34 362 NC7 5.6 3.59 345 NCC10 1.79 1.81 299 NCC20 2.01 1.72 275 NCC30 2.36 1.79 264  From Table 3 it can be seen that nanoclay improved the stiffness of the rubber blends, whereas Calcium carbonate showed a small increase in this property. This could be ascribed to the huge surface area of clay dispersed at nanometer level and the largest aspect ratio of silicate layers, which results in the increased silicate layer networking. The improvements of tensile strength, tensile modulus and hardness in case of pol-ymer-clay nanocomposites were given by some re-searchers [2-10]. Their studies suggested that the in-crease of strength and modulus is related to the degree of dispersion of clay layers into the polymer matrix.  4. CONCLUSION   NBR compounds containing nanoclay and calcium carbonate were prepared via vulcanization process and characterized by several techniques. In these materials rubber chains could penetrate into silicate layers re-sulting an increase in d-spacing of layers which was confirmed by XRD results. On the other hand enhanced viscosity and dynamic moduli as well as mechanical properties of samples suggested a good interaction be-tween polymer matrix and filler particles that also con-firmed SEM photomicrographs. It also was con-cluded that nanoclay is a better reinforcing filler than calcium carbonate.   REFERENCES  1. A. Okada, A. Usuki, T. Kurauchi, O. Kamigaito. Hybrid organic–inorganic composites (ACS Symp Ser: 1995). 2. A.K. Ghosh, S.C. Debnath, N. Naskar, D.K Basu, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 181, 800 (2000). 3. M.W. Hess, P.C. Vegvari, R.A. Swor, Rubber. Chem. Tech-nol. 58, 350 (1985). 4. D.V. Sarbach, Rubber Age, 89, 283-290 (1961). 5. M. Arroyo, M.A. Lo´pez-Manchado, J.L. Valentı´n, J. Carretero. Comp. Sci. Tech. 67, 1330 (2007). 6. S. Varghese, J. Karger-Kocsis, K.G. Gatos. Polymer., 44, 3977 (2003). 7. A. Alipour, G. Naderi, G.R. Bakhshandeh, H. Vali, Sh. Shokoohi. Internationa Polymer Processing, XXVI, 48 (2011). 8. A. Alipour, G. Naderi, G.R. Bakhshandeh, Sh. Shokoohi. Iran Rubber Magazine 62, 26-34 (2011). 9. A. Alipour, G. Naderi, M.H.R. Ghreishy, J. Appl. Polym. Sci, DOI: 10.1002/app.37752, (2012). 10. A. Alipour, Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioin-formatics 2, 79 (2102).  

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Nanoclay as Substitute of Calcium Carbonate in NBR Compounds

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