Paz-Garcia, Juan Manuel

Påtrykkes et elektrisk felt over et porøst materiale, vil kemiske forbindelser transporteres gennem elektrolytten, og der kan yderligere være transport af selve elektrolytten. Med baggrund i dette, er en række teknikker blevet udviklet med det formål at fjerne udvalgte forureningskomponenter eller injicere specifikke forbindelser i det porøse, faste materiale af varierende type.Sådanne teknikker kaldes typisk for elektrokinetisk behandling. For de elektrokinetisk inducerede transportprocesser er den drivende kraft relateret til de koncentrationsgradienter og den ubalance i ionladning som dannes pga. de elektrokemiske reaktioner, som foregår ved elektroderne under påtrykning af det elektriske felt. I tillæg påvirkes de ikke-elektroneutrale elektriske dobbeltlag mellem elektrolyt og fast overflade af det inducerede elektriske potentiale, hvilket resulterer i transport. Transportprocesserne er i høj grad påvirkede af interaktioner mellem kemiske forbindelser i det heterogene system, enten opløste i elektrolytten, udfældede på de faste overflader eller adsorberede.Fysisk- kemsike modeller danner den nødvendig baggrund for forståelse af de involverede processer, og udviklingen af en teoretisk ramme muliggør at inddrage de komplekse interaktioner, som foregår i enhver elektrokinetisk eller elektrokemisk induceret proces. Den matematiske løsning, ofte ved hjælp af computerunderstøttede numeriske metoder, tillader validering af antagelser og eventuelt udvikling af værktøjer til optimering af de forskellige behandlinger.I baggrund i dette, er de væsentligste formål med dette projekt “Physicochemical and numerical modeling of electrokinetics in inhomogeneous matrices” :1.At formulere en fundamental teori som matematisk forklarer de fysiskkemiske processer som foregår under elektrokinetisk behandling2.At bygge en pålidelig og præcis numerisk model, som muliggør forudsigelse af ønskede effekter og sideeffekter i og på materialerne som resultat af behandlingenEn fysisk-kemisk model baseret på Nernst-Planck-Poisson systemet er blevet udviklet. Inkluderet i modellen er transport af vand gennem det porøse medium, sammen med et antal kemiske og elektrokemiske reaktioner involverende faste, gasformige og opløste forbindelser i både vandfase og den faste fase. Kombinationen af elektrokinetisk transport model med kemiske reaktioner på denne måde er ikke set tidligere. Den fysisk-kemiske model er beskrevet på en generel måde, så den kan bruges til simulering af elektrokinetisk behandling af inhomogene materialer i bred forstand.En numerisk løsning er blevet udviklet, og den er hovedsagelig baseret på en finite elements metode til integration af det transiente system af partielle differentialligninger, i kobling med en Newton-Raphson metode til inddragelse af kemisk ligevægt.Forskellige elektrokinetiske systemer er blevet studeret under udviklingen af den foreslåede fysisk-kemiske og numeriske model. De væsentligste af disse undersøgelser og de fundne resultater fra simuleringerne er sammenfattet nedenfor.1. Elektro-afsaltning af mursten og andre porøse bygningsmaterialer blev studeret. Idettesystemanvendesetbuffermateriale ved elektroderne. Simuleringsbaserede analyser viste en god forudsigelse af effektiviteten af saltfjernelse og hastighed for chlorider, nitrater og sulfater. Simuleringen belyste nogle aspekter, som ikke er nemme at observere eksperimentelt, så som fordelingen af kemiske forbindelser under hele processen og muligheden for udfældning af salte i den porøse struktur. F.eks. blev det fundet, at dannelsen af gips kan være en begrænsende faktor for afsaltning af sulfat-forurenede mursten eller natursten, og der er en sammenhæng mellem tilstedeværelsen af magnesium og bufferkapaciteten overfor den basiske front, som produceres ved katoden.2. Ved at anvende den kemiske ligevægtsmodel eller den kombinerede reaktions og transport model blev der udført nogle feasibility-studier for mobiliseringen af specifikke forureningskomponenter. En specieringsanalyse for bly i jord blev f.eks. udført med det formål at vælge forskellige ekstraktionskemikalier for at kunne designe en kombineret syreekstraktion og anvendelse af kompleksbindere under elektokinetisk behandling. Forskellige ekstraktionsmidler blev testet ved anvendelse af den numeriske model til speciereing, så som EDTA, eddikesyre, citronsyre og salpetersyre. Resultaterne viste, at citronsyre og EDTA var de ekstraktionsmidler, som i størst grad øgede opløseligheden af bly i jord. Yderligere blev det fundet, at effektiviteten af processen begrænses stærkt af selve jordens bufferkapacitet; ikke kun fordi den bestemmer jordens pH værdi men også fordi der er en tendens til dannelse af uopløselige blycarbonater.3. Den foreslåede model blev anvendt til simuleringsbaseret analyse af den kortvarige dannelse af dannelse af det diffuse dobbeltlag i umiddelbar nærhed af en reaktiv overflade. I dette tilfælde blev modellen adapteret til at simulere et mikroskalasystem. Koncentrationsprofiler af ioner i det diffuse lag som opfyldte ikke alene den elektriske balance mellem elektrolyt og overflade ladning men også de kemiske ligevægtsforhold mellem kemiske forbindelser i elektrolytten blev opnået. I tillæg til denne nye tilgang til fordeling af ioner under kemiske ligevægtsforhold, blev der draget konklusioner på baggrund af simuleringer. F.eks. bliver koncentrationsgradienter for ikke-ionformige specier dannet ved den ladede overflade som resultat af de kemiske interaktioner mellem ioner i systemet. Et andet resultat er at den hurtige dannelse af elektriske dobbeltlag kan blive kontrolleret af overfaldereaktionernes kinetik og ikke af elektro-diffusion transport processer.De resultater som er opsummeret ovenfor er eksempler på de mange muligheder, som kan undersøges ved simuleringsbaserede analyser, når det udviklede fysisk-kemiske og numeriske model anvendes.An electric field externally applied to a porous material, results in mobilization of chemical species through the electrolyte and transport of the pore solution itself. Based on this, several techniques have been developed aiming at removing of selected contaminants or injecting specific compounds into porous solid matrices of different kinds. These techniques are typically denoted as electrokinetic treatments.In these kind of electrochemically-induced transport processes, the driving force is related the concentration gradients and the unbalanced in ionic charge produced by the electrochemical reactions taking place at the electrodes as a consequence of the applied electric field. Additionally, non-electroneutral electric double-layers at the interfaces between electrolyte and solid surfaces are affected by the induced electric potential, resulting in electrokinetic transport.In addition to the electrochemical reactions, these kinds of transport processes are strongly influenced by the chemical interactions between the species present in the heterogeneous system, either dissolved in the electrolyte, precipitated or adsorbed at the solid surface.Physicochemical models form a necessary basis for the understanding of the involved processes and the development of a theoretical framework able to take into account the complex interactions taking place in any electrokinetic or electrochemicallyinduced process. The mathematical solution, normally by means of computer-aid numerical methods, allows the corroboration of the assumptions and, eventually, the development of prediction tools for optimizing the different treatments.In accordance to this, the primary objectives proposed for the present project “Physicochemical and numerical modeling of electrokinetics in inhomogeneous matrices” are:1.to formulate a fundamental theory that mathematically explain the physicochemical processes taking place during electrokinetic treatments2.to build a reliable and accurate numerical model which enables the prediction of the desired effects and the side effects effects in and on the materials from the treatmentsA physicochemical model has been proposed based on the Nernst-Planck-Poisson system. The model includes the transport of water through the porous media, the monitoring of the degree of saturation, the pH value and the porosity throughout the domain; and a comprehensive set of chemical and electrochemical reactions involving solid, gaseous and aqueous species and water in both the electrolyte and the solid structure. This coupled reactive-transport model, covering such a number of physical and chemical aspects in the process, is assumed an innovative contribution to the state of the art of modeling of electrokinetics processes. Furthermore, the physicochemical model is described in a generalized manner, so it can be used to simulate a wide range of electrokinetic treatments for different inhomogeneous matrices.Anumericalmodelhasbeenbuiltforthemathematicalsolutionoftheproposed physicochemical model. The numerical model is mainly based on a finite elements method for the integration of the transient system of partial differential equations coupled with a Newton-Raphson method for computing chemical equilibrium.During the development of the proposed physicochemical and numerical model, different electrokinetic systems have been studied. Some worth mentioning investigations and the results drawn from the simulations are summarized below.1.The electro-desalination treatment of bricks and other construction materials using a buffer substance enhancement was studied. Simulation-based analysis showed good prediction of the removal efficiencies and rates for chlorides nitrates and sulfates. Simulation thrown light on some aspects not easily observed experimentally, such as the chemical species distribution throughout the process or the possibility of precipitation of salts within the porous structure. It was found, for example, that formation of gypsum is a limiting factor in the desalination of sulfate-contaminated bricks or stones, and that there is a connection between the presence of magnesium and the capacity of buffering the alkaline front produced in the cathodic reaction.2.Using the chemical equilibrium model or the reactive-transport combined model, some feasibility studies for the mobilization of specific contaminants were carried out. For example, speciation analysis of Pb in soil was studied for the selection of different extracting agents in order to design a combined acid enhanced with selective chelators EK treatment. Different extracting agents were tested using the speciation numerical model, such as EDTA, acetic acid, citric acid and nitric acid. Results showed that citric acid and EDTA are the extracting agent which increase more the solubility of Pb in soil, and that the efficiency of the process is strongly limited by the buffering capacity of the soil itself, not only because it determines the pH value, but also because there is a tendency of forming calcium citrate insoluble lead carbonate.3.The proposed model was used for the simulation-based analysis of the transient formation of the diffuse layer of the electric double layer in the vicinities of a reactive surface. In this case, the model was adapted to simulate a microscale system. Concentration profiles of the ionic species in the diffuse layer were obtained, satisfying not only the electrical balance between the electrolyte and the surface charge, but also the chemical equilibrium condition between the chemical species in the electrolyte. Apart from this new approach for the distribution of species under chemical equilibrium conditions, some conclusions were drawn from the simulations. For example, concentration profiles for the non-ionic species are formed at the vicinities of the charged surface as a result of the chemical interaction with the ionic species in the system. Results also show that the transient formation of electric double layers may be controlled by the kinetics of the surface reactions, and not by the electro-diffusion transport process.The results summarized here are just a sample of the many possibilities offered by the simulation-based analysis that can be obtained using the proposed physicochemical and numerical model

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Physicochemical and numerical modeling of electrokinetics in inhomogenous matrices

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Physicochemical and numerical modeling of electrokinetics in inhomogenous matrices

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