The paper describes the fabrication of random and ordered gold nanostructure arrays (NSA) of different
morphology using island film thermal annealing and nanoimprint lithography techniques. Structural
parameters of obtained NSA were investigated using atomic force microscopy method. Spectral characteristics
of obtained NSA were studied in air atmosphere, and NSA light extinction spectra exhibited an expressed
plasmon peak. Spectral position of localized surface plasmon resonance can be tuned depending on
geometrical parameters of nanostructures, which is an important factor for resonant investigation methods
of various types of molecular structures. Proposed technological approaches can be used to implement the
resonance fluorometry in electromagnetic field of nanostructures (surface-enhanced fluorescence) method
and in chemical and biosensors based on localized surface plasmon resonance.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3496

Chegel, V.I.

Guo, J.L.

Lopatynskyi, A.M.

Lucas, B.D.

Lytvyn, V.K.

Nazarenko, V.I.

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES Vol. 1 No 2, 02NNBM27(3pp) (2012)   2304-1862/2012/1(2)02NNBM27(3) 02NNBM27-1  2012 Sumy State University Preparation of Au Nanostructure Arrays for Fluorometry and Biosensors Applications  V.I. Chegel1,*, A.M. Lopatynskyi1, V.K. Lytvyn1, V.I. Nazarenko2, L.J. Guo3, B.D. Lucas3  1 V.E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NASU, 41, Nauki Ave., 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine 2 O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry NASU, 9, Leontovycha str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Michigan University, MI 48109 Ann Arbor, USA  (Received 22 June; published online 14 August 2012)  The paper describes the fabrication of random and ordered gold nanostructure arrays (NSA) of differ-ent morphology using island film thermal annealing and nanoimprint lithography techniques. Structural parameters of obtained NSA were investigated using atomic force microscopy method. Spectral character-istics of obtained NSA were studied in air atmosphere, and NSA light extinction spectra exhibited an ex-pressed plasmon peak. Spectral position of localized surface plasmon resonance can be tuned depending on geometrical parameters of nanostructures, which is an important factor for resonant investigation methods of various types of molecular structures. Proposed technological approaches can be used to implement the resonance fluorometry in electromagnetic field of nanostructures (surface-enhanced fluorescence) method and in chemical and biosensors based on localized surface plasmon resonance.  Keywords: Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance, Nanostructures, Fluorometry, Biosensor.    PACS numbers: 81.07. – b, 73.20.Mf                                                             * vche111@yahoo.com 1. INTRODUCTION  Fluorescence phenomenon is widely used in optical devices, imaging microscopy, biology, medical studies and diagnostics. Improvement of fluorescence methods sensitivity, even down to single molecule detection lim-its, is needed in many applications, and this problem demands a solution at the present moment. One of the possible ways to enhance sensitivity is a method called resonance fluorometry in electromagnetic field of nanostructures (surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF)), which is based on an arrangement of highly conductive surfaces near the source of photon emission. SEF pro-vides general increase in fluorescence detection effi-ciency by changing and controlling the photon emitter electromagnetic environment. Near-field interaction between the emitter and surface modes of electromag-netic field is crucial in SEF. In particular, highly con-ductive surface capable of generating localized and po-lariton surface plasmons are efficient tools for SEF technique. Recent progress in nanoscale structured surface development extends application field of men-tioned method significantly.  2. FABRICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES FOR FLUOROMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS  2.1 State of the art  Fabrication of nanostructures for fluorometric inves-tigations is a promising interdisciplinary study in the fields of biology, chemistry, physics and medicine [1, 2]. Development and exploitation of novel functional nano-materials with well-defined structure and properties are of absolute importance for biochemical investigations [3-5]. During the last decade, a great number of nano-materials and nanotechniques have been developed, opening up the new possibilities in biological and bio-chemical studies [1, 2, 6, 7]. Up to now, a number of novel nanomaterials, such as carbon and polymeric nanotubes [5], quantum dots [3] and magnetic nanopar-ticles [4] have been studied and utilized in biotechnolo-gy applications. Their unique physicochemical proper-ties provide new basis for researching complicated bio-logical processes that are difficult to study using con-ventional methods [3-7]. Nevertheless, most of widely applied methods in the nano-manufacturing of SEF chips at present time are based on utilization of mate-rials with well-known properties, such as gold, silver, carbon and silicon. Commonly used high-conductive surfaces with devel-oped roughness are effective fluorescence amplifiers; however, they do not yield predictable results, and, con-sequently, the enhancement process can not be con-trolled, as well as in case of nanoparticles from colloidal solutions. This is explained by a strong dependence of fluorescence detection on nanoparticles size, shape and interparticle distance. Only uniform surface-bound nanostructure arrays with known surface 3D-geometry can provide a real possibility to perform preliminary estimation of final parameters when using SEF tech-nique and ensure their stability and reproducibility. In present work, two different approaches for nanostructures fabrication were used – a method based on gold island films preparation with subsequent ther-mal annealing and recently developed nanoimprint li-thography (NIL) technique for creation of uniformly ori-ented and homogeneous NSA with controlled nanoparti-cle size, shape and spacing, which can be a basis for SEF chips development. The most evident advantage of the latter method is an exploitation of matrix templates for nanostructure preparation that makes NIL a high-throughput and cost-efficient process, which allows cre-ating templates with relatively large linear dimensions and sub-10 nm resolution [8, 9].    V.I. CHEGEL, A.M. LOPATYNSKYI, V.K. LYTVYN, ET AL. PROC. NAP 1, 02NNBM27 (2012)   02NNBM27-2 2.2 Fabrication of random gold nanostructure array samples  Developed SEF chips fabrication technique based on gold island films with subsequent thermal annealing is a most affordable method yielding satisfactory results. Gold island films of varying thickness (from 10 to 60 nm) were obtained by thermal evaporation in vacu-um on glass substrates. After island film deposition, samples were annealed at 550 °С for 6 hours in air at-mosphere. As a result of annealing, gold film color changed from blue of different intensity to blue, violet and pink (depending on the film thickness) that con-firms the formation of separated gold nanoparticles having different size on the glass substrate surface at specific initial film thickness values (e.g. see Fig. 1).    Fig. 1 – AFM image of SEF chip based on thermally annealed gold island film (sample №7)    Fig. 2 – Measured extinction spectra of SEF chips based on thermally annealed gold island films with different initial gold island film thickness. Extinction spectra (which are numbered with reference to samples) exhibit peaks located in the wave-length range from 576 nm to 809 nm  2.3 Structural and spectral characteristics of thermally treated gold nanostructure arrays  As a result of microspectrophotometric measure-ments, light extinction spectra of the samples were ob-tained. It was found out that the peak position in the light extinction spectrum, which corresponds to the rise of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) on indi-vidual gold nanoparticles, shifts towards longer wave-lengths with increase in the initial gold island film thickness (see Fig. 2). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results (see Table 1) revealed the direct relation be-tween lateral dimensions and height of nanostructures produced after annealing and the initial gold island film thickness. Thus, it was shown that it is possible to tune the LSPR spectral position (see Fig. 2), and, there-fore, the spectral profile of fluorescence surface en-hancement, by changing the initial gold island film thickness. Developed SEF chips fabrication technology based on gold island films with subsequent thermal annealing can be exploited taking into account inherent technological limitations, which hinder the preparation of geometrically ordered nanoparticle arrays.  Table 1 – Spectral and structural characteristics of SEF chips based on thermally annealed gold island films with different initial gold island film thickness (sample numbers follow the initial gold island film thickness increase)  Sample number Peak position in extinction spectrum, nm Average equivalent diameter, nm Average height, nm 1 576 56 27 2 582 56 28 3 585 85 35 4 604 143 35 5 633 152 47 6 680 235 53 7 733 330 61 8 776 470 91 9 809 524 114 10 804 N/A N/A  3. FABRICATION OF ORDERED NANOPARTI-CLE ARRAY SAMPLES  3.1 NSA fabrication using nanoimprint lithog-raphy technique  Gold nanoparticle arrays were produced according to the following protocol. Glass substrates were cleaned in a 1:1 piranha solution (30 % H2O2:29 % NH4OH), rinsed with a copious amount of DI:H2O and dried us-ing N2. The resist was spincoated to the appropriate thickness on the substrates, baked for solvent removal and imprinted using the template. After nanoimprint-ing and sample separation, the residual polymer layer was removed using O2 plasma reactive-ion etching. Metallization was accomplished using an electron beam evaporator by first depositing a 3 nm Ti adhesion layer followed by Au layer. Lift-off was performed by soaking the samples in acetone and using an ultrasonic bath. After completion of lift-off, samples were rinsed with methanol and isopropanol and dried with N2. This technique can be used to create a variety of struc-tures by simply using different one-dimensional gratings (i.e. with various duty cycles or periods) and relative angu-lar orientation of the gratings for successive imprints.  3.2 Characteristics of produced ordered NSA samples  Structural characteristics of ordered NSA were in-vestigated using atomic force microscopy method. NIL-fabricated NSA samples of different geometry were stud-ied. These samples were comprised of parallelepiped- PREPARATION OF AU NANOSTRUCTURE ARRAYS FOR FLUOROMETRY… PROC. NAP 1, 02NNBM27 (2012)   02NNBM27-3 shaped nanoparticles, located in an ordered array with square or rectangular lattice. Typical AFM image of nanostructure array fabricated using mentioned tech-nique is shown in the Fig. 3.    Fig. 3 – AFM image of NSA sample №2 produced using NIL  Spectral characteristics of produced ordered NSA were investigated in air atmosphere (see Fig. 4) and yielded the following results. Unpolarized light extinc-tion spectra for each of samples exhibited bands with an expressed peak, which is characteristic for excitation of plasmonic oscillations in metal nanostructures. Extinc-tion peaks spectral positions of investigated samples differ and depend on the geometrical parameters of nanostructures. Extinction peak parameters estimated by fitting measured NSA light extinction spectra with a lorentzian function are presented in Table 2. The presence of expressed extinction peak allows ex-ploiting ordered NSA as localized surface plasmon reso-nance sensor elements and SEF chips. It is evident from Fig. 4 that application of nanoimprint lithography tech-nique allows producing NSA, which exhibit extinction peaks in different spectral regions, and, therefore, are able to operate at different incident light wavelengths.   Fig. 4 – Normalized measured unpolarized light extinction spectra of ordered NSA samples №1-4  Table 2 – Spectral characteristics of ordered NSA samples produced using NIL  NSA sample number Peak position in extinction spectrum, nm Peak FWHM, nm Extinction at peak maximum 1 652 160 0.35 2 731 154 0.82 3 783 171 0.64 4 606 173 0.28  4. CONCLUSION  Samples of random and ordered gold nanoparticle ar-rays with different morphology were fabricated using thermal annealing of vacuum-evaporated island films and nanoimprint lithography methods. Physical charac-teristics of produced structures were studied using atom-ic force microscopy method. Investigation of spectral characteristics of obtained NSA revealed the presence of expressed plasmonic peak in the NSA light extinction spectra. Developed technologies allow implementing the fluorescence signal enhancement technique using the localized surface plasmon resonance in highly conductive nanostructures.  REFERENCES  1. K. Riehemann, S.W. Schneider, T.A. Luger, B. Godin, M. Ferrari, H. Fuchs, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 48 No5, 872 (2009). 2. H. Hong, Y. Zhang, J. Sun, W. Cai, Nano Today 4 No5, 399 (2009). 3. X. Michalet, F.F. Pinaud, L.A. Bentolila, J.M. Tsay, S. Doose, J.J. Li, G. Sundaresan, A.M. Wu, S.S. Gambhir, S. Weiss, Science 307 No5709, 538 (2005). 4. J. Won, M. Kim, Y.-W. Yi, Y.H. Kim, N. Jung, T.K. Kim, Science 309 No5731, 121 (2005). 5. K. Kostarelos, A. Bianco, M. Prato, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 627 (2009). 6. D.A. Rothenfluh, H. Bermudez, C.P. O’Neil, J.A. Hubbell, Nat. Mater. 7, 248 (2008). 7. M. De, P.S. Ghosh, V.M. Rotello, Adv. Mater. 20 No22, 4225 (2008). 8. L. Guo, G. Chen, D.-H. Kim, Anal. Chem. 82 No12, 5147 (2010). 9. S.Y. Chou, P.R. Krauss, Microelectron. Eng. 35 No1-4, 237 (1997). 

Preparation of Au Nanostructure Arrays for Fluorometry and Biosensors Applications

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 
Vol. 1 No 2, 02NNBM27(3pp) (2012) 
 
 
2304-1862/2012/1(2)02NNBM27(3) 02NNBM27-1  2012 Sumy State University 
Preparation of Au Nanostructure Arrays for Fluorometry and Biosensors Applications 
 
V.I. Chegel1,*, A.M. Lopatynskyi1, V.K. Lytvyn1, V.I. Nazarenko2, L.J. Guo3, B.D. Lucas3 
 
1 V.E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NASU, 41, Nauki Ave., 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine 
2 O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry NASU, 9, Leontovycha str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine 
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Michigan University, MI 48109 Ann Arbor, USA 
 
(Received 22 June; published online 14 August 2012) 
 
The paper describes the fabrication of random and ordered gold nanostructure arrays (NSA) of differ-
ent morphology using island film thermal annealing and nanoimprint lithography techniques. Structural 
parameters of obtained NSA were investigated using atomic force microscopy method. Spectral character-
istics of obtained NSA were studied in air atmosphere, and NSA light extinction spectra exhibited an ex-
pressed plasmon peak. Spectral position of localized surface plasmon resonance can be tuned depending on 
geometrical parameters of nanostructures, which is an important factor for resonant investigation methods 
of various types of molecular structures. Proposed technological approaches can be used to implement the 
resonance fluorometry in electromagnetic field of nanostructures (surface-enhanced fluorescence) method 
and in chemical and biosensors based on localized surface plasmon resonance. 
 
Keywords: Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance, Nanostructures, Fluorometry, Biosensor. 
 
  PACS numbers: 81.07. – b, 73.20.Mf 
 
 
                                                          
*
 vche111@yahoo.com 
1. INTRODUCTION 
 
Fluorescence phenomenon is widely used in optical 
devices, imaging microscopy, biology, medical studies 
and diagnostics. Improvement of fluorescence methods 
sensitivity, even down to single molecule detection lim-
its, is needed in many applications, and this problem 
demands a solution at the present moment. One of the 
possible ways to enhance sensitivity is a method called 
resonance fluorometry in electromagnetic field of 
nanostructures (surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF)), 
which is based on an arrangement of highly conductive 
surfaces near the source of photon emission. SEF pro-
vides general increase in fluorescence detection effi-
ciency by changing and controlling the photon emitter 
electromagnetic environment. Near-field interaction 
between the emitter and surface modes of electromag-
netic field is crucial in SEF. In particular, highly con-
ductive surface capable of generating localized and po-
lariton surface plasmons are efficient tools for SEF 
technique. Recent progress in nanoscale structured 
surface development extends application field of men-
tioned method significantly. 
 
2. FABRICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES FOR 
FLUOROMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS 
 
2.1 State of the art 
 
Fabrication of nanostructures for fluorometric inves-
tigations is a promising interdisciplinary study in the 
fields of biology, chemistry, physics and medicine [1, 2]. 
Development and exploitation of novel functional nano-
materials with well-defined structure and properties are 
of absolute importance for biochemical investigations [3-
5]. During the last decade, a great number of nano-
materials and nanotechniques have been developed, 
opening up the new possibilities in biological and bio-
chemical studies [1, 2, 6, 7]. Up to now, a number of 
novel nanomaterials, such as carbon and polymeric 
nanotubes [5], quantum dots [3] and magnetic nanopar-
ticles [4] have been studied and utilized in biotechnolo-
gy applications. Their unique physicochemical proper-
ties provide new basis for researching complicated bio-
logical processes that are difficult to study using con-
ventional methods [3-7]. Nevertheless, most of widely 
applied methods in the nano-manufacturing of SEF 
chips at present time are based on utilization of mate-
rials with well-known properties, such as gold, silver, 
carbon and silicon. 
Commonly used high-conductive surfaces with devel-
oped roughness are effective fluorescence amplifiers; 
however, they do not yield predictable results, and, con-
sequently, the enhancement process can not be con-
trolled, as well as in case of nanoparticles from colloidal 
solutions. This is explained by a strong dependence of 
fluorescence detection on nanoparticles size, shape and 
interparticle distance. Only uniform surface-bound 
nanostructure arrays with known surface 3D-geometry 
can provide a real possibility to perform preliminary 
estimation of final parameters when using SEF tech-
nique and ensure their stability and reproducibility. 
In present work, two different approaches for 
nanostructures fabrication were used – a method based 
on gold island films preparation with subsequent ther-
mal annealing and recently developed nanoimprint li-
thography (NIL) technique for creation of uniformly ori-
ented and homogeneous NSA with controlled nanoparti-
cle size, shape and spacing, which can be a basis for SEF 
chips development. The most evident advantage of the 
latter method is an exploitation of matrix templates for 
nanostructure preparation that makes NIL a high-
throughput and cost-efficient process, which allows cre-
ating templates with relatively large linear dimensions 
and sub-10 nm resolution [8, 9]. 
 
 
 V.I. CHEGEL, A.M. LOPATYNSKYI, V.K. LYTVYN, ET AL. PROC. NAP 1, 02NNBM27 (2012) 
 
 
02NNBM27-2 
2.2 Fabrication of random gold nanostructure 
array samples 
 
Developed SEF chips fabrication technique based on 
gold island films with subsequent thermal annealing is 
a most affordable method yielding satisfactory results. 
Gold island films of varying thickness (from 10 to 
60 nm) were obtained by thermal evaporation in vacu-
um on glass substrates. After island film deposition, 
samples were annealed at 550 °С for 6 hours in air at-
mosphere. As a result of annealing, gold film color 
changed from blue of different intensity to blue, violet 
and pink (depending on the film thickness) that con-
firms the formation of separated gold nanoparticles 
having different size on the glass substrate surface at 
specific initial film thickness values (e.g. see Fig. 1). 
 
 
 
Fig. 1 – AFM image of SEF chip based on thermally annealed 
gold island film (sample №7) 
 
 
 
Fig. 2 – Measured extinction spectra of SEF chips based on 
thermally annealed gold island films with different initial gold 
island film thickness. Extinction spectra (which are numbered 
with reference to samples) exhibit peaks located in the wave-
length range from 576 nm to 809 nm 
 
2.3 Structural and spectral characteristics of 
thermally treated gold nanostructure arrays 
 
As a result of microspectrophotometric measure-
ments, light extinction spectra of the samples were ob-
tained. It was found out that the peak position in the 
light extinction spectrum, which corresponds to the rise 
of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) on indi-
vidual gold nanoparticles, shifts towards longer wave-
lengths with increase in the initial gold island film 
thickness (see Fig. 2). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 
results (see Table 1) revealed the direct relation be-
tween lateral dimensions and height of nanostructures 
produced after annealing and the initial gold island 
film thickness. Thus, it was shown that it is possible to 
tune the LSPR spectral position (see Fig. 2), and, there-
fore, the spectral profile of fluorescence surface en-
hancement, by changing the initial gold island film 
thickness. Developed SEF chips fabrication technology 
based on gold island films with subsequent thermal 
annealing can be exploited taking into account inherent 
technological limitations, which hinder the preparation 
of geometrically ordered nanoparticle arrays. 
 
Table 1 – Spectral and structural characteristics of SEF chips 
based on thermally annealed gold island films with different 
initial gold island film thickness (sample numbers follow the 
initial gold island film thickness increase) 
 
Sample 
number 
Peak position 
in extinction 
spectrum, nm 
Average 
equivalent 
diameter, 
nm 
Average 
height, 
nm 
1 576 56 27 
2 582 56 28 
3 585 85 35 
4 604 143 35 
5 633 152 47 
6 680 235 53 
7 733 330 61 
8 776 470 91 
9 809 524 114 
10 804 N/A N/A 
 
3. FABRICATION OF ORDERED NANOPARTI-
CLE ARRAY SAMPLES 
 
3.1 NSA fabrication using nanoimprint lithog-
raphy technique 
 
Gold nanoparticle arrays were produced according 
to the following protocol. Glass substrates were cleaned 
in a 1:1 piranha solution (30 % H2O2:29 % NH4OH), 
rinsed with a copious amount of DI:H2O and dried us-
ing N2. The resist was spincoated to the appropriate 
thickness on the substrates, baked for solvent removal 
and imprinted using the template. After nanoimprint-
ing and sample separation, the residual polymer layer 
was removed using O2 plasma reactive-ion etching. 
Metallization was accomplished using an electron beam 
evaporator by first depositing a 3 nm Ti adhesion layer 
followed by Au layer. Lift-off was performed by soaking 
the samples in acetone and using an ultrasonic bath. 
After completion of lift-off, samples were rinsed with 
methanol and isopropanol and dried with N2. 
This technique can be used to create a variety of struc-
tures by simply using different one-dimensional gratings 
(i.e. with various duty cycles or periods) and relative angu-
lar orientation of the gratings for successive imprints. 
 
3.2 Characteristics of produced ordered NSA 
samples 
 
Structural characteristics of ordered NSA were in-
vestigated using atomic force microscopy method. NIL-
fabricated NSA samples of different geometry were stud-
ied. These samples were comprised of parallelepiped-
 PREPARATION OF AU NANOSTRUCTURE ARRAYS FOR FLUOROMETRY… PROC. NAP 1, 02NNBM27 (2012) 
 
 
02NNBM27-3 
shaped nanoparticles, located in an ordered array with 
square or rectangular lattice. Typical AFM image of 
nanostructure array fabricated using mentioned tech-
nique is shown in the Fig. 3. 
 
 
 
Fig. 3 – AFM image of NSA sample №2 produced using NIL 
 
Spectral characteristics of produced ordered NSA 
were investigated in air atmosphere (see Fig. 4) and 
yielded the following results. Unpolarized light extinc-
tion spectra for each of samples exhibited bands with an 
expressed peak, which is characteristic for excitation of 
plasmonic oscillations in metal nanostructures. Extinc-
tion peaks spectral positions of investigated samples 
differ and depend on the geometrical parameters of 
nanostructures. Extinction peak parameters estimated 
by fitting measured NSA light extinction spectra with a 
lorentzian function are presented in Table 2. 
The presence of expressed extinction peak allows ex-
ploiting ordered NSA as localized surface plasmon reso-
nance sensor elements and SEF chips. It is evident from 
Fig. 4 that application of nanoimprint lithography tech-
nique allows producing NSA, which exhibit extinction 
peaks in different spectral regions, and, therefore, are 
able to operate at different incident light wavelengths. 
 
 
Fig. 4 – Normalized measured unpolarized light extinction 
spectra of ordered NSA samples №1-4 
 
Table 2 – Spectral characteristics of ordered NSA samples 
produced using NIL 
 
NSA 
sample 
number 
Peak position 
in extinction 
spectrum, nm 
Peak FWHM, 
nm 
Extinction 
at peak 
maximum 
1 652 160 0.35 
2 731 154 0.82 
3 783 171 0.64 
4 606 173 0.28 
 
4. CONCLUSION 
 
Samples of random and ordered gold nanoparticle ar-
rays with different morphology were fabricated using 
thermal annealing of vacuum-evaporated island films 
and nanoimprint lithography methods. Physical charac-
teristics of produced structures were studied using atom-
ic force microscopy method. Investigation of spectral 
characteristics of obtained NSA revealed the presence of 
expressed plasmonic peak in the NSA light extinction 
spectra. Developed technologies allow implementing the 
fluorescence signal enhancement technique using the 
localized surface plasmon resonance in highly conductive 
nanostructures. 
 
REFERENCES 
 
1. K. Riehemann, S.W. Schneider, T.A. Luger, B. Godin, 
M. Ferrari, H. Fuchs, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 48 No5, 872 
(2009). 
2. H. Hong, Y. Zhang, J. Sun, W. Cai, Nano Today 4 No5, 399 
(2009). 
3. X. Michalet, F.F. Pinaud, L.A. Bentolila, J.M. Tsay, 
S. Doose, J.J. Li, G. Sundaresan, A.M. Wu, S.S. Gambhir, 
S. Weiss, Science 307 No5709, 538 (2005). 
4. J. Won, M. Kim, Y.-W. Yi, Y.H. Kim, N. Jung, T.K. Kim, 
Science 309 No5731, 121 (2005). 
5. K. Kostarelos, A. Bianco, M. Prato, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 
627 (2009). 
6. D.A. Rothenfluh, H. Bermudez, C.P. O’Neil, J.A. Hubbell, 
Nat. Mater. 7, 248 (2008). 
7. M. De, P.S. Ghosh, V.M. Rotello, Adv. Mater. 20 No22, 
4225 (2008). 
8. L. Guo, G. Chen, D.-H. Kim, Anal. Chem. 82 No12, 5147 
(2010). 
9. S.Y. Chou, P.R. Krauss, Microelectron. Eng. 35 No1-4, 237 
(1997).
 


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Preparation of Au Nanostructure Arrays for Fluorometry and Biosensors Applications

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