Earthquakes in Pakistan are generated along the active fault system due to neo-tectonic process, emerged from the colliding plate boundaries of the Indian, Eurasian and Arabian plates. Based on this progression many active seismic zones in Pakistan, e.g., the Hindu Kush-Karakoram and Indus-Kohistan seismic zones emerged. Consequently, the 8th October 2005 earthquake occurred along the Indus-Kohistan active seismic zone that killed more than 80000 people. The subsequent studies revealed that he causative faults for earthquakes are mainly active thrust faults with a strike slip component and purely the strike slip faults. Based on the seismic hazard zones, prepared after 8th October 2005 earthquake, Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan has been up-graded from Zone 2 to Zone 3 having “g” factor between 0.1-0.3 with moderate to severe damage

Hiroaki OZAWA

Hiroshi NISHIMURA

KHAN Tahseenullah

Mamoru MURATA

Natsuko ADACHI

Takeshi KOZAI

小澤 大成

村田 守

西村 宏

足立 奈津子

香西 武

Earthquakes in Pakistan are generated along the active fault system due to neo-tectonic process, emerged from the colliding plate boundaries of the Indian, Eurasian and Arabian plates. Based on this progression many active seismic zones in Pakistan, e.g., the Hindu Kush-Karakoram and Indus-Kohistan seismic zones emerged. Consequently, the 8th October 2005 earthquake occurred along the Indus-Kohistan active seismic zone that killed more than 80000 people. The subsequent studies revealed that he causative faults for earthquakes are mainly active thrust faults with a strike slip component and purely the strike slip faults. Based on the seismic hazard zones, prepared after 8th October 2005 earthquake, Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan has been up-graded from Zone 2 to Zone 3 having “g” factor between 0.1-0.3 with moderate to severe damage.departmental bulletin pape

KHAN, Tahseenullah

村田, 守

ムラタ, マモル

MURATA, Mamoru

小澤, 大成

オザワ, ヒロアキ

OZAWA, Hiroaki

香西, 武

コウザイ, タケシ

KOZAI, Takeshi

足立, 奈津子

アダチ, ナツコ

ADACHI, Natsuko

西村, 宏

ニシムラ, ヒロシ

NISHIMURA, Hiroshi

Naruto University of Education Digital Collection / 鳴門教育大学学術研究コレクション

鳴門教育大学学校教育研究紀要第３０号Buletin of Center for Colaboration in CommunityNaruto University of EducationNo.３０, Feb., ２０１６Active Fault System and the Related Seismicity in PakistanTahseenulah KHAN, Mamoru MURATA, Hiroaki OZAWA,Takeshi KOZAI, Natsuko ADACHI and Hiroshi NISHIMURA№３０ ２９鳴門教育大学学校教育研究紀要　３０，２９－３４原 著 論 文Tahseenulah KHAN1,2, Mamoru MURATA3, Hiroaki OZAWA4,Takeshi KOZAI3, Natsuko ADACHI3 and Hiroshi NISHIMURA31. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, E-8, Islamabad, Pakistan2. Center for Colaboration in Community, Naruto University of Education, Tokushima 772-8502, Japan3. Natural Science Education (Science), Naruto University of Education, Tokushima 772-8502, Japan4. International Cooperation Center for Teacher Education and Training, Naruto University of Education,Tokushima 772-8502, JapanAbstract：Earthquakes in Pakistan are generated along the active fault system due to neo-tectonic process, emerged from the coliding plate boundaries of the Indian, Eurasian and Arabian plates. Based on this progression many active seismic zones in Pakistan, e.g., the Hindu Kush-Karakoram and Indus-Kohistan seismic zones emerged. Consequently, the 8th October 2005 earthquake occured along the Indus-Kohistan active seismic zone that kiled more than 80000 people. The subsequent studies revealed that he causative faults for earthquakes are mainly active thrust faults with a strike slip component and purely the strike slip faults. Based on the seismic hazard zones, prepared after 8th October 2005 earthquake, Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan has been up-graded from Zone 2 to Zone 3 having “g” factor between 0.1-0.3 with moderate to severe damage.Keywords：Active Fault, Seismicity, Earthquake, Hazard Zones, PakistanActive Fault System and the Related Seismicity in PakistanⅠ．Introduction　Earthquakes are normaly assumed to originate from the hypocenter which is located always within about 700 km of the earthʼs surface, however, in reality the focal region extends to several kilometers after most earthquakes when originated along a fault plane (e.g., Kearey et al., 2009). The mechanism of the earthquakes is related to the plate tectonics. Earthʼs crust is composed of a number of rigid and heterogeneous plates, caled tectonic plates, which move very slowly on top of a weaker homogeneous layer, the asthenosphere of the mantle within the Earth. The two coliding plates when slide pass each other, build pressure within the Earthʼs crust. Earthquakes occur when pressure within the Earthʼs crust increases slowly with times and finaly exceeds the strength of the rocks with sudden release in the form of strain energy. 　Pakistan lies in the realm of tectonic plates and frequently receives earthquakes (Fig. 1). These earthquakes occur along the active transpressional and strike slip faults (e.g., Armbruster et al., 1978; Kazmi 1979; Kazmi and Rana, 1982; MonaLisa and Khwaja, 2005; Rafi et al., 2011; Shah, 2013). According to Nakata et al. (1991), the nature of the Recent and Subrecent tectonic conditions of the coliding plate boundaries in Pakistan generated the active fault system in Pakistan. This manuscript highlights the causes of the October 8, 2005 Kashmir Earthquake and share the information about the seismicity in Pakistan.Ⅱ．The October 8, 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan　Magnitude 7.6 earthquake folowed by a number of aftershocks ranging between 6.0 and 5.2 magnitude hit Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K), Hazara Division, Shangla and Kohistan Districts and Peshawar, Islamabad-Rawalpindi, Lahore and other parts of the country as wel as Afghanistan and the Indian held Kashmir on Saturday the October 8, 2005 at 8:52:38 AM PST at the epicenter. The depth of earthquake was 10 km. The epicenter of the earthquake was located 90 km NNE of Islamabad (Fig. 2). This earthquake kiled more than 80,000 and injured more than 100,000 people with milions people rendered homeless. 鳴門教育大学学校教育研究紀要３０Ⅲ．The causative faults　The northwestern margin of the South Asian subcontinent is characterized by al kinds of earthquake events. These seismic activities are the result of movement along various active faults and tectonic processes associated with deep crustal-mantle changes in the region. The major active fault structures, particularly the peripheral fault systems have moved repeatedly during the recent geological times. The global distribution of destructive earthquakes and nature of tectonic elements indicate that a major part of Pakistan lies in an active zone of significant seismicity because of its tectonic location (Fig. 2). 　In North Pakistan, Kohistan paleo-island arc-back-arc system covers about 40000 km2 area and squeezed between the colided Indian and Karakoram-Asian continental plates (Khan et al., 2011). Both the tectonic contacts are marked with suture zones, namely the Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) in the north and Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) in the south, which are seismicaly active (e.g., Tahirkheli et al., 1979; Yuhei et al., 1996; Kazmi and Jan, 1997; Fig. 3). The colision of the Indian continental plate with Eurasian plate took place about 40-55 milion years ago, producing a tectonic pile. This tectonic pile is composed of three main elements (Subhimalaya, Lesser Himalaya and Higher Himalaya), each having characteristic stratigraphic, structural and metamorphic features and which are further separated by three main thrust faults namely the Main Central Thrust (MCT), the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), and the Main Frontal Thrust (e.g., Keiry et al., 2009; Fig. 3). The large-scale structure is dominated by the 160° bending of geological lineaments around a central lower most core (Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis) and by northeast continuation of this syntaxial structure towards the uppermost tectonic element (Nanga Parbat Syntaxis) and the colision margin (MMT). 　The Subhimalayan element forms the core of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis with the molassic, Miocene aged ~20 milion years old Muree Formation. Older Cambrian ~560 milion years and Paleocene (~65-53 milion years old rocks are exposed along the ridge of Muzafarabad anticline, which is the main structural feature of this element. The Lesser Himalaya is composed of a stack of thrust units. Characteristicaly, the age and the metamorphic grade of these units increase northwards, where by the highest tectonic position is occupied by the oldest rocks the Salkhala Formation (Fig. 4). A multi-phased folded basement and cover sequence belonging to the Higher Himalaya lies above an important discontinuity, which represents the continuation of the Main Central Thrust in northeast of Pakistan (Greco 1989).　The structures associated with thrust tectonics in the area are imbricate faults and isoclinals and recumbent folds. This deformation is due to northwest-southeast oriented compression forming the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis (Greco 1989) (Fig. 3). Seismic activity has been noticed with these thrust faults and the area has been subjected to recent active faulting, particularly the Raikot and Astore Earthquakes of 2002 that occured along the Raikot-Sassi-Astore strike slip active fault. The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) passes Figure 1. Map showing tectonic configuration of the Indian, Eurasian, Arabian and African plates. Also seen Karakoram-Himalaya -Pamir and Hindukush Mountain Ranges.Figure 2. Simplified map, drawn from CORONA satelite photo, shows the causative faults of 8th October 2005 Kashmir earthquake after (Nakata and Kumahara, 2006). The inset shows location of Pakistan.№３０ ３１Figure 3.Seismotectonic map showing the locations of Yasin (YSN) and Hamran (HSZ) seismic zones and faults. UHF=Upper Hunza Fault, RF=Reshun Fault, MKT=Main Karakoram Thrust, MMT=Main Mantle Thrust, NF=Noushera Fault.Figure 4.Seismic zone map of Pakistan after using historical instrumental earthquake data of the Pakistan Meteorological Department and observed intensities on the simple premise that the ground motion of a certain intensity experienced once in a certain area is likely to be experienced again. The hazard zones are valid only for the design of ordinary structures, nuclear structures, large dams, and structures containing highly toxic chemicals are not covered by this map (redrawn after Anwar et al., 2006)鳴門教育大学学校教育研究紀要３２through Islamabad, Muree, Muzafarabad, Balakot, and Indian held Kashmir and to the west, in Kohat and Parachinar. A number of active faults are associated with the MBT, which already generated earthquakes, particularly in Mansehra and the adjoining areas of the Hazara Division, Kohistan and the Northern Areas of Pakistan. 　The recent earthquake of 8th October 2005 links to the Balakot-Bagh active fault and/or Tanda fault of Nakata and Kumahara (2006), the ofshoot of the MBT, which lies in the Indus-Kohistan active seismic zone. The fault extends for a strike length of about 65 km and passes through Balakot, Muzafarabad, and Bagh areas. The fault between Balakot and Muzafarabad runs between the dolomitic limestone and carbonaceous shale of the Muzafarabad Formation of Precambrian age and the Muree Formation of Miocene age. Further in the southeast, the fault mostly extends within Muree Formation. In Muzafarabad area, the fault dips to the northeast at moderate to steep angle coinciding with the earthquake epicenter. The field evidences indicate a thrust fault with strike slip movement, a transpressional fault. The rupture is traceable on the surface ilustrating uplift of the area on the northeastern side of the fault. Ⅳ．Seismicity in Pakistan　The documented record of seismicity consists of mainly earthquake epicenters located on the basis of instrumental recordings. Kazmi and Jan (1997) reported active seismic zones of Pakistan which include the Hindu Kush-Western Karakoram seismic zone with frequent earthquakes of magnitude 5-7 at focal depths of 100-200 km (Fig. 5). Other active seismic zones are the Yasin and Hamran seismic zones in the Gilgit-Baltistan province where frequent earthquakes of 3-5 magnitude and focal depth up to 100 km encounter. The Tarbela-Hazara and the Indus-Kohistan seismic zones depict shalow for Tarbela from 8-18 km depth to deeper for the Hazara region where the seismicity encounter more than 18 km along the steeply dipping basement fault with reverse and strike slip motion (Kazmi and Jan, 1997). The Punjab seismic zone comprises a region of relatively high seismicity. Strike slip active faults and a number of lineaments traverse this region. Other seismic zones include (1) the Sulaiman seismic zone which covers the entire Sulaiman fold-and-thrust belt characterized by shalow earthquakes of moderate to high magnitude (5 to 7). Within this zone there is Harnai-Kohlu high seismicity belt. 　The high seismicity belt contains a number of large NE, EW and NW trending faults. Earthquake activity in the region is due to strike slip faulting, (2) the North Kirthar seismic zone comprising the northern portion of the Kirthar fold-and-thrust belt lying between Queta and Kalat and bounded to the east by the Kachhi plain and to the west by the Ghazaband fault. Seismic events and associated ground ruptures at various locations indicate that the seismicity of this region is centered around a few NS trending faults, (3) Chaman fault seismic zone forms a narow seismic strip around the 900 km long Chaman Fault, along which smal to Figure 5. Seismotectonic map showing the locations of various faults (after Kazmi and Jan, 1997).Table 1. Revised seismic hazard zones of Pakistan (after Anwar et al., 2006).Citiesg FactorIntensityImpactZonesMianwali, Sargodha, Jhang, Multan, DG Khan, Dalbandine, Nokundi, Panjgur 0.03 6Minor to no damageZone 1Gujranwala, DI Khan, Bannu, Kohat, Lahore, Dera Bugti, Sukkur, Bela, Hyderabad, Badin, Karachi0.03-0.16-7.5Minor to moderate damageZone 2Gopis, Chitral, Gilgit, Patan, Rawalakot, Abotabad, Saidu, Sialkot, Kohlu, Khuzdar, Jacobabad, Turbat, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Jhelum0.1-0.37.5-9Moderate to severe damageZone 3Muzafarabad, Bagh, Mansehra, Chaman, Pishin, Queta, Mastung, Nushki, Kalat, Gowader, Pasni 0.3＞9Severe damageZone 4№３０ ３３large earthquakes occured in the past. Focal mechanism and field evidences indicate left lateral strike slip motion (e.g. Rehman et al., 2011) and (4) the Makran Coast seismic zone comprising a region of active subduction and is characterized by shalow seismicity (e.g. Hussain et al., 2002). Most of the earthquakes are located of the coast. The 1945 earthquake generated Tsunami along the Makran coastal area. After the 8th October 2005 earthquake Ahmad et al. (2006) published revised seismic hazard zones of Pakistan on the basis of “g” factor (Table 1).Ⅴ．Seismicity in other regions of the country　In other parts of the country, namely Chaghai, Bannu, Potwar, Bela-Kuzdar and Southern Kirthar fold belt, the level of seismicity is relatively low and difused. The central and southern parts of the Indus Platform zone are devoid of any modern teleseismic activity except in the Sulaiman and Kirthar foredeeps and in the Rann of Kutch and the adjacent areas. Two large earthquakes namely the 1901 Kachhi and the 1819 Ala Band have already occured in the Rann of Kutch.　There are many other active faults in Pakistan which include: Reshun Thrust Fault; Upper Hunza Fault; Karakoram Fault; Main Karakoram Thrust; Main Mantle Thrust; Raikot-Sassi-Astore Fault; Harban and Sassi-Dassu Fault; Shinkiari Fault; Indus Fault System; Darband Fault; Nowshera and Kund Faults; Main Boundary Thrust (composed of a series of paralel and echelon faults) also known as the Parachinar-Muree Fault; Muzafarabad-Balkot Fault; Jhelum Fault; Dil Jaba Thrust Fault; Hissartang Fault; Atock and Campbelpur Faults; Kaler Kahar and Uchali Faults; Salt Range Thrust Fault; Surghar Thrust Fault: Kalabagh Fault (Kazmi and Jan, 1997).Ⅵ．Conclusions　Earthquakes in Pakistan are generated along the active fault system due to neotectonic process emerged from the coliding plate boundaries of the Indian, Eurasian and Arabian plates. Based on this tectonic process many active seismic zones in Pakistan such as the Hindu Kush-Karakoram and Indus-Kohistan seismic zones have been emerged. The 8th October 2005 earthquake occured along the Indus-Kohistan active seismic zone that kiled more than 80,000 people. The causative faults for earthquakes are mainly active thrust faults with strike slip component and purely the strike slip faults. Based on the seismic hazard zones, Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan has been up-graded from Zone 2 after the 8th October 2005 earthquake to Zone 3 having “g” factor between 0.1-0.3 with moderate to severe damage.Acknowledgements　The authors are indebted to Prof. Dr. Yuzo Tanaka, President of Naruto University of Education for inviting the first author as a Foreign Visiting Researcher (FVR) to conduct joint research study in the period January-June 2015. Thanks are also extended to Ms. Noriko Onishi, Chief for Division of Regional Afairs and her team including Ms. Miyumi Harada for their cooperation and assistance.  This study was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant(No. 15H02915).ReferencesAnwar, M. A., Ulah, A. and Nazirulah, R., 2006. Seismic intensities of earthquake hazard zones of Pakistan. Extended Abstracts. In: Kausar, A. B., Karim, T. and Khan, T. (Eds.) International Conference on 8th October 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan: Its implications and Hazard Mitigation, 18-19th January, 2006, Islamabad, Geological Survey of Pakistan, 121-124.Armbruster, J., Seeber, L. and Jacob, K. H., 1978. The northwestern termination of the Himalayan mountain front: Active tectonics from microearthquakes, Journal of Geophysical Research, 83(B1), 269-282.Greco, A., 1989. Tectonic and metamorphism of the western Himalayan Syntaxis area (Azad  Kashmir NE Pakistan) dissertation ETH Zurich, 8779, 1-113.Hussain, A., Akhtar, S. S., 2004, Geological Map of Mirpur District, Azad Jammu and Kashmir: Geological Survey of Pakistan, Azad Kahmir District Geological Map Series, Geological Map No. 6Hussain, J., But, K. A. and Pervaiz, K., 2002. Makaran coast: A potential seismic risk belt. Geological Buletin Univ. Peshawar Vol. 35, 43-56.Kazmi, A. H. and Jan, M. Q., 1997 Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan. Graphic Publishers, Nazimabad, Karachi, 1-554.Kazmi, A. H., 1979.  Active fault systems in Pakistan. In: (Farah, A. and DeJong, K., Eds.) Geodynamics of Paksitan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, 285-294.Kazmi, A. H. and Rana, R. A., 1982. Tectonic Map of Pakistan, 1:1,000,000. Geological Survey of Pakistan Queta, Pakistan.Kearey, P., Klepeis, K. and Vine, F. J., 2009. Global 鳴門教育大学学校教育研究紀要３４Tectonics, 3rd Edition. Wiley-Blackwel Publisher, 482p.MonaLisa. and Khwaja, A. A., 2005. Tectonic model of nw Himalayan fold and thrust belt on the basis of focal mechanism studies. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, vol. 2, Issue 4, 9-50.Nakata, T. H., Tsutsumi,  S. H., Khan, A. M et al., 1991. Special publication21, Active faults of Pakistan: map sheets and inventories.Research Center for Regional Geography, Hiroshima University, Japan.Nakata, T. and Kumahara, Y., 2006. Active faults of Pakistan with reference to the active faults in the source area of 2005 North Pakistan Earthquake. Extended Abstracts. In: Kausar, A. B., Karim, T. and Khan, T. (Eds.) International Conference on 8th October 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan: Its implications and Hazard Mitigation, 18-19th January, 2006, Islamabad, Geological Survey of Pakistan, 17-22.Rafi, Z., Ahmed, N., Rehman, S., Azeem, Tahir., Khairy, Abd el-aziz Abd el-aal., 2011. Analysis of Queta-Ziarat earthquake of 29 October 2008 in Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences June 2013, Volume 6, Issue 6, 1731-1737.Rehman, H. U., Seno T., Yamamoto H., Khan, T., 2011. Timing of colision of Kohistan-Ladakh arc with India and Asia: Debate, The Journal of Island Arc (Wiley Interscience), vol. 20, No.3, 308-328.Shah, A. A., 2013. Earthquake geology of Kashmir basin and its implications for future large earthquakes. International Journal of Earthscience (Geol Rundsch). DOI: 10.1007/s00531-013-0874-8.Tahirkheli,R.A.K., 1979. Geotectonic evolution of Kohistan. Geology of Kohistan, Karakorum,  Himalaya, Northern Pakistan. Special Issue, Geological Buletin University of Peshawar, vol. 2, 113-130.Treloar, P. J., 1989. Imbrication and unroofing of the Himalayan thrust stack of North Indian plate, North Pakistan. Geological Buletin University of Peshawar, vol. 22, 25-44.

Active Fault System and the Related Seismicity in Pakistan

https://naruto.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=25366&item_no=1&attribute_id=25&file_no=1

Active Fault System and the Related Seismicity in Pakistan

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Naruto University of Education Digital Collection / 鳴門教育大学学術研究コレクション