The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantity of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli on enamel surfaces and one year old glass ionomer cement and compomer. The class V fillings, with their cervical margins placed subgingivally, were placed in the incisor, canine and premolar. The teeth to be filled had cervical abrasion or erosion defects. The evaluation was done in a cross sectional study, where the patients continued to use their customary oral hygiene procedures and during a 14-day period of experimental plaque formation. In this study no difference was seen in the number of bacteria recovered from one year old glass ionomer cement fillings compared to the enamel and composite resin surfaces. The fluoride levels in plaque adjacent to glass ionomer cement did not become high enough to inhibit the accumulation of the investigated bacteria. In this study we found that there was the same critical levels of Streptococcus mutans on glass ionomer cement and compomer. Only one of the test subjects had a number of lactobacilli. Differences in numbers of bacteria on the teeth could be due to different toxicologic effects of the restorative materials. The levels reached in plaque adjacent to the material did not become high enough to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli

Gabriela, Beresescu

Monea, Adriana

Mucenic, Simona

Ormenisan, Alina

English

European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)

European Scientific Journal August 2015 edition vol.11, No.24  ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 326 STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS AND LACTOBACILLI ON GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS    Beresescu Gabriela Department of  Tooth and Dental Arch Morphology,  University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tirgu Mures, Romania Adriana Monea Department of Odontology and Oral Pathology,  University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tirgu-Mureş, Romania Alina Ormenisan Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,  University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tirgu Mures, Romania Simona Mucenic Department of  Tooth and Dental Arch Morphology,  University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tirgu Mures, Romania   Abstract  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantity of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli on enamel surfaces and one year old glass ionomer cement and compomer. The class V fillings, with their cervical margins placed subgingivally, were placed in the incisor, canine and premolar. The teeth to be filled had cervical abrasion or erosion defects. The evaluation was done in a cross sectional study, where the patients continued to use their customary oral hygiene procedures and during a 14-day period of experimental plaque formation. In this study no difference was seen in the number of bacteria recovered from one year old glass ionomer cement fillings compared to the enamel and composite resin surfaces. The fluoride levels in plaque adjacent to glass ionomer cement did not become high enough to inhibit the accumulation of the investigated bacteria. In this study we found that there was the same critical levels of Streptococcus mutans on glass ionomer cement and compomer. Only one of the test subjects had a number of lactobacilli. Differences in numbers of bacteria on the teeth could be due to different toxicologic effects of the restorative materials. The levels reached in plaque adjacent to the material did not become high enough to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli.  European Scientific Journal August 2015 edition vol.11, No.24  ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431  327 Keywords: Glass ionomer cement, compomer, Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli  Introduction The composition of dental plaque can be affected by the chemical properties of different restorative materials (Cury et al., 2000). The caries preventive effects of fluoride have stimulated the inclusion of fluoride in a host of dental materials (Ajdic D., 2002). One explanation of the cariostatic effect of fluoride is the interference of fluoride on the adherence of bacteria to the enamel pellicle (Lindquist B., 1989). Several studies suggest that the normal resistance of most of the oral organisms is such that their growth would not be inhibited by the levels in the plaque (Berg J.H., 1988). Earlier studies have shown a relationship between the salivary concentration of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli and their colonization on enamel surfaces (Koo H. et al., 2002). The purpose of this study was to compare individually the occurence of Streptococcus Mutans and lactobacilli on glass ionomer cement, composite resin, and sound enamel surfaces, and to relate it to salivary levels of these bacteria.   Material and method The evaluation was done in patients who continued to use their customary oral hygiene procedures and during a 14-day period of experimental plaque formation.The patients gave informed consent. The class V fillings, with their cervical margins placed subgingivally, were placed in the anterior or premolar region of 20 pacients. The teeth to be filled had cervical abrasions or erosions. In the first group, the defects  were filled with a compomer (Dyract AP). The second group was restored with a glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX).  In the third group, experimental teeth showed a non-abrasive and non-filled enamel surfaces. The evaluations were made about 1 year after insertion of the fillings. The patients continued to use their customary oral hygiene procedures. Bacterial plaque samples were taken from the experimental teeth after isolation with cotton rolls and a suction device. Saliva and plaque samples were brought to the laboratory and cultured within 3 h. The bacterial deposits on the paper strips were dispersed by treating in a mixer at the maximal setting for 30 s. Saliva samples were treated in the same way. The number of lactobacilli, total streptoccoci and Streptococcus mutans were determined. The results of this study were compared using Friedman,s two-way analysis of variance .    European Scientific Journal August 2015 edition vol.11, No.24  ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 328 Results   The intraindividual differences of number of lactobacilli, Str.mutans , and total streptococci between the test surfaces were not statistically signifiant. The numbers of streptococci, lactobacilli and Str.mutans per ml of saliva at day 14 are given in Table 1. Two subjects had number of lactobacilli higher than 105/ml saliva, when nine subjects showed lactobacilli levels between 104-106/ml saliva. Lactobacilli could not be isolated from the test surfaces of any of the subjects. Table 1. Number of microorganisms per ml of saliva  No.of subjects Cross-sectional study (range) Day 14 of experimental plaque (range) Lactobacilli 16 3.0x10² 7.5x10³ Str.mutans 16 3.5x104 1.9x105 Total streptococci 16 1.4x107 4.0x107   Table 2 shows the number of microorganisms recovered from the test surfaces at day 0 and day 14. The differences between the test surfaces were not statistically different(p<0.05). Table 2. Number of microorganisms recovered from test surfaces at day 0 and  day 14 in dental plaque  Enamel  Day 0      Day 14 Dyract AP  Day 0        Day 14 Fuji IX  Day 0        Day 14    Lactobacilli   0                   1   0                      2   0                   2 Str.mutans   3                   7   4                      7   4                   7 Total streptococci 11                  16 12                   16  12             16  Discussions The number of lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans recovered from the restored and intact teeth surfaces confirm earlier observations that below critical salivary concentrations no microorganisms could be detected on enamel[6]. Van Houte et al [8] have also shown that lactobacilli are not usually detected in plaque from a buccal tooth surfaces without manifesting carious lesions. The proximal plaque facilitates establishment of lactobacilli, especially in an acidic environment created by a high frecquent intake of fermentable carbohydrates[4]. The antibacterial activity of the dental materials used in the treatment of caries could have many causes. Chemical composition, low pH during binding, and the release of fluoride and other ions are of great importance (Boeckh C, 2002; Fraga R.C., 1996). DeSchepper (1998) and Herrera (1999) suggesed that fluoride activity and bacterial cells depends not only on European Scientific Journal August 2015 edition vol.11, No.24  ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431  329 amount of the ion, but also on the material’s pH during binding. As shown in some studies, glass ionomer cements are characterized by low pH during biding, which is maintained from several minutes to 24 hours (Scherer W., 1989; Vermeersch G, 2005).  However, long-term clinical studies should be conducted in order to verify the results.  Conclusion In this study we found that the same critical levels of Streptococcus mutans were on glass ionomer cement and compomer. Only one of the test subjects had a different number of lactobacilli. Differences in numbers of bacteria on the teeth could be due to different toxicologic effects of the restorative materials.  The levels reached in plaque adjacent to the material did not become high enough to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli.  References: Ajdic, D., McShan, W.M., McLaughlin, R.E. et al. – Genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159, a cariogenic dental pathogen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99, 2002:14434-9  Berg J.H., Brown L.R.,Farrel J.E., Puente E.S. – Influence of glass ionomer/silver cermet restorations on interproximal bacterial growth, J Dent Res 1988, 67: Spec Issue 1336: 280  Council on Dental Materials, Instruments and Equipments – Restorative materials containing fluoride, J Am Dent Assoc 1988, 116: 762-3 Crossner CG, Claesson R, Johansson T – Presence of mutans streptococci and various types of lactobacilli in interdental spaces related to development of proximal carious lesions, Scand J Dent Res 1989, 97:307-15 Cury, J.A., Rebelo, M.A., Del Bel Cury, A.A. et al – Biochemical composition and cariogenity of dental plaque formed in the presence of surcrose or glucose and  fructose, Caries Research 2000, 34:491-7 Koo, H., Cury, J.A., Rosalen, P.L. et al. – Effect of mouthrinse containing selected propolis on 3-day dental plaque accumulation and polysaccharide formation, Caries Research, 2002, 36:445-8 Lindquist B., Emilson C.G., Wennerholm K. – Relationship between mutans streptococci in saliva and their colonization of the tooth surfaces, Oral Microbiol Immunol 1989, 4: 71-6 van Houte J, Gibbons RJ, Pulkkinen AJ, Ecology of human oral lactobacilli, Infect Imun 1972, 6: 723-9    

STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS AND LACTOBACILLI ON GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS AND LACTOBACILLI ON GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS

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