This issue includes articles regarding, Aero team, representing women, and new iPhones appeal to everyone.https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastatedaily_2017-09/1015/thumbnail.jp

SUN, Daojin

XIAO, Zhengmei

English

This study investigates the relationship among customer involvement in product design, supplier involvement in product design, the implementation of fuzzy front-end (IFFE) and new product development performance (NPDP) base on resource-based view and knowledge-based theory of the firm. Theoretical hypotheses have been empirically tested through 168 valid questionnaires from China manufacturing enterprises. The results show that the implementation of the fuzzy front end has a significant positive effect on the new product development performance. The positive effect of the implementation of the fuzzy front end of new product development performance is further strengthened when customer and supplier involve in product design. The related research results enrich the innovation theory and have a great significance for the enterprise management practice in the new product development

LIU, Yue

SUN, Jing

CSCanada.net: E-Journals (Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture, Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures)

The Impact of IFFE on NPD Performance: The Moderating Effect of Customer Involvement and Supplier Involvement

Environmental aesthetics research mainly focusses on the aesthetic appeal of human existence environment and the social effect of environmental aesthetic feeling. It is a profound re-thinking of artistic philosophy and it has gone far beyond the theoretical dimension of the artistic aesthetics, which excluded natural beauty form esthetics since Friedrich Hegel’ aesthetic theory. The “environmental aesthetics” discussed in this paper refers to natural environment aesthetics and social environment aesthetics according to the Marxist Theory. It is superior to Eco aesthetics because of the wider research fields and multidimensional research paradigms. The booming development of modern science and technology in the Era of industrial civilization are considered as a booming expansion of human essential power, which on the one hand improves our environmental conditions, while on the other hand upsets the delicate equilibrium of the ecosystem and leads to environmental degradation. Basically, the main reason is the relative independence of social ideology, such as hysteretic environmental philosophy and ecological aesthetics ideology. Based on the construction of ecological civilization, the paper try hard to clearly draw the formative dimension of environmental aesthetics from the huge system of the Marxist Theory. This essay consists of four parts. The first part is a brief comparison of environmental aesthetics studies in Chinese and Western. Then it refers to the debates and embryo of Marxist environmental aesthetics. The third part is the basis for theoretical growth of Marxist environmental aesthetics. While the last part is evolvement logic and its ultimate appeal of Marxist environmental aesthetics. With this cardinal line, we hope to provide a new clue or perspective for environmental aesthetics research

YAO, Liang

The Formative Dimension of Environmental Aesthetics in Marxist Theory Context

By investigating the examples of the Chinese classifiers that modify the tree name nouns, which recorded in the unearthed documents and handed-down literatures, this paper has made an analysis of their evolution, and come to a conclusion that the motivation of their evolution is related not only to the sticking to the precise and economical principles, but also to the numerically quantified noun structure, Chinese dialects and the tendency of the bi-syllabification of Chinese vocabulary

LI, Ye

TIAN, Jialu

62Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture ISSN 1923-1555[Print] ISSN 1923-1563[Online]   www.cscanada.netwww.cscanada.orgStudies in Literature and LanguageVol. 11, No. 3, 2015, pp. 62-65DOI:10.3968/7585Evolution of the Chinese Classifiers That Modify the Tree Name NounsLI Ye[a],*; TIAN Jialu[a][a]Doctoral Candidate, Institute of Ancient Chinese Language and Documents, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.*Corresponding author.Received 10 June 2015; accepted 13 July 2015Published online 26 September 2015Abstract By investigating the examples of the Chinese classifiers that modify the tree name nouns, which recorded in the unearthed documents and handed-down literatures, this paper has made an analysis of their evolution, and come to a conclusion that the motivation of their evolution is related not only to the sticking to the precise and economical principles, but also to the numerically quantified noun structure, Chinese dialects and the tendency of the bi-syllabification of Chinese vocabulary.Key words: Chinese language; Classifier; Tree name noun; Evolution; MotivationLi,Y., & Tian, J. L. (2015). Evolution of the Chinese Classifiers That Modify the Tree Name Nouns. Studies in Literature and Language, 11(3), 62-65. Available from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/sll/article/view/7585 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/7585INTRODUCTIONClassifier is a unique part of speech in Sino Tibetan language family especially in China. But since the start of the modern linguistics study in China, the definition of classifier until 1950s has been determined, and classifier has been treated as an independent category in Chinese vocabulary (He, 2000) In view of the particularity of classifiers, the purposes of this study is to get the rules of evolution in Chinese classifiers by investigating a certain class of classifiers. And the object of this paper is the Chinese classifiers that modify the tree name nouns, which does not include the classifiers that modify flowers, fruit or some else about trees. Many old studies tend to research one of those classifiers individually, and the class of classifiers that modify the tree name nouns have not yet been researched systematically. In this paper, we mainly talk about the classifiers that modify the tree name nouns in historical stages and investigate the evolution of those classifiers in chronological order, then analyze the motivation of their development and evolvement.1.  EVOLUTION OF THE CLASSIFIERS THAT MODIFY THE TREE NAME NOUNSNo one classifier that modify the tree name nouns was found in oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions by now, that is to say, there was no classifier that modify the tree name nouns in early Chinese language. However, in the Warring States and Qin and Han Dynasties (BC475-AD220), there were six classifiers be used to modify tree name nouns in Chinese language, they are “ben (本)”, “shu  (树)”, “mu (木)”, “zhang (章)”, “ge (箇)” and “mei (枚)”. And the use cases of those classifiers，which be recorded by the unearthed documents and handed-down literatures，as the following:(1) Xunzi· Fuguo Chapter: “Each melon tree, peach tree, jujube tree and plum tree can bear its fruitages that need be hold by big container.” (《荀子·富国》： “瓜桃枣李一本4数以盆鼓.”)(2) Shiji· Biographies of Trade: “There are thousands of jujube trees in Wei kingdom and thousands of chestnut trees in Yan kingdom and Qing kingdom.” (《史记·货殖列传》： “安邑千树4枣，燕秦千树4栗.”)(3) Shiji· Biographies of Trade: “One thousand woods and ten thousand bamboos.” (《史记·货殖列传》： “木千章4，竹竿万个.”)(4) Suan Shu Shu of the Han Dynasty bamboo slips unearthed in Zhangjiashan: “Cut off sixty bamboos one day.” ( 张家山汉简《算数书》：“一日伐竹六十箇4.”)(5) Fengzhenshi of the Qin Dynasty Bamboo slips 63 Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental CultureLI Ye; TIAN Jialu (2015). Studies in Literature and Language, 11(3), 62-65unearthed in Shuihudi: “There was ten mulberry trees front the door.” (睡虎地秦简《封诊式》：“门桑十木4.”)(6) Bamboo and wooden slip of Han Dynasty unearthed Juyan area, Number E.P.T40-16: “Forty short bamboos on the mat of carriage.” (居延新简E.P.T40：16：“车荐短竹四十枚4.”)The number of classifiers that modify the tree name nouns is more than before in the Qin and Han Dynasties, even so, it is not much all, so this period including Oracle Era, Bronze Age and Qin and Han Dynasties is still an embryonic stage of this kind of classifiers.In the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties ( A D 2 2 0 - A D 5 8 9 ) ,  C h i n e s e  c l a s s i f i e r s  g o t  a n unprecedented development. As suggested, “the complete system of Chinese classifiers is formed in this era”. (Liu, 1965) It is no doubt that, in such a background, the classifiers about tree name nouns have been inherited and developed to a certain extent. Based on inheriting the Qin and Han dynasties, many new member of classifiers that modify the tree name nouns have appeared, such as “ge (個)”, “cong (丛)”, “zhu (株)”, “gen (根)”, “gan (竿)”, “ting (梃)”, “zhi (枝)”, “ke (窠)” and so on. And the use cases of those classifiers as the following:(7) Liuhui, Jiuzhangsuanshu:” Two thousand three hundred and fifty bamboos.” (刘徽《九章算术》：“竹二千三百五十個4.”）(8) Hexun, Wang xie qian shui da Cui Lushi: “Bamboos are swaying and soughing.” ( 何逊《望廨前水竹答崔录事》： “萧萧丛4竹映”)(9) Jia Sixie, Preface of Qimingyaoshu: “Let each person plant one elm.”（贾思勰《齐民要术·序》： “令口种一株4榆.”）(10) Weishou, Weishu· Biographies of six dukes: “A dozen of big pine trees.” ( 魏收《魏书·献文六王传》： “大松树十数根4.”(11) Yuxin, Xiaoyuan Fu: “Two or three bamboos.” ( 庾信《小园赋》：“三竿4两竿4之竹.”)(12) Hanyu, Lantian Xiancheng tingbi ji: “There are one thousand giant bamboos beside the south wall.” (韩愈《蓝田县丞厅壁记》： “南墙巨竹千梃4”)(13) Liu Changqing, Shici Anlu Ji Youren: “How many little willows among the five willows front of the door?”（刘长卿《使次安陆寄友人》：“门前五柳几枝4低？”）(14) Du Fu, Jiang fu Chengdu caotang tu zhong you zuo xian ji Yanzheng gong: “Bad bamboos should be cut off in thousands.”（杜甫《将赴成都草堂途中有作先寄严郑公》： “恶竹应须斩万竿4.”）(15) Du Fu , Xiao ba mingfu shi chu mi taozai: “To beg one hundred peach seedlings under orders.” （杜甫《萧八明府实处觅桃栽》： “奉乞桃栽一百根4.”）(16) Pang yuanying, Wenchangzalu: “An apricot tree in dooryard is so huge.”（庞元英《文昌杂录》）: “堂前杏一窠4极大.”）To the Tang and Song Dynasties (AD581-AD1279), the classifiers that modify the tree name nouns mainly followed the usage of last period that is the Wei and Jin dynasties and the northern and Southern periods, and there was almost no new member during this period. Because in order to communicate easy, the language will not create a lot of new words, but increase the vocabulary semantics and expand the use scope of old words (Tian, 2012). For example, the original meaning of Chinese word “tou (头)” is head of humans and animals, and as a classifier, the word “tou (头)” is used to modify animal name nouns like “牛（Cattle）” and “羊 (sheep)” in the Han Dynasty. Then the number of nouns that the word “tou (头)” can modify became more and more during the period that from the Wei and Jin Dynasties to Tang and Song Dynasties. A use cases of the word “tou (头)” that modify tree noun as the following:(17) Zhangji, Zeng Yinshanren: “Ten thousand orange trees have been planted.”（张籍《赠殷山人》： “已种千头4橘.”）On the other hand, in ancient and middle ancient times, it was a universal modification way that the numerals and classifiers follow the nouns phrase, so did the classifiers that modify the tree name nouns. However, the classifiers that modify the tree name nouns occurred occasionally before the nouns phrase, certainly the case was not much.After the germination of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the growth of the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the consolidation of the Tang and Song dynasties, the classifiers that modify the tree name nouns entered the preliminary maturity period in the Yuan Ming and Qing Dynasties (AD1206-AD1911). Due to the language accuracy, some classifiers were used to describe the flower name nouns specially, which did not modify tree name nouns any more, such as “cong (丛)”, “zhi (枝)” and so on. At the same time, the function of some classifiers began to be simplify, which only be used to modify the tree name nouns, such as “ben (本)”, “zhu (株)” and so on. But the division of function in some classifiers was still undefined. For example, the pronunciations of three classifiers including “ke (窠)”, “ke (颗)” and “ke (棵)” were identical, and all of them could be used to modify tree name nouns, while the words “ke (窠)” and “ke (颗)” could be used to describe small, granular or round objects like seals, pearls and so on. With the development of language, the division of function in classifiers become more specific than before, “ke (棵)” is only used to modify plant nouns, and “ke (窠)” gradually disappear from the vocabulary, then “ke (颗)” is used to be used to describe small, granular or round objects. In addition, the position of classifiers that modify tree name nouns is still unstable in this period, that means, those classifiers could occurred before the noun phrase or behind it in a sentence.In the modern times, the classifiers that modify tree name nouns have entered a normative period. First of all, the division of function in classifiers is more clear and definite. In past historical periods, there were many different classifiers can modify the tree name nouns, but the number of those classifiers is less than before, even 64Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental CultureEvolution of the Chinese Classifiers That Modify the Tree Name Nounsjust use the word “ke (棵)” to modify the tree name nouns in spoken Chinese nowadays. Secondly, some disyllabic classifiers have been used during this period, most of them are measurement scales such as kilometer(千米), kilogram (公斤) and hectare (公顷). It must be emphasized that most of the disyllabic classifiers in modern Chinese language are loanwords, they appeared with China’s modernization. And the use cases of those classifiers we mentioned as the following:(18) The distance between the earth and the moon is 380,000 kilometers. (地球与月球的距离是三十八万千米4 4.)(19) I’m going to buy 2 kilograms of apples.（我要去买两公斤4 4苹果.）(20) The area of this farm is 50 hectares. (这个农场的面积是50公顷4 4.)For grammatical position, the classifiers that modify tree name nouns occur before the nouns phrase generally nowadays. That is to say, the Numerically Quantified Noun Phrase1 is a customary and fixed language structure in modern Chinese.According to investigation we thought that the Chinese classifiers that modify the trees name nouns were similar to echo classifiers in the beginning.2 Meanwhile, there are some classifiers, for convenience, which also be borrowed from the universal classifiers to modify tree name nouns, such as “mei (枚)”. After the middle ancient times, with the gradual development of “numeral + classifier + nouns” structure in Chinese, some classifiers such as “shu (树)” and “mu (木)” began to be replaced by other classifiers. After all, the number of Chinese classifiers that modify the tree name nouns have got more and more and the division of function in those classifiers have became clear gradually.2.  MOTIVATION OF THE EVOLUTIONProfessor Wang Li once said that the development of classifiers showed the rigor of Chinese grammar (Wang, 1990). So did the classifiers that modify the tree name nouns. Through investigating the evolution of those classifiers, we thought that the motivation of Chinese classifiers that modify the tree name nouns at least include the following five aspects:2.1   The Exactness of LanguageHuman beings use language to communicate information. Therefore, the expression of language must be clear and definite, and then the hearers can understand and accept it. For example, the words “ke (窠)”, “ke (颗)”, “ke (棵)” and “ke (科)” all can be used to modify some tree name 1 Numerically Quantified Noun Phrase we talk about is a noun phrase constructed by numeral, classifier and noun in order.2 Echo quantifier is a kind of quantifier that have the same form including pronunciation and writing with the noun (or verb) which it modify. The echo quantifiers have appeared in oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions, and it is regarded as the rudiment of the quantifier.nouns in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. But “ke (窠)” and “ke (颗)” not only can be used to qualify trees, but also qualify the granular or round things. Therefore, if people use “ke (窠)” and “ke (颗)” to modify a tree name noun, hearers would mistakenly believe that the tree is a small one. Undoubtedly, it can affect our communication. So they do not be used to modify the tree name nouns slowly, but only to modify small, granular or round objects like seals, pearls and so on. The words “ke (科)” can be used to qualify plant name nouns before the modern times, and it is gradually used to describe curriculum or business and so on now. The words “ke (科)” is gradually being replaced by the “ke (棵)”, it means people use “ke (棵)” to modify plant name nouns instead of “ke (科)” in mandarin.2.2  The Economy of LanguageAs suggested, “it will violate the economical principle of language if some different classifiers could be used to modify a same noun or verb phrase without difference of meaning.” (Feng, 1999) And then the words usually compete with each other for survival of the language. For instance, the usages of the words “ge (个)” and “ge (箇)” are same in middle ancient Chinese language. But usages of that two words are different in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and the word “ge (个)” have a longer history and more usages than the word “ge (箇)”. The earliest use case of “ge (箇)” was found in the bamboo and silk manuscripts that belong to the Han Dynasty but no one in the documents of Pre Qin Period. And the word “ge (箇)” was only used to modify the word “zhu (竹)” (meaning bamboo). With the internal competition of words, the word “ge (个)” is used more frequently than “ge (箇)” after the middle ancient times, and the word “ge (箇)”was eliminated at last.2.3  The Progressive Development of the Numerically Quantified Noun PhraseScholars generally consider that the “noun + numeral + classifier” structure has a significant impact on the occurrence of echo classifiers. In other words, the structure is a catalyst  of the emergence and development of echo classifiers. Similarly, the occurrence of classifiers like “shu (树)” and “mu (木)” that were only used in Qin and Han Dynasties owe to the influence of the “noun + numeral + classifier” structure. However, from the beginning of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the increasing number of classifiers and the progressive development of the “numeral + classifier +noun” structure led to the disappearance of the echo classifiers.2.4   The Influence of Chinese DialectIn modern times, some classifiers are generated by the influence of Chinese dialect. And some classifiers are only used in dialect area. For example, the word “dai (埭)” in “yi dai shu (一埭树)” is just prevalent in the Wu dialect. And the word “gu lu er (骨辘儿)” in “yi gu lu er zhu zi (一骨辘儿竹子)” is totally influenced by the r-ending retroflexion of the northern dialect.65 Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental CultureLI Ye; TIAN Jialu (2015). Studies in Literature and Language, 11(3), 62-652.5  The Influence of Disyllabification in ChineseAs we know, most of ancient Chinese words are monosyllables, on the contrary, most of modern Chinese words are syllables. This evolution, from monosyllable to syllable, has a great influence on the Chinese language system. And the classifiers, one part of vocabulary, have been influenced by this trend certainly. In fact, the double syllable classifiers that modify the tree name nouns have appeared and been used in Chinese language. And most of the disyllabic classifiers in modern Chinese language are loanwords like千米（kilometer）, 公斤（kilogram）and 公顷（hectare）we mentioned, Chinese introduce new concepts from western world and translated them into new syllables under the trend of disyllabification in Chinese language.SUMMARYThe evolution of the classifiers that modify the tree name nouns is concordant with the development of Chinese classifiers. In other words, the evolution of those classifiers is a microcosm of the development of the classifiers system. Because the classifiers that modify the tree name nouns not only experienced a short stage of echo classifiers, but also followed the rules of language development. It is constantly updated and expanded to adapt to the requirement of language communication.REFERENCESFeng, Z. W. (1999). The factions of modern linguistics. Xi’an, China: Shanxi People’s Publishing House.He, J. (2000). The study of modern Chinese classifiers.  Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.Liu, S. R. (1965). The study of the classifiers that is used in the Wei Jin Southern and Northern dynasties. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Tian, J. L. (2012). The evolution and motivation of body classifiers. Journal of Neijiang Normal University, 27(1), 97-101.Wang, L. (1990). The Wang Li’s corpus(Ⅺ).  Ji’nan, China: Shandong Education Press.

Evolution of the Chinese Classifiers That Modify the Tree Name Nouns

The alienated labour theory has a very important position in the Marxism’s theory. Three kinds of manifestation of alienation: the wage, return on capital, rent. In my opinion, capital, rent and labourer, after these three fundamental layers be separated. Because of peace with capitalism and landed estate, the composition of the social class changes. In other words, capitalism as polarized society which is divided into the proletariat and bourgeois. This illustrates the historical certainty and reasons. The author from the perspective of historical materialism, the use of text interpretation method, based on the “economic and philosophical manuscripts of 1844” the first draft of part to analyze the human to the world the sublation of alienation and achieve the liberation of human labor ought to be, that is the historical inevitability of ultimate alienated of labor. Alienation of labor as an important category of Marxist philosophy, it condenses the working masses Marx’s deep sympathy and realization of human aspirations of freedom and liberation theory

WANG, Yao

Labor, Class and Revolution: Analysis of Marx’s the Concept of “Alienation Labor”

The basic category of Feuerbach’s philosophy is based on natural “person”. The intention of natural-based “people” deny Hegel’s absolute concept and insist on materialism; use the natural basis of the “human” to deny the Christian God, insist on atheism; from nature-based “people” starting to expounded his social ethical thought, so Feuerbach’s philosophical system called “Humanism.” Feuerbach can not persist the dialectics in the field of historical view, materialist unity stems from its old intuitive materialism.  Scientific answer Feuerbach materialism in what sense is a question of the old materialism has important Significance to understand the Feuerbach materialism

The Unity of the Old and New Contradictions: Feuerbach’s Materialism

http://cscanada.net/index.php/sss/article/view/7714/pdf-7714

Iowa State Daily (September 22, 2017)

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

CSCanada.net: E-Journals (Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture, Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures)

CSCanada.net: E-Journals (Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture, Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures)

CSCanada.net: E-Journals (Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture, Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures)

CSCanada.net: E-Journals (Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture, Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures)

CSCanada.net: E-Journals (Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture, Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures)