Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Drug Response

Abstract

In the early sixties, a prominent professor in Clinical Pharmacology at the University College in London, D.R. Laurence, stated: “There are no clinically important sex differences in drug action, except, of course, to sex steroid hormones, but the subject is poorly documented. Women are said to be more liable to become excited by morphine than are men; in this respect they resemble cats.” It was thought that study results in men could easily be extrapolated to women, and women were excluded from clinical studies for simplicity and protection from harmfu