Ackom, Emmanuel

Dhar, Subash

Fischer, Gunther

Purohit, Pallav

Online Research Database In Technology

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Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 19, 2017Second Generation Biofuel Potential in India: Sustainability ConsiderationsAckom, Emmanuel; Purohit, Pallav; Fischer, Gunther; Dhar, SubashPublication date:2013Document VersionPeer reviewed versionLink back to DTU OrbitCitation (APA):Ackom, E., Purohit, P., Fischer, G., & Dhar, S. (2013). Second Generation Biofuel Potential in India:Sustainability Considerations. Paper presented at 8th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy,Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES 2013), Dubrovnik, Croatia.8th Conference on Sustainable Development of  Energy, Water and Environment Systems  24 September 2013 Dubrovnik, Croatia  Emmanuel Ackom, UNEP Risoe Centre, Denmark Pallav Purohit, Gunther Fischer, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria Subash Dhar, UNEP Risoe Centre Second Generation Biofuel Potential in India: Sustainability Considerations • Definition, scope setting, background to biofuel sustainability discussions  • Rationale for the study & objectives  • Methodology  • Results & discussions  • Concluding recommendations Outline of presentation  • Focused on Liquid biofuels   • IEA definition of Liquid Biofuels used in the study:  Biofuels classified either as conventional or advanced based on level of maturity  • Conventional  biofuel technologies= well established processes and biofuel being produced on commercial scale. Commonly referred  to as 1st Generation. E.g. sugar based ethanol, starch based ethanol, oil crop based biodiesel and straight vegetable oil  • Advanced biofuel technologies  = processes that are still in R&D, pilot  or demonstration phase. Usually referred to as 2nd and 3rd Generation.  Eg. biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass i.e.  cellulose ethanol, biomass-to-liquids diesel, algae based biofuels. Definitions HIGH                   Technology Risk                            LOW R&D Initial prototype Pilot prototype Commercial prototype Market entry Market penetration Combined heat & power Gasification Pyrolysis Thermochemical transport fuels 1st gen biofuels 2nd gen transport biofuels Need for policy support for 2nd generation biofuels (Adapted from Ceres Ventures 2007)  • Social  & Environmental Key sustainability concerns on biofuels Key concerns on biofuels Social:   Food vs. fuel  • Consultation & communication with local communities  • Biofuel production shall not take place on contested lands  • Compliance with national laws and ratified international laws on employment conditions and workers’ rights  • Fair wages and compensations  • Workers are informed about their rights  • Working hours are not excessive  • Freedom of association and right to collective bargaining • No child nor forced labour, health and safety concerns,  • etc       Other SOCIAL concerns (contd.) Sources: ILO, RSB, GBEP  • Net GHG balances • Land use change (direct & indirect) • Net energy balances • Water (use and consumption) • Biodiversity • Soil quality & health • Pollution (air, water, soil) – responsible use of chemicals • Etc Major ENVIRONMENTAL concerns Sources: Hill et. al, 2006; Searchinger et. al, 2008; Williams et. al., 2009; Ackom et. al., 2010  Why the interest in liquid biofuels? 18%  82% - $140 bill  Crude oil - India  DomesticproductionImports • Volatilities in oil prices • Uncertainties about sustained oil supplies • Local energy security • Rural development • Diversification in agricultural and energy product streams Rationale for the study • National Policy: – biofuel blending targets in India  Year Petrol demand (Mt) Bioethanol demand (Mt) 5% 10% 20% 2010 14.2 0.7 2017 20.8 2.1 >2017 31.1 6.2 Source: Adapted from Purohit & Fischer, 2013 • How much of these mandated targets could be obtained from sustainably derived agricultural residue sources?  Research question: Year Petrol demand (Mt) Bioethanol demand (Mt) 5% 10% 20% 2010 14.2 0.7 2017 20.8 2.1 >2017 31.1 6.2   – Using data collected in the collaborating institutions  – crop production statistics e.g. data from Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture; Kumar et al., 2002; Ravindranath et al., 2005; Purohit et al., 2006, Purohit and Michaelowa, 2007; Purohit, 2009; Purohit & Fischer, 2013;   – estimation of residues and ethanol bioconversion using published peer reviewed data including: OECD/IEA, 2011; Simms et. al. 2010; Ackom et. al. 2013    Methodology  Cereal crop production in year 2011 Intensity and spatial distribution of cereal production in 2010-11 (tons/km2 (Source: Purohit and Fischer, 2013) Results & Discussions India:  2nd Gen biofuel potential from agricultural residues   Crop Residue type Prod. (tonnes) RPR Res. (dry wt.)(tonnes) Sustain. Res.(20%) Biochem. EtoH-low(litre) Biochem EtoH-high (litre) Rice Straw/husk 96.0E+06  1.8 173.0E+06  34.6E+06  3.8E+09 10.4E+09 Wheat Straw 87.0E+06 1.6 139.0E+06  27.8E+06 3.1E+09 8.3E+09 Jawar Stalk 7.0E+06 2.0 14.0E+06 2.8E+06 0.3E+09 0.8E+09 Surgar cane Bagasse/leaves 342.0E+06 0.4 137.0E+06 27.4E+06 3.0E+09 8.2E+09 Bajra Straw 10.40E+06 2.0 20.7E+06 4.1E+06 0.5E+09 1.2E+09 Maize Stalk/cob 21.7E+06 2.5 54.3E+06 10.9E+06 1.2E+09 3.3E+09 Gram Waste 8.2E+06 1.6 13.2E+06 2.6E+06 0.3E+09 0.8E+09 Tur (Arhar) Shell/waste 2.9E+06 2.9 8.3E+06 1.7E+06 0.2E+09 0.5E+09 Other cereal Stalk 4.6E+06 2.0 9.1E+06 1.8E+06 0.2E+09 0.5E+09 Total 136E+06 15.0E+09 41.0E+09 Year Petrol demand (Mt) EtoH from residues (low) EtoH from residues (high) Bioethanol demand  5% 10% 20% 15 bill. litres 41 bill. litres (Mt) Mtoe 2010 14.2 11.8  31.6 0.7 2017 20.8 2.1 >2017 31.1 6.2 Summary of findings in addressing the  research question Conclusions • India's bioethanol blending targets could be met from environmentally benign 2nd generation sources derived from agricultural residues        • However, increased investments in R&D would be required in order to bring the technology to commercial scale for this bioethanol potential in 2-G to be realised.   • Partnerships with global players would be required.   Thanks for your attention ! Emmanuel Ackom email: emac@dtu.dk   www.unep.org www.uneprisoe.org    

Second Generation Biofuel Potential in India: Sustainability Considerations

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Second Generation Biofuel Potential in India: Sustainability Considerations

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