Hare, F. Kenneth

English

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274 REVIEWS CtC prCfCrable de les omettre entibrement, puisqu’ils n’apportent rien de trbs apprtcia- ble ? Bien que I’auteur prenne la peine d’in- diquer par un signe special que la plupart n’ont pas CtB verifies, leur inclusion risque d’induire en erreur le lecteur. Ces mots va- lent en effet ce que valent leurs sources et l’on y  trouve assez souvent des inexactitudes de transcription ou de traduction. Nous regrettons aussi l’emploi de l’expres- sion Adgormiut. Selon Boas, pour les habi- tants de  Cumberland  Sound, les “Aggomiut” comprenaient les Esquimaux du nord-ouest de  la  Terre  de Baffin et ceux de la partie nord du bassin de Foxe. Mais, comme il le fait remarquer, l’expression peut  dtsigner des groupes diffkrents selon l’endroit oh elle est employte, puisqu’elle signifie : ceux qui sont du  cat6 du vent. Ajoutons que, pour les Es- quimaux du groupe Iglulik, elle designe les habitants d‘un endroit bien determine : Aggu Bay. L‘auteur en  fait une  sorte d’appellation fourre-tout  qui  englobe  des dialectes aussi diffkrents que ceux des Padlermiut e t  des Igluligmiut, et qui ne correspond en fait B rien  de prCcis. Certains des mots qu’il at- tribue aux Adgormiut appartiennent B Sun ou I’autre de ces groupes, mais pas B tous. Ces dernibres remarques montrent qu’on est encore loin d’un dictionnaire polydialec- tal. Un tel dictionnaire serait certes trbs sou- haitable, mais s’il est un jour rCalist, il sera probablement le fruit d’un travail d’6quipe. Dans  une telle Cquipe, le P. Schneider pour- rait jouer un r61e de premier plan. Quoi qu’il en soit, ce dictionnaire rendra de  grands services B tous ceux qui  entrepren- dront l’ttude de la langue esquimaude. C’est un instrument de travail de premier ordre, m&me si cet instrument  requiert  une pCriode d’apprentissage avant qu’on puisse l’utiliser B plein rendement. Ceux qui se sont heurtCs dans 1’Ctude de la langue aux imprCcisions, voire aux contradictions, des divers lexiques dont ils pouvaient disposer sont B m&me d’ap- prCcier les obstacles  auxquels le P. Schneider a dfi faire face dans ce travail et d’admirer la tCnacitt5 avec laquelle il les a surmontCs. Dans  la prCsente edition, le texte dactylo- graphiC a CtC reproduit photographiquement et les mots  esquimaux, B l’exception des mots- clBs, ne se distinguent pas de la traduction franGaise. Esptrons que les Cditions B venir offriront un texte imprime plus agrCable B lire. Guy Mary-RousseliPre, O.M.I. METIS OF THE MACKENZIE DISTRICT. BY RICHARD SLOBODIN. Ottawa: The Cana- dian Centre for  Anthropology. 1966. 9 x 6 inches, soft cover. 175 pages, including rej- erences and tables. $4.00. Richard Slobodin has,  as usual, given us a perceptive and well-written account,  this  time of the MCtis. The data on which this study is based were collected over  a period of years beginning in 1938. This is the first com- prehensive ethnographic  account of the MCtis to be published and is certainly a most wel- come  addition to northern literature. The volume is divided into nine chapters: “Mixed Population,” “Regional Distinctions and Community Settings,” “Sources of Data,” “The  Family,”  “Kinship,” “Occupations,” “Education,”  “External  Re ations,” and “Metis Identity.” In addition, there are two appendices and twenty tables. This reviewer can see no reason to argue with Slobodin’s treatment of the MCtis. It is a straightforward piece of reporting with admirable  documentation. The  author pre- sents the necessary background information to understand the Mackenzie MCtis and then gives his sources of data. Extensive material is given in the following chapters, so that one gets an extremely clear picture of how the MCtis really live. This is enhanced by the addition of direct quotations from his field notes. Furthermore, the changes that  are occurring in the North can be clearly seen. Slobodin has approached with deep insight and understanding  the  problem of  MCtis identity. Of considerable interest is the dis- tinction between Northern  or Mackenzie MCtis and Red River MCtis, detailed in tab- ular form on page 158. In summary, one can only say that this is an admirable piece of research and pre- sentation. Edward S. Rogers CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON  THE  ARCTIC  HEAT  BUDGET  AND ATMOSPHERIC  CIRCULATION. EDITED BY J. 0. FLETCHER. Memorandum  RM-5233- NSF. Santa Monica:  The  Rand  Corporation, 1966. 8% x I1 inches. 567 pages, I54 text figures. $4.00. This  report of a symposium held at Lake Arrowhead,  California, 3 1 January  to 4 Feb- ruary 1966, is a  document of great scientific importance. While it is true  that many of the papers published have also appeared  in journals, or closely resemble other  papers from the same authors,  the collected Pro- ceedings bring together in very convenient form the best series of studies of arctic climatology ever produced. One regrets that some of the most important titles are repre- REVIEWS 275 sented by abstracts or briefs  only  (for  exam- ple, that by Mintz and  Arakawa  on numerical simulation of global climate). One welcomes as strongly the inclusion of a brilliant series of studies by scientists from the Main Geo- physical Observatory and the  Arctic and Antarctic Scientific Research Institute of the U.S.S.R. For the first time, one can put North American studies alongside Russian to weigh differences and similarities of ap- proach. A strong convergence of results and research methods is at once obvious. The Rand Corporation and the National Science Foundation are  to be congratulated on a fine job, as is J. 0. Fletcher,  the editor. The Proceedings begin with a series of papers on the interaction of climate and the arctic heat budget. The main object of en- quiry here is the stability of past and present high-latitude climates  in t& light of new knowledge about the  heat budget. Budyko and Fletcher (the pioneer in 1952 of North American floating stations in the  Arctic basin) present reviews of the  heat  balance. Both papers examine changes in the budget that might occur if the permanent pack disap- peared (which Budyko says is quite possible). Fletcher gives plausible budgets for  both ice- free  and “ice-in” arctic conditions. He finds, as might be expected, that greatly increased snowfall, and hence continental  glaciation, would be a likely accompaniment of ice-free conditions. There follow papers by Mitchell (on stochastic modelling of air-sea interac- tions and climatic fluctuation), Girs (on the heat  balance of the Soviet Arctic), Borisenkov (on atmospheric circulation), Muller (on the Axel Heiberg glaciers), h t n i n s  (on Green- land), and Bloch (on sea-level changes and the polar albedo). The ensemble is an im- pressive examination of high-latitude climatic instability. The second section is devoted to  the quan- titative evaluation of the heat budget itself. Untersteiner  deals convincingly with  t e thermal regime and mass budget of the sea ice, and Wittmann and Schule follow him with a most impressive study, basically in map form, of the ice itself a huge volume of data is condensed into a most  reasonable space in their diagrams. Doronin, Marshu- nova, and Chernigovskiy follow  with thorough studies on  the characteristics of the heat  and radiative exchanges, inter- spersed with a review by Badgley of the heat budget at  he surface of the Arctic Ocean. Vowinckel and Orvig speculate as to possible changes  in the radiative exchanges (a subject they cover more thoroughly else- where), and Businger treats the momentum and heat  transfers in  the boundary  layer. The latter chapter has little special relevance to arctic conditions, being a broad survey of the field in general. This question of relevance arises again in Section 111, which  deals  with  circulation models for the atmosphere. The papers by Yudin,  Leith,  Kasahjara, and Washington belong in a symposium on numerical  weather prediction or on  the general circulation: they are  out of place  in  this  context, because they do  not bear directly enough  on high-latitude circulation. On the other hand, Rakipova’s study of the influence of arctic ice on zonal atmospheric  temperature  distribution  is a splendid illustration of the growing body of climatic  theory,  most of it of Russian origin. Berkofsky and Shapiro present an investiga- tion (dynamical in nature) of the effects of high-level heating on large-scale circulation of the  lower  atmosphere that is again rather remote from the main body of the report. The remainder of the report deals with atmosphere-ocean  interactions and models of oceanic  circulation.  Here, the paper by Coachman  on supercooling  during sea-ice formation is thorough, concise, and im- portant, as is Farmer’s theoretical study of time-dependent motion on long-term scales in a polar ocean. Bjerknes’ study of the effects of equatorial ocean temperature ‘anom- alies on atmospheric motion is a little re- mote from  the main business at  hand. In addition to the formal papers, there are reports from several working  parties discussing future fields of research. This is a favourite  tactic for such symposia, and presumably pleases the sponsor. For  me, however, the real surprise and pleasure in reading  this  book  came from  the  fact - rare enough  to astonish - that  an invited sympo- sium produced so many good and original papers. F. Kenneth Hare MASTER BIRKBECK COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON WHOOPING  CRANE  POPULATION DY- NAMICS  ON  THE  NESTING  GROUNDS, WOOD  BUFFALO  NATIONAL  PARK, NORTHWEST  TERRITORIES,  CANADA. BY N. S.  NOVAKOWSKI. Canadian Wildlife Service Report  Series, Number 1.  Ottawa: Department of Indian Affairs and  Northern Development, 1966. 11 x 8% inches, 20 pages, illustrated. $0.50. This first number  in a new series of Cana- dian Wildlife Service publications reports the results of twelve years of observations on the vital breeding area, the habits, and the population biology of one of NOF@ 

Proceedings of the Symposium on the Arctic Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation, edited by J.O. Fletcher

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Proceedings of the Symposium on the Arctic Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation, edited by J.O. Fletcher

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