Barrie, J. Vaughn

English

University of Calgary Journal Hosting

REVIEWS ecological  repercussions of an  industry  with  worldwide  impact  would be  lost  to  historians  and  those  who  need  historical  data  in  such  projects as  marine  mammal  censusing.  In  sum,  this  is  an  important  reference book,  not  meant  for  the  casual  student,  but  absolutely  essential  for  the research  library  and  the  professional  scholar  deeply  involved  in  the subject.  To  put  it  another  way,  the  researcher  or  library  that  makes frequent  reference  to  the  standard  works,  such  as  Starbuck’s History of Whaling, Hegerty’s  addition  to  Starbuck,  Langdon’s  two  books  and, most  recently,  Honore  Forster’s The South Sea Whaler: An Annotated Bibliography (Sharon,  MA., 1985), will find Sherman’s work to be well  worth  the  substantial  price of this  volume. Briton C .  Busch Department of History Colgate  University Hamilton, New York  13346 U.S.A. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE FATE AND EFFECTS O F  ARCTIC MARINE OIL POLLUTION. By S.C. YOUNG. Environmental  Stud- ies  Revolving  Funds  Report  No. 026. Ottawa:  ESRF, 1986.  212 p. Cdn$50.00. This  bibliography  is a product of a  collaborative  effort  between  the Arctic  Science  and  Technology  Information  System  (ASTIS) - for which Stuart C. Young, of the Arctic Institute of North America, Calgary,  undertook  the  demanding  task of compiling  the  bibliography -and  the  Environmental  Studies  Revolving  Funds,  which  is  a  creature of the  Canada  Oil  and  Gas  Lands  Administration  and  which  performed the  less  demanding  task of levying  a  reluctant  oil  and  gas  industry  to fund  the  enterprise. To  quote  the  ASTIS  order  form: The  bibliography  contains 748 citations on the physical,  chemical, and biological fate, and on the biological effects, of petroleum and its hydrocarbon constituents in arctic seas. Virtually all citations have abstracts, and one or more location  codes  indicating  libraries  where  the document  can  be  obtained on interlibrary loan. [It] is 212 pages long, plus  a 12 page  introduction. As  is  described in its  Introduction,  the  bibliography  is  largely  based on a 1980 Environment  Canada  Report, “A selected  bibliography on the  fate  and  effects  of oil  pollution  relevant  to  the  Canadian  marine environment”  (Report  EPS-3-EC-80-5),  by  A.L.  Samson, J.H. Vandermuelen and P.G. Wells, which was a product of the Arctic Marine  Oilspill  Program’s  now  defunct  Standing  Committee on the Fates  and  Effects  of  Oil. Perhaps  it  is  a  sign  of  changing  economic  times  that  the  Environment Canada  report,  with its 1794 citations,  was  distributed gratis until  it became  out  of  print,  while  the  ESRF  report,  with 748 citations,  sells  for Cdn$50.00. It is available for purchase from the Arctic Institute in Calgary  or  from  Pallister  Resource  Management  Ltd.  of  Calgary.  A microfiche version is available for $24.00. It is noteworthy that Environment  Canada  makes  available gratis as  part of its EE Series reports  a  set  of 15 reports  comprising  various  bibliographies on oil  and hazardous  material  spills. The  objective of this bibliography  is  to  provide  a  convenient  and complete  bibliography  of  the  physical,  chemical  and  biological  fate  and biological  effects of oil  in  the  geographic  region f the  Arctic,  includ- ing Cook Inlet, the Gulf of Alaska and selected other areas, and including  laboratory  studies of arctic  relevance.  This  reviewer  cannot resist  noting  that  the  accepted  authority  for  the  “area  of  maximum  sea ice  extent”  is  none  other  than  the  Central  Intelligence  Agency.  The stated  objective  is  clearly  satisfied,  and  in  a  “user-friendly”  fashion. The  primary  citations are listed  by  author,  with  indexes  for  subject, geographic region, title and serial - e.g., journal or proceedings. Particularly useful is a statement of document availability. Each citation  is  followed  by an abstract,  usually  prepared  by the author, which  is  invaluable  to the user  as an indication of content  and  scope. 163 Interestingly,  only 7 of the 748 citations  are  to  papers  in  this  journal. The primary criticism that can be levelled at the content of the bibliography relates to its scope. Much information about arctic oil spills  can  be  obtained  from  temperate  spills.  For  example,  the  Buz- zard’s  Bay  spill  was  in  ice  conditions,  and  useful  experiences  have  been gained from other temperate winter events. Unfortunately these are excluded.  Insights  into  behaviour of oil  spills  in  the  arctic  summer  can be  gleaned  from  accounts  of  temperate  spills.  Oil spill  detection  and tracking  studies  have  been  excluded,  as  has  work on oil spill  disper- sants,  although  work on the  fate  and  effects  of  oiVdispersant  mixtures has  been  included.  The  compiler  has  clearly  stated  such  limitations, and  while  arguments  can  be  advanced  that  the  bibliography  would  have benefitted  from a wide  scope,  it is not  easy  to  “draw  a  better  line.” It  is  not  clear  why  the  scope  of  this  bibliography  should  be  restricted to  the  Arctic,  since  many  Canada  lands,  such  as  the  Hibemia  area, are not  arctic. A search for omissions was fortunately not very successful. The chapter  “Oil  Pollution  in  Ice-Covered  Arctic  Waters”  by  Weller  in  the text by Geyer (Marine Environmental Pollution I, Hydrocarbons, Elsevier)  is  not  included.  The  pioneering  work on the  Alert  Bay  beach spill  by Green,  Buckley,  Cretney  and  Wong  (Pacific  Marine  Science Report 74-9) is  absent.  There  are no citations  at  all  to  the  work  of  C.S. Wong.  Of  the  eight  chapters  in  Engelhardt’s  text Pe roleum Effects in the Arctic Environment, three have been omitted, obviously consciously. It is  questionable if some  citations,  such  as  to  the  Oil  Spill  Intelli- gence  Report,  should  be  included.  The  EE  Series of reports by the Environmental Emergencies Branch of Environment Canada is not cited. But these are relatively minor criticisms that spring from a personal  belief  that  bibliographies  should  err on the  side  of  including rather  than  excluding. In  summary,  this  is a  valuable  bibliography,  which  deserves a place on the bookshelf  of  those  concerned  with  researching  or  commenting on the  environmental  effects of petroleum  development  in  the  Arctic. Unfortunately  in  these  times  of  tight  budgets  it  is  unlikely  that  it  will  get the  exposure  it  deserves  because of its  excessive  cost. If the  ESRF really  wants  to  disseminate  information  of  this  type,  it  should do so in a less  profiteering  fashion. Donald  Mackay Department of Chemical  Engineering  and Applied  Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S IA4 ICE  SCOUR  BIBLIOGRAPHY.  Edited by C. ROSS GOODWIN, JEAN c. FINLEY and LYNNE M. HOWARD. Environmental  studies  Revolving Funds Report No. 010. Ottawa: ESRF, 1985. xi + 99 p., index. Softbound.  Cdn$40.00. Ice scour (gouge, plough mark, furrow, score) is defined as the disturbance  of  subaqueous  bottom  sediments  by  floating  ice.  When  an ice keel  loads  and  disturbs  the  sea  floor,  it  either  becomes  grounded  and ceases  to  move on, or, if it  has  sufficient  energy  under  the  influence  of swell,  currents,  wind  or  pressure  from  other  ice, the keel  penetrates  the sea  floor  sediment  and  excavates  a  trough,  which  is  referred  to  as  a scour.  Two  types of ice scours are important in influencing seabed disturbance - iceberg  scours  and  sea  or  lake  ice  pressure  ridge  scours. Ice  and  iceberg  scour  is a  significant  process  in  high  latitude  environ- ments  and  as  such  is  important  to  both  the  glacial  scientist  and  engineer. Both modem and relict scour can represent a hazard to sea floor facilities, such  as  hydrocarbon  pipelines.  It  is  for this reason  that  the bibliography  was  initiated  and  funded  by  the  Environmental  Studies Revolving  Funds,  a  petroleum  industry  research  fund  administered  by Canada Oil and Gas Lands Administration of the Canadian Government. The  bibliography  begins  with  a  short  Introduction,  in  both  English 164 REVIEWS and  French,  which  explains  the  purpose  and  organization  of  the  book. The  bibliography  itself  is  organized  under  nine  subject  areas,  primarily the  main  geographic  areas  where  ice  scour  occurs,  including  individual sections on lakes  and  emerged  sea  floor  areas.  Two  other  principal categories are 1) Theory and Modelling and 2) Protection from Ice Scour.  The  last  category  is a  general  one  where  papers  dealing  with other  aspects of ice  scour,  such  as  methods of analysis  and  research needs,  are  placed.  Within  each  category  the  papers  are  fully  referenced alphabetically  by  the  principal  author,  followed by an  abstract,  usually in full, or a preface of an article that did not have an abstract or summary. Also included with each reference is an ASTIS (Arctic Science  and  Technology  Information  System)  document  number  and  a location code indicating where the documents may be obtained on interlibrary  loan.  A  comprehensive  index  has  been  compiled  under  the categories of title, author, geographic location, subject and serial (publisher). The  bibliography  contains  379  citations,  the  majority  of  which are obtained  from  the  “grey  literature”  due  to  the  fact  that  much  of  the research is the result of industrial contracts and opportunity based observations  that  were  made  as  part of operational  activities  or  scien- tific  programs.  It  is  this  aspect  that  makes  this  bibliographic  search unique.  Many of the  citations are very  obscure  but,  nonetheless,  are significant;  a  library  subject  search  would  be  nowhere  as  complete  as this  compilation. The  book  concentrates,  in  particular, on Canadian  and  United  States shelf waters, and there appears to be a lack of information from Antarctica,  where  the  world’s  largest  icebergs  occur n a  shallow  shelf. This  is  apparent  from  the  title,  where  the  Canadian  term  ice  scour  is used  instead of several  other  terms,  such  as  gouge  and  plough  mark, used  in  the  scientific  literature of other  countries.  Also,  literature  from Scandinavia  and  the  Soviet  Union  is  almost  entirely  lacking,  something the  editors  readily  admit  within  their  Introduction.  Papers  from  these regions  may  not  be  abundant,  but  it  is  apparent  that  time  constraints  did not  allow  the  editors  to  properly  research  what  work  has  been  carried out  in  these  areas.  As a consolation,  they  indicate  that  both  ESRF  and ASTIS  will  continue  to  update  this  bibliography  in  the  ASTIS  data  base under the subject term “ice scouring,” but this does not help the purchaser  of  the  book. For  the  Canadian  and U.S. offshore  areas  the  bibliography  is  quite complete  and  the  citations  summarize  the  different  papers  and  reports very well. The book is suited to the reader who wants a complete breakdown of all  papers  written on various  aspects of this  subject,  but  it will not itself give the new reader to this subject the necessary understanding  of  the  processes of icehceberg  scour  or  the  engineering designs  to  counteract  the  potential  hazard;  such a book  would be very welcome  in  the  published  literature. For  someone  wanting  some  information on the  subject  of  ice  scour  in relation  to  their  own  interest,  it  would be wise  to  obtain this book  from a library,  considering  its  price.  For  researchers  and  engineers  involved  in high  latitude  shelves  and,  particularly,  in  offshore  resource  exploita- tion in areas prone to sea bottom scour, this bibliography is highly recommended. J .  Vaughn  Barrie C-CORE  and  Department of Earth  Sciences Memorial  University of Newfoundland St. John’s, Newfoundland,  CaMda AIB 3x5 CULTURES IN CONTACT, The Impact of European Contacts on Native  American  Cultural  Institutions,  A.D.  1000-1800.  Edited  and with commentary by WILLIAM w. ~ Z H U G H .  Washington, D.C.: Anthropological  Society of Washington  Series,  Smithsonian  Institu- tion Press, 1985.  320  p.,  maps,  figs.,  illus.,  bib.  Hardbound. US$29.95. This is a significant book, not only because it deals with a wide variety  of  early  contact  areas  from  Greenland  to  the  Caribbean,  but  also because  it  has  brought a multidisciplinary  approach  to a study  of  the problems that ensued after indigenous populations of eastern North America fiist encountered Europeans. William Fitzhugh, who has edited  and  provided  the  commentary  for a collection  of  papers  deliv- ered  at  meetings  of  the  Anthropological  Society  of  Washington  during the  1981-82  season,  must  be  congratulated on the  broad  sweep of the contributions  chosen  for  this  volume.  Archaeological,  ethnographical, historical,  pathological  and  socio-political  points of view  have  all  been brought  to  bear on the  subject of what  actually  happened  during  the  first century  or so of  interaction  between  native  Americans  and  the  “aliens from  the  east,”  whether  of  Scandinavian,  Basque,  English,  Spanish  or other  stock. Although  these  papers  demonstrate  that  the  patterns of interaction showed considerable differences, depending on the region and the ethnic  groups  involved,  and  that  in  some  areas  the  indigenous  popula- tion,  as,  for  instance  the  Narragansett,  were  temporarily  better  able  to cope  with  the  commercial  and  territorial  expansionism  of  the  Europe- ans  than  in  other  regions,  nevertheless  the  end  result  was  in  most  cases appallingly  similar.  In  practically  every  case  dealt  with  in  this  volume, with  the  exception of Labrador  and  Greenland,  the  original  inhabitants of eastern  North  America  were  either  annihilated  by a combination of epidemic  disease  and  warfare  or  suffered  painful  diminishment  both culturally  and  statistically.  Meanwhile  there  was, of course, a concom- itant  establishment of Europeans  in  all  the  regions  most  appropriate  for settlement.  As  Fitzhugh  has  noted  in  his  commentary on Part I, only in the  Arctic  and sub-kctic,  where  until  the  18th  century  interaction  was mainly  ship-based  rather  than  land-based,  was the effect  of a European presence  not  devastatingly  negative;  there,  however,  Inuit  language, culture and population survived, and “Inuit people . . . continue to occupy  their  territorial  homeland.” The dates given in the book’s subtitle might imply that detailed coverage  has  been  given  to  contact  areas  from  the  time of the  fiist  Norse establishments  in  Newfoundland  through  to  the  end of the  18th  century, but  that  would  be  a  very  difficult  task  for  one  volume  to  cover.  The majority of these  papers  are  concerned  with the 16th  and  17th  centuries, and it  is  clear  that  the  collection  was  never  intended  to  cover  all  the contact  areas of eastern  North  America.  However, it is  surprising  that one  very  important  area of early  contact  has  not  been  included.  Apart from  Susan  Kaplan’s  paper,  which  touches on the  French  seigneury period  in  relation  to  French-Eskimo  contact  in  Labrador,  there  is  barely a mention in other  papers of the  widespread  influence  of  French  traders and  settlers. The  selected  case  studies  are  based  mainly,  though  not entirely, on archaeological research projects relating in Part II to Narragansett, Skakheag and Iroquois tribes; Part 111 examines the Powhatan  chiefdom  and  other  Algonkian  groups  in  the  Chesapeake area  and  Part  IV  is a final  section  by  Kathleen  Deagan on “Spanish- Indian  Interaction  in  Sixteenth  Century  Florida  and  Hispaniola.” It  is  to  be  hoped  that  further  volumes  will  include  such  vital  areas  as the Gulf of St. Lawrence, since there are fruitful comparisons that could be made  between  Spanish,  French  and  English  approaches  to trade  and  settlement  that  appear  to  have  little  to do with  an  “institu- tional” vs. an “entrepreneurial” approach, and more to do with informal modes of interaction such as intermarriage (discussed in Deagan’s  paper).  In  southern  New  England,  according  to  the  paper  by Peter Thomas: “Interracial marriage was forbidden” and “Social boundaries  were  closely  prescribed  by  colonial  law,’  whereas  attitudes to  intermarriage  were  entirely  different  in  areas  such  as  the  Gasp6  and Acadia, where from the 1580s onward there was sustained social interaction between Indians and the trader-fishermen (although it should be noted  that  the  Gulf  was  not  “rapidly  deluged . . . after  its discovery  by  Cabot,”  by  Basques  or  any  other  fishermen,  as  is  stated  in the  commentary  to  Part XI). The influence of both  Moravians  in  Greenland  and  Catholic  missions in  Florida re discussed  in  Parts I and IV,  and  particular  attention  is  paid by  Deagan  to  the  work  and  concern of men  such  as  Bartolome  de  las Casas  and  the  Dominican  fathers,  while J. Frederick  Fausz  has  pointed out  that  by  1625  more  than one Englishman  felt,  like Sir Francis  Bacon, that settlements should not be allowed where Indians had to be 

Ice Scour Bibliography, edited by Ross Goodwin, Jean C. Finley and Lynne M. Howard

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Ice Scour Bibliography, edited by Ross Goodwin, Jean C. Finley and Lynne M. Howard

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