Kingsley, Michael C.S.

English

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REVIEWS I 327 about  generational  differences,  but  stress  the  differences by gender  and region  (especially  between  Baker  Lake  and  Cape  Dorset).  Moreover, he finds  that  at  Baker  Lake  the  work of both  men  and  women  evidences great  similarity,  whereas  at  Cape  Dorset  gender  differences  are  readily apparent.  He  points  out  that  not  all  difference  in  the  work of men  and women  can  be  accounted  for by cultural  inter-community  differences and  suggests  that  other  factors  must  be  examined if we  are  to  under- stand  the  phenomenon.  For  example,  he  suggests  that  lack of observed significant  differences  by  gender  may  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  both husband  and  wife  engaged  in  artistic  production,  or by possible  differ- ent  conditions  in  various  workshops  (egalitarian  in  one,  organized  by gender  elsewhere,  to  cite  one of his  examples).  Other  gender  differ- ences  may be due  to  the  “Freudian”  factors  (p.  25). In terms  of  content, Graburn  sees “ . . . a  strong  male  emphasis . . . on naturalistic  reality, including  culturally  shared  mythology”  (p.  26). Graburn  uses  in  his  analysis  Inuit  criteria  for  judging  a  representa- tion,  such  as quak, which  indicates  a  static  versus  dynamic  image.  He also  defines  the  “Inuit  aesthetic  canon sulijuk, which  may be glossed as  “truth,  that  which  really  exists,  reality”  (p.  26)  and  which  “does  not exclude  shared  or  even  individual  mythological  depictions.”  Howev- er,  the  concept of sulijuk, according  to  Graburn,  might  require  the use of certain  stylistic  devices:  ground  line,  three  dimensional  perspective, and  correct  ethnographic  detail”  (p.  26).  Graburn  writes:  “My  prior and  recent  research  has  confirmed  that sulijuk is  the  strongest  single aesthetic canon for Inuit artists and non-artists both in Nouveau- Quebec  where  it  is  very  much  in  evidence,  and  in  Baffin  Island,  where it is  less so. ” Would  that  art  historians  and  museum  directors paid ome heed  to  non-Western,  native,  aesthetic  canon  and  stopped  judging  and interpreting artistic productions of non-Westerners in our modern, contemporary  ways! In conclusion, I can  only  state  that I fully  agree  with  Graburn  that “Research on Canadian  Inuit  graphic  art  is  at  an  early  stage.”  There- fore,  the  exhibit  and  the  accompanying  catalogue  must be viewed  as  a pioneering  effort,  an  experiment,  and  should be welcomed  as  such. I cannot,  however,  fail  to  express  my  sincere  hope  that  in  the  future  both the  organizers of similar  efforts  and  the  interpreters of Inuit  artistic activities  pay  more  attention  to  social  context  and  ethnoaesthetics  and less to current art history  views on what constitutes “art” and  “creativity.” The  book  is  a  good  introduction  to  Canadian  Inuit  graphics  but  it  has somewhat  limited  utility  for  the  specialist. Lydia T .  Black Department of Anthropology University of Alaska  Fairbanks Fairbanks,  Alaska 99775 U.S.A. EDUCATION,  RESEARCH,  INFORMATION  SYSTEMS  ANDTHE NORTH.  Edited by w. PETER ADAMS. Ottawa:  Association of Cana- dian Universities for Northern Studies Association universitaire canadienne  d’Etudes  nordiques,  1987.  Softbound.  Cdn$27.50. This  publication  is  a  report of the  ACUNS  annual  meeting  held  in Yellowknife  in  April  1986.  This  is  the  second  annual  meeting  ACUNS has  held  in  the  North,  and  the report was  considered as an opportunity for a ‘‘mutual briefing” between its 35 member universities and  the people of the North.  The  idea  was that  Northerners would be able to express  their views on what  the  universities are doing and  what  they  should  be doing. At  the  same time, the  universities  would have an opportunity to make Northerners aware of their work in the North  and  their motives for undertaking  that work [p. 31. The  report  is  one  part  of  ACUN’s  contribution  to he exchange. The  report  consists of 82  papers,  addresses,  bibliographies,  profiles of the  member  universities  of  ACUNS,  and  lists  of  library  services. Following  an  introduction  and  overview,  there are major  sections  on education,  research,  higher  education  and  training,  teacher  education, distance  education,  and  information  systems  in  the  North.  It  concludes with a  guide  to  the  35  universities  that are members  of  ACUNS. The  report  is  an  interesting  and  invaluable  document  for  a  number of reasons. It is  a  rich  resource on research  in  the  North  in  many  forms, including  institutions,  personnel,  and  information  storage.  As  much  as possible,  the  personnel  references  are  very  specific,  sometimes  includ- ing  phone  numbers.  This  value  is  apparent  both  to  those  in  the  North and  outside. The  northerners  will  have  within  easy  access  a  listing of the  institu- tions  and  some  indication  of  the  kinds  of  studies  in  each.  Universities will be networking both among themselves and with the northern people,  thus  providing  more  complete  and  immediate  means of haring ideas  and  extending  the  information  in  any  single  institution. The  report  will  provide  one  of  the  most  up-to-date  resources  for  those from  outside  Canada  who  wish  to  study  the  North  in  more  detail. It makes  a  major  contribution  in  its  provision of short  reports  from 14 institutions  located  in  the  North  and  explains  and  describes  their  under- standing of their  own  domain.  Such  diverse  institutions  as  the  Metis Association  of  the  Northwest  Territories,  the  Northern  Heritage  Soci- ety, the Science Institute of the Northwest Territories, and Arctic College are among  the 14. An  interesting  aspect  is  the  mix  of  the  reports  from  both  institutions and  politicians.  The  politicians  include  the  education  minister  from  the N. W .T., the  minister  of  Indian  Affairs  and  Northern  Development,  the government  House  leader,  Yukon,  and  spokespersons  for  the  Dene,  the Metis  and  the  Inuit  Tapirisat.  This  acknowledges  that  politics  provides some  public  values  base  for  all  research  and  the  researchers,  educators, and  politicians  are  brought  together  in  this  conference.  The  inclusion of a  table  outlining  ethics  in  northern  research  is  valuable. A major issue raised and discussed by E. Bielawski is the gap between those who are researchers, academics, outsiders and those from within the culture being studied. The author raises theoretical implications  for  social  science  and  concludes  with  an  interesting  hypoth- esis  that  “if  we  accept  the  broad  evolutionary  concept  that  generality  is more  adaptively  successful  than  specifically,  we  might  consider  incor- porating  the  richness  of  cross-cultural  perceptions  in  the  advancement of science”  (p.  61). Another  major  issue,  but  raised  from  the  perspective of th   people  in the  North,  is  the  relative  isolation of the  southern  researcher  and  the northern  people.  Some  strong  points are made by  northerners  on  this issue,  and  the  sounds  have  a  long  echo.  Many of the  northern  papers  not only  present  the  general  case  but  give  examples  as  to  how  this gap  can be  lessened.  For  instance,  in  teacher  education  suggestions  are  made for  research  into  learning  style  and  curriculum  adaptations.  There  is  an open invitation  to  help. Both  of  these  issues  are  important  material  for  anyone  contemplating carrying  out  research  in  the  North, but they  are  also  fascinating  for  the challenge  they  provide. The  publication  might  have  included  an  index  as  well  as  a  table  of contents, but with this small exception, I consider it an excellent document  for  anyone  inside  or  outside  the  North  who  wishes  to  have  a comprehensive  resource  and  a start on some  of  the  related  issues. Arthur G .  McBeath Education  Department Saskatchewan  Indian  Federated  College University of Regina Regina,  Saskatchewan,  Canada S4S OA2 ESTIMATING  MOOSE  POPULATION  PARAMETERS  FROM AERIAL  SURVEYS.  By WILLIAM C. GASAWAY, STEPHEN D. DUBOIS, DANIEL J. REED, and SAMUEL 1. HARBO. Fairbanks:  Institute of Arctic Biology,  University  of  Alaska,  1986.  Biological  Papers  of  the  Uni- versity  of  Alaska,  No.  22.  ix + 89  p.,  appendices.  Softbound.  Free; US$3  for  postage  and  packing. The aim of this  handbook  is  to  provide  an  instruction  manual  for  the conduct of aerial  surveys  for  moose  in  the  open  Boreal  forest,  and  to 328 I REVIEWS this end the authors’ experience in survey work is distilled into a step-by-step  handbook  that  is  thorough,  detailed  and  carefully  com- piled.  This  is  not,  and  is  not  meant  to  be,  for  the  general  biologist, however  interested  in  moose;  it  is  meant  for  the  survey  specialist. Field  methods  are  described  down  to  the  inclusion of completed  field sheets,  advice on the  scale of map  to  choose, and cautionary  words on the  importance  of  controlling  field  travel  costs.  One  aspect  treated less  thoroughly  than  its  importance  warrants  is  the  choice of aircraft  and pilot. It is  implied  that  pilots  should  have  survey  experience, and  that aircraft should be slow and maneuverable, but requirements are not given  in  detail.  The  survey  procedures  combine  robust  and  practical field  methods  with  refined  mathematical  methods  for  survey  design and data  analysis,  for  which  there  are  worked  examples  for  every  step.  This is not for those shy  of  formulas;  it’s  packed  with  them.  Part of the reason for this is  that  there is a  lot of repetition;  for example, Satterthwaite’s approximation  for  the  degrees of freedom  of  combined  variances  is never  given  as  a  general  expression,  but  occurs  in  various  special  forms nine  times  (and  then  is  missing,  where  it  would  be  an  improvement, from  Sec.  3.7.3 - Calculating  the  Expanded  Population  Estimate). The  aerial  survey  design  advocated - or, rather,  prescribed - is complex,  requiring  three  survey  stages,  each  subsequent  one  refining previous  estimates.  After  the  study  area  is  divided  into  sample  units,  at a  recommended  size  of  1 1-13 sq. mi.  each,  an  initial  survey of the  entire study  area  is  flown  to  estimate  the  density  in  each  sample  unit  only  well enough  to  assign  it  to  a  “high,”  “medium,”  or  “low”  density  class. (Rules  are  given  for  deciding  when  sample  units  can  safely  be  assigned to classes  without  being  flown  over.)  A  random  sample of the  units in each  class  is  then  flown  in  the  “standard”  survey  to  estimate  a  standard mean  density  for  each  class;  and of those,  some  (or  all)  are  chosen  for  a further  sub-sampling of a 2-sq.mi.  plot  for  intensive  search  to  estimate a  sightability  correction  factor  for  the  standard  survey.  (And  then  a  fine factor  may  have  to  be  obtained  from  a  radio-collaring  experiment  to correct  the  intensive  searches.) The  mathematical  methods  are  generally  sound,  well  constructed, and  robust.  The  importance  of  efficient  design  and  careful  analysis  is recognized,  and  the  calculation  and  combination of sampling  standard errors  is  given  for  each  step.  Included  are:  estimation of the  visible population  in  each  density  class  and  combining  them  to  the  total;  the calculation,  and  correction  for  small-sample  bias, of the  sightability correction  factor;  its use to  expand  the  population  estimate;  optimal allocation of survey  effort  between  strata  and  between  standard  and intensive  searches;  the  detection  and  estimation of changes  in  popula- tion  size;  and,  usefully,  the  design of surveys  to  do so, considering  both Type I and  Type I1 errors.  A  final  section  shows  how  to  estimate  sex and age  ratios.  The  reader  is  warned  against  most of the  likely  tempta- tions  to  depart  from  random  sampling,  but  an  exception  is  the  sugges- tion (on p.  19)  that,  as  long  as  sample  units  are  searched  in  the  random order  in  which  they  are  selected,  “the  survey  can  be  terminated  when- ever  adequate  precision  of  the  population  estimate  is  attained.”  Such  a decision  rule  biases  sampling  in  favour of small  variances  and  produces too-narrow  confidence  intervals; if sample  mean  and  variance  are  corre- lated,  as  in  such  studies  they  probably are, population  estimates  will also  be  biased.  Statistically  valid  sequential  sampling  schemes do  exist, but they’re  more  complex  than this. In some  aspects,  the  presentation  is  fussy:  four  levels of numbered heading  are  oppressive  (though  equations  are  not  numbered), and  the examples of worked calculations and completed field sheets are a continual  hindrance  to  the  flow f the  material: if they  were  collected  in an  appendix,  they  would  themselves  cohere  and  flow  as  a  counterpart  to the  text.  Anyone  using  this  as  an  instruction  manual  will  want  to  keep  it for  reference  and  will  then  find  the  worked  examples  in  the  way.  This tries  to  be  a  stand-alone  self-contained  volume,  including,  unnecessar- ily,  an  introduction  to  simple  sampling  theory,  tables  of  random  num- bers  and  (twice) of “Student” ’s t ,  and  explanations  of  Type I and I1 errors, the power of tests, and the difference between linear and exponential  growth  of  populations.  The  authors  would  have  done  better to  assume  adequate  understanding of statistical  and  mathematical  con- cepts - as  it  is  they  give  little  explanation of stratified  sampling, of ratio  estimation,  or of the  term  “bias.”  Programs,  instructions,  and example  outputs  for  calculating  results on an  H-P  97  take  up  11  pages of the  book  and 5 more of an  appendix,  although  this  model  hasn’t  been  in the  H-P  catalogue  since  1984. At  the  beginning of the  introduction,  the  authors  make  it  plain  that their  object  is  to  set  out,  with no qualifications, no consideration of alternatives, the methods that they have found best. The result is a recital of “This  is  how  we  do  moose  surveys;  follow  these  methods exactly, and you will have a good survey.” True; but as such, it is narrowly  aimed  at  people  who  are  looking  for  such  a  set of instructions to  follow.  This  is  a  small  market;  and  most  such  readers  would  wel- come more discussion of the options available, so that if forced to deviate,  they  could  do so informedly.  Many  other  readers  -those  with more  general  interests  in  wildlife  surveys,  who  work  with  other  spe- cies,  in  other  habitats,  with  other  survey  designs  and  sampling  schemes - will  find  this  exposition  interesting,  but  will  regret  that  the  authors do not reveal more of the experiences and decisions that went into developing  their  methods. That this book is popular is shown by its already having been reprinted. It deserves  to  be  popular  not  because of its  detailed  instruc- tion on field techniques and cost management, nor because of the worked  examples  and  HP-97  programs,  but  because  it  gives  a  complete set of design  procedures  and  analytical  routines  for  the  mathematical aspects of stratified  random  aerial  survey.  Few  survey  biologists  may need  them  all - but  nearly  every  survey  biologist  will  need  some of th m. Michael C.S. Kingsley Department of Fisheries  and  Oceans Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  Canada R3T 2N6 THE  ARCTIC  WORLD.  Edited by WILLIAM E.  TAYLOR,  JR.; principal writer, FRED BRUEMMER. Toronto:  Key  Porter  Books  Limited,  1985. 256  p.,  130  colour  photos,  100  black  and  white  photos,  1  map. In his  editorial  foreword, W.E.  Taylor,  Jr.,  points  out  that  southern- ers  commonly  regard  the  Arctic  as  remote,  hostile  and  barren,  whereas, he contends,  though  all  these  things,  it  is  also  profoundly  beautiful, abounding  in  fascinating  wildlife,  and  from  a  cultural  point of view  a place of long  history  and  humanity.  All  the  pictures  and  illustrations bear  witness  to  this  theme. This  is  a  large-sized  volume  with  some  256  pages  of  high  quality paper,  about  two-thirds of which  are  devoted  to  pictures,  mainly  colour photographs.  Also  reproduced  are  a  number of archival  photographs and  prints.  A  text  is  pitched  to  present  a  serious  but  easy-to-read  adjunct to  the  illustrative  matter. One  can  readily  imagine  that  a  picture-only browser  will  finish up having  taken  in  most  of  the  text  as  well,  gleaning in  the  process  a  fascinating  insight  into  the  circumpolar  region. A broad description of the geography and general environment, particularly  wildlife,  is  provided.  Also  it  embraces  a  history  of  man’s penetration of these  regions  right  up  to  the  present  day,  beginning  with Stone  Age  man’s  move  northward  into  the  Russo-Siberian  Arctic  and eventually  crossing  over  the  Bering  Straits  into  what  is  now  the  Canadi- an  Archipelago. Augmenting  the  general  survey  is  an  examination  in  greater  detail of certain of its aspects. Thor Larsen describes the fauna and Frans Wielgolaski  the  flora,  both  offering  explanations  of  the  various  biologi- cal  mechanisms  that  have  allowed  the  different  species  to  adapt  suc- cessfully  in  the  frigid  climate.  Turning  to  the  human  population,  Robert McGhee  traces  the  anthropological  history of the  races  and  tribes  that have  made  their  homes  around  the  Arctic  Circle.  A.F.  Treshnikov  tells of the  polar  exploration  that  has  taken  place  since  the 1 l th century  and particularly  the  scientific  missions  of  the  past  200  years.  Finally,  Ernest 

Estimating Moose Population Parameters from Aerial Surveys, by William C. Gasaway, Stephen D. Dubois, Daniel J. Reed, and Samuel J. Harbo

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Estimating Moose Population Parameters from Aerial Surveys, by William C. Gasaway, Stephen D. Dubois, Daniel J. Reed, and Samuel J. Harbo

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