The purpose of this study was to construct Norms of Physical Fitness Test Items of Taekwondo Player. To obtain data, the investigators had selected Fourty (N=40), male Inter-College level Taekwondo Player of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar between the age group of 18-28. The Muscular Strength was measured by Handgrip Strength Test, Muscular Power was measured by Vertical Jump Test, Muscular Endurance was measured by Pull-Up Test, Running Speed was measured by 20-Meter Dash, Running Agility was measured by Illinois Agility Test, Jumping Ability was measured by Standing Long Jump Test, Throwing Ability was measured by Overhead Medicine Ball Throw Test, Flexibility was measured by Sit and Reach Flexibility Test and Balance was measured by Stork Balance Stand Test. The data, which was collected by administering tests, was statistically treated to develop for all the test items. In order to construct the norms, Percentile Scale was used. Further, the scores were classified into five grades i.e., very good, good, average, poor and very poor.  Article visualizations

Bal, Baljinder Singh

Kishore, Kamal

Singh, Gagandeep

Singh, Surinder

English

European Journals of Education Studies

  European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science ISSN: 2501 - 1235 ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu  Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved.                                                                                                                  © 2015 – 2018 Open Access Publishing Group                                                                                                                         63 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1491794 Volume 5 │ Issue 1 │ 2018  CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST ITEMS NORMS  OF TAEKWONDO PLAYER OF GURU NANAK DEV  UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR, INDIA  Baljinder Singh Bal1i,  Gagandeep Singh2, Kamal Kishore2, Surinder Singh2 1Dr., Department of Physical Education (T),  Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar,  Punjab, India  2Department of Physical Education (T),  Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar,  Punjab, India   Abstract: The purpose of this study was to construct Norms of Physical Fitness Test Items of Taekwondo Player. To obtain data, the investigators had selected Fourty (N=40), male Inter-College level Taekwondo Player of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar between the age group of 18-28. The Muscular Strength was measured by Handgrip Strength Test, Muscular Power was measured by Vertical Jump Test, Muscular Endurance was measured by Pull-Up Test, Running Speed was measured by 20-Meter Dash, Running Agility was measured by Illinois Agility Test, Jumping Ability was measured by Standing Long Jump Test, Throwing Ability was measured by Overhead Medicine Ball Throw Test, Flexibility was measured by Sit and Reach Flexibility Test and Balance was measured by Stork Balance Stand Test. The data, which was collected by administering tests, was statistically treated to develop for all the test items. In order to construct the norms, Percentile Scale was used. Further, the scores were classified into five grades i.e., very good, good, average, poor and very poor.  Keywords: muscular strength, muscular power, muscular endurance, running speed, running agility, jumping ability, throwing ability, flexibility, balance  1. Introduction  Physical activity is a behavior influenced by many factors. These factors work on four levels: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, and ecological (Lindquist, Reynolds                                                            Baljinder Singh Bal, Gagandeep Singh, Kamal Kishore, Surinder Singh CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST ITEMS NORMS OF TAEKWONDO PLAYER OF  GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR, INDIA European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 1 │ 2018                                                64 & Goran, 1999). Physiological level of physical activity in children is determined by age, gender, and ethnicity (Reynolds et al. 1990 & Hudson, 2008).   Physical activity has positive effects on physical, psychological/social, and cognitive health on school-aged children and youth (Janssen & LeBlanc, 2010). Evidence showed that physical activity improved body composition and the prevention of overweight and obesity, improved skeletal (Gunter, Almstedt & Janz, 2012), metabolic (Janssen & LeBlanc, 2010) and cardiovascular health (Fernhall & Agiovlasitis, 2008). Despite biological benefits on biological health, physical activity also affects psychosocial health, such as reduction of symptoms of depression, stress, anxiety and improvements in self-confidence and self-esteem (Biddle & Asate, 2011).   Taekwondo has been propagated worldwide and is currently a popular sport reaching about 70 million practitioners in 204 countries (World Taekwondo Federation member status, 2013).  Taekwondo is a physically demanding sport that is dominated by kicks and punches with points scored by delivering blows to the opponent (Bueke et al, 2007 & Probst et al, 2007).   2. Material and Methods  2.1 Participants Fourty (N=40), male Inter-College level Taekwondo Player of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar between the age group of 18-28 years volunteered to participate in the study. All the subjects were informed about the objective and protocol of the study.  2.2 Variables The following Physical Fitness Test Items were selected for the present study:  a) Muscular Strength; b) Muscular Power; c) Muscular Endurance; d) Running Speed; e) Running Agility; f) Jumping Ability; g) Throwing Ability; h) Flexibility; i) Balance.  2.3 Procedure The scores of each Physical Fitness Test Items were recorded by the researcher on the basis of performance in tests. The subjects were given adequate demonstration, practice trial and required instructions for all tests.    Table 1: Description of Physical Fitness Test Items and Tests Baljinder Singh Bal, Gagandeep Singh, Kamal Kishore, Surinder Singh CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST ITEMS NORMS OF TAEKWONDO PLAYER OF  GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR, INDIA European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 1 │ 2018                                                65 Sr. No. Physical Fitness Test Items Tests 1.  Muscular Strength Handgrip Strength Test 2.  Muscular Power Vertical Jump Test 3.  Muscular Endurance Pull-Up Test 4.  Running Speed 20 Meter Dash 5.  Running Agility Illinois Agility Test 6.  Jumping Ability Standing Long Jump Test 7.  Throwing Ability Overhead Medicine Ball Throw 8.  Flexibility Sit and Reach Flexibility Test 9.  Balance Stork Balance Stand Test  3. Statistical Technique   The data, which was collected by administering tests, was statistically treated to develop for all the test items. In order to construct the norms, Percentile Scale was used. Further, the scores were classified into five grades i.e., very good, good, average, poor and very poor.  4. Results  For each of the chosen variable, the result pertaining to Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Percentile Plot (Hi & Low) of Physical Fitness Test Items of Fourty (N=40), male Taekwondo Player of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar are brought forth in Table 2:  Table 2: Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and  Percentile Plot (Hi & Low) of Physical Fitness Test Items of  Taekwondo Players of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (N=40) Sr. No. Test Items Mean ± Standard Deviation Hi Low 1. Muscular Strength Mean 43.09 57.5 34.7 SD 5.70 2. Muscular Power Mean 62.55 70 56 S.D 4.65 3. Muscular Endurance Mean 20 24 16 SD 2.44 4. Running Speed Mean 3.15 3.2 3.1 SD 3.56 5. Running Agility Mean 11.04 12.07 10.02 SD 6.98 6. Jumping Ability Mean 2.23 2.48 2.10 SD 1.22 7. Throwing Ability Mean 17.72 20 15 SD 1.83 8. Flexibility Mean 3.25 5 2 SD 1.12 9. Balance Mean 35.07 42 30 SD 3.85     Baljinder Singh Bal, Gagandeep Singh, Kamal Kishore, Surinder Singh CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST ITEMS NORMS OF TAEKWONDO PLAYER OF  GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR, INDIA European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 1 │ 2018                                                66 Table 2 shows that in Muscular Strength, the mean score was 43.09 and standard deviation score was 5.70. In Muscular Power, the mean score was 62.55 and standard deviation score was 4.65. In Muscular Endurance, the mean score was 20 and standard deviation score was 2.44. In Running Speed, the mean score was 3.15 and standard deviation score was 3.56. In Running Agility, the mean score was 11.04 and standard deviation was 6.98. In Jumping Agility, the mean score was 2.23 and standard deviation was 1.22. In Throwing Ability, the mean score was 17.72 and standard deviation score was 1.83. In Flexibility, the mean score was 3.25 and standard deviation score was 1.12. In Balance, the mean score was 35.07 and standard deviation score was 3.85.   Figure 1: Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and  Percentile Plot (Hi & Low) of Physical Fitness Test Items of Taekwondo Players of  Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (N=40)  4.1 Grades under Normal Distribution   Table 3: Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and  Percentile Plot (Hi & Low) of Physical Fitness Test Items of Taekwondo Players of  Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (N=40) Test Items Very Poor Poor Average Good Very Good Muscular  Strength Less than (<) 31.69 31.69 - 37.39 37.39 - 48.79 48.79 - 54.49 Greater than (>) 54.49 Muscular  Power Less than (<) 53.25 53.25 - 57.90 57.90 - 67.20 67.20 - 71.85 Greater than (>) 71.85 Muscular  Endurance Less than (<) 15.12 15.12 - 17.56 17.56 - 20 20 - 22.44 Greater than (>) 22.44 Running  Speed Greater than (>) 10.27 10.27 -  6.71 6.71 - 0.41 -0.41 - -3.97 Less than (<) -3.97 Running  Agility Greater than (>) 25 25 - 18.02 18.0 - 4.06 4.06- -2.92 Less than (<) -2.92 Baljinder Singh Bal, Gagandeep Singh, Kamal Kishore, Surinder Singh CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST ITEMS NORMS OF TAEKWONDO PLAYER OF  GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR, INDIA European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 1 │ 2018                                                67 Jumping  Ability Less than (<) -0.21 -0.21 - 1.01 1.01 - 3.45 3.45 - 4.67 Greater than (>) 4.67 Throwing  Ability Less than (<) 14.06 14.06 - 15.89 15.89 - 19.55 19.55 - 21.38 Greater than (>) 21.38 Flexibility Less than (<) 1.01 1.01 - 2.13 2.13 - 4.37 4.37 - 5.49 Greater than (>) 5.49 Balance Less than (<) 27.37 27.37 - 31.22 31.22 - 38.92 38.92 - 42.77 Greater than (>) 42.77  1. In Muscular Strength, the scores below 31.69 are considered very poor, from about 31.69-37.39 is considered poor, 37.39-48.79 is considered average, 48.79-54.49 is considered good and the scores above 54.49 are considered very good.  2. In Muscular Power, the scores below 53.25 are considered very poor, from about 53.25-57.90 is considered poor, 57.90-67.20 is considered average, 67.20-71.85 is considered good and the scores above 71.85 are considered very good.  3. In Muscular Endurance, the scores below 15.12 are considered very poor, from about 15.12-17.56 is considered poor, 17.56-20 is considered average, 20- 22.44 is considered good and the scores above 22.44 are considered very good.  4. In Running Speed, the scores above 10.27 are considered very poor, from about 10.27-  6.71 is considered poor, 6.71-0.41 is considered average, -0.41- -3.97 is considered good and the scores below -3.97 are considered very good.  5. In Running Agility, the scores above 25 are considered very poor, from about 25-18.02 is considered poor, 18.0-4.06 is considered average, 4.06- -2.92 is considered good and the scores below -2.92 are considered very good.  6. In Jumping Ability, the scores below -0.21 are considered very poor, from about -0.21-1.01 is considered poor, 1.01-3.45 is considered average, 3.45-4.67 is considered good and the scores above 4.67 are considered very good.  7. In Throwing Ability, the scores below 14.06 are considered very poor, from about 14.06-15.89 is considered poor, 15.89-19.55 is considered average, 19.55-21.38 is considered good and the scores above 21.38 are considered very good.  8. In Flexibility, the scores below 1.01 are considered very poor, from about 1.01-2.13 is considered poor, 2.13-4.37 is considered average, 4.37-5.49 is considered good and the scores above 5.49 are considered very good.  9. In Balance, the scores below 27.37 are considered very poor, from about 27.37-31.22 is considered poor, 31.22-38.92 is considered average, 38.92-42.77 is considered good and the scores above 42.77 are considered very good.     Baljinder Singh Bal, Gagandeep Singh, Kamal Kishore, Surinder Singh CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST ITEMS NORMS OF TAEKWONDO PLAYER OF  GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR, INDIA European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 1 │ 2018                                                68            (a)          (b)    (c)           (d)   (e)                                                                        (f)   (g)                                                                      (h)                                          (i) Figure 2: Normal distribution  of Physical Fitness Test Items  (i.e., a. Muscular Strength, b. Muscular Power, c. Muscular Endurance, d. Running Speed,  e. Running Agility, f. Jumping Ability, g. Throwing Ability, h. Flexibility & i. Balance) of Taekwondo Player of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (N=40)   Baljinder Singh Bal, Gagandeep Singh, Kamal Kishore, Surinder Singh CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST ITEMS NORMS OF TAEKWONDO PLAYER OF  GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR, INDIA European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 1 │ 2018                                                69 Acknowledgements Heartiest thanks and appreciation are extended to all players who served as subjects for this study and without whose help this study could not have been completed.  Recommendations Physical Education teachers, coaches and athletic trainers may utilize the findings of the present study by preparing or modifying the existing training schedules for Taekwondo Player. Normative data regarding Physical Fitness Test Items will help the coaches and trainers to regulate the training programme for elite athletes.  Furthermore, future research could also explore the other variable namely, physical, physiological, anthropometrical and biomedical in addition to the variables chosen in the present study.   References  Biddle, S.,J. & Asate, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and  adolescents: a review of reviews. Br J Sports Med, 45, 886-895. Burke, D.T., Al-Adawi, S., Lee, Y.T., & Audette, J. (2007). Martial arts as sport and  therapy. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 47, 96-102. Fernhall, B. & Agiovlasitis, S. (2008). Arterial function in youth: window into  cardiovascular risk. J Appl Physiol, 105, 325-333. Gunter, K.B., Almstedt, H.C., & Janz, K.F. (2012). Physical activity in childhood may  be the key to optimizing lifespan skeletal health. Exercise and sport sciences  reviews, 40(1), 13. Hudson, C.E. (2008). An integrative review of obesity prevention in African American  children. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 31(4), 147–170. Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A.,G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical  activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys.  Act, 7(40). Lindquist, C.H., Reynolds, K.D. & Goran, M.I. (1999). Sociocultural determinants of  physical activity among children. Preventive Medicine, 29(4), 305–12. Probst, M.M., Fletcher, R., & Seelig, D.S.(2007). A comparison of lower-body flexibility,  strength, and knee stability between karate athletes and active controls. J  Strength Cond Res, 21, 451-455. Reynolds, K.D., Killen, J.D., Bryson, S.W., Maron, D.J., Taylor, C.B., Maccoby, N. et al.  (1990). Psychosocial predictors of physical activity in adolescents. Preventive  Medicine, 19(5), 541–551. WTF. World Taekwondo Federation member status. 2013. www.wtf.org.    Baljinder Singh Bal, Gagandeep Singh, Kamal Kishore, Surinder Singh CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST ITEMS NORMS OF TAEKWONDO PLAYER OF  GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR, INDIA European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 1 │ 2018                                                70                                                             Creative Commons licensing terms Authors will retain the copyright of their published articles agreeing that a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) terms will be applied to their work. Under the terms of this license, no permission is required from the author(s) or publisher for members of the community to copy, distribute, transmit or adapt the article content, providing a proper, prominent and unambiguous attribution to the authors in a manner that makes clear that the materials are being reused under permission of a Creative Commons License. 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CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST ITEMS NORMS  OF TAEKWONDO PLAYER OF GURU NANAK DEV  UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR, INDIA

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CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST ITEMS NORMS OF TAEKWONDO PLAYER OF GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR, INDIA

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