The paper addresses a topical issue in the analysis and comparison of results from forest harvesting in 4 lots within the Forest Distict of Anina, by methods of calculation and final measurement result in the warehouse. The research was conducted in the Forest District of Anina in the timber harvesting areas operated by logging services in 4 lots in 2014. After presenting the need, goals and objectives, the paper focuses on the research methods used and the procedure related to the determination of the industrial assortments though different methods, whose outcomes are then compared

Bercea, I.

Cantar, I.

Chisalita, I.

Ciontu, C.

Simon-Cernescu, N.

The paper addresses a topical issue in the analysis and comparison of results from forestÂ harvesting in 4 lots within the Forest Distict of Anina, by methods of calculation and finalÂ measurement result in the warehouse. The research was conducted in the Forest DistrictÂ of Anina in the timber harvesting areas operated by logging services in 4 lots in 2014. AfterÂ presenting the need, goals and objectives, the paper focuses on the research methodsÂ used and the procedure related to the determination of the industrial assortments thoughÂ different methods, whose outcomes are then compared

Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series

Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201564RESEARCH ON THE ASSORTMENT OF THE TIMBER HARVESTED INTHE FOREST DISTRICT OF ANINA IN 2014CHISĂLIŢĂ I.1*, BERCEA I.2 ,CÂNTAR I.3, CIONTU C.3, SIMON-CERNESCU N.31 – University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat "King Mihai I of Romania"of Timişoara, Faculty of Horticulture and Forestry2 – University of Craiova, Faculty of Agronomy3 – "Marin Drăcea "National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry*chisalita_ion@yahoo.comKey words: indutrial assortments, forest harvesting, timberABSTRACTThe paper addresses a topical issue in the analysis and comparison of results from forestharvesting in 4 lots within the Forest Distict of Anina, by methods of calculation and finalmeasurement result in the warehouse. The research was conducted in the Forest Districtof Anina in the timber harvesting areas operated by logging services in 4 lots in 2014. Afterpresenting the need, goals and objectives, the paper focuses on the research methodsused and the procedure related to the determination of the industrial assortments thoughdifferent methods, whose outcomes are then compared.INTRODUCTIONThe Rationale of the curent paper - "Research on the assortment of timberharvested in the Forest District of Anina in 2014" lies in the constant need that arises inresearch for mapping the industry, in the estimation methods used in the evaluation oftimber in the forest design process with the result of the measured timber.The calculation methods used to estimate the operated timber should mirror asfaithfully and objectively the reality given through comparison with the measured timberprocess of logging.The aim of such research is to substantiate and improve the methodology forcalculating primary assortments of raw wood, obtained on the primary platform andrepresenting the first reporting in SUMAL, and industrial assortments, the end product offorestry activities, based on the volume estimated in the stocking and marking report.With a view to achieving the aim and meeting the requirements of the research topic,the following objectives are listed: Estimation of exploitable and exploited timber by algorithms resulting from themainstream literature and the experience in production, so as to be applied in all casesand to all species. Estimation of industrial assortments by calculations methods used during thecentralized economy period to establish the standing timber volume required to achievethe technical inventory assortments used in industrial wood processing mills in thenational economy mentioned above. Comparison of methods of estimation, and comparison of these methods and theharvested timber volume. Last but not least, interpretation of the results between estimation and measurement inthe logging process.MATERIALS AND RESARCH METHODSResearch was conducted in the Forest District of Anina in the harvesting areasoperated by contract for services in 2014, divided into the following lots: 514; 530; 589;595.Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201565The timber harvest in these lots includes the main species in the territory of theForest District of Anina: BR, MO, FA, PAM, FR, JU, TE, PAC, PLT, CA, classified bydiameter and quality level.The following research methods were used: Experiment - based on the template in the stocking and marking report which was usedto verify the estimation of the timber volume resulting from logging. Finally, theestimated values were compared to the measured timber volumes as recorded in thetechnical and economic documentation of the forest district. Reasoning - based on the data analysis, reaching well-grounded conclusions on themanagement of timber during its harvesting through contract for services.Research on the assortment of the timber harvested in 2014 the Forest District ofAnina aimed at comparing the results concerning the industrial assortments, using thefollowing methods: experimental formulas, estimated through production tables, measured.As regards the determination of the industrial assortments by experimentalformulas, this calculation methodology has been envisaged and used for determining thevolume of standing timber so as to achieve the technical stocks necessary for industrialassortments as a resource in the cold season, of a large wood processing mills during thecentralized economy period.Nowadays, based on these formulas, industrial assortments can be determined,and as far as production planning and organization, and echnical and economic analysesare concerned, they are still valid.The formulas, using data from the stock and marking report, are specific to eachassortment, by groups of species, as shown below:I. Coniferous trees1. Veneer wood FE + FT5 % (G1+ G2)2. Lumber(G1 + G2 + G3) – (FE + FT)3. Minecraft wood2/3 M1 + ½ M24. Pulpwood½ M2 + 70 % Lf5. Round timberS6. Firewood30 % Lf + branchesII. BeechDacă 100212GGG ≥ 51 % =>1. Esthetic veneer wood FE = 7 % (G1 + G2)2. Technical veneer wood FT = 25 % (G1 + G2)3. Lumber = G1 + G2 + M1 + ½ M2 – (FE + FT)4. CR wood= ½ M2 + M35. Pulpwood = S + 50 % Lf6. Fibreboard = 30 % LfAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 2015667. Lf = 20 % Lf + branchesIf 100212GGG = 30-50 % =>1. FE = 5 % (G1 + G2)2. FT = 20% (G1 + G2)3. Lumber = G1 + G2 + M1 + ½ M2 – (FE + FT)4. CR = ½ M2 + M35. Pulpwood = S + 50 % Lf6. Fibreboard = 30 % Lf7. Lf = 20 % Lf + branchesIf212GGG ≤ 30 % =>1.FE = 3 % (G1 + G2)2. FT = 18 % (G1 + G2)3. Lumber = G1 + G2 + M1 + ½ M2 – (FE + FT)4. CR wood = ½ M2 + M35. Pulpwood = S + 50 % Lf6. Fibreboard = 30 % Lf7. Lf = 20 % Lf + branchesIII. Oak1. FE = 20 % (G1 + G2)2. C = G1 + G2 + M1 + ½ M2 – FE3. CR wood= ½ M2 + M34. Tannin wood (except Turkey oak) = 25 % Lf5. Lf = 75 % Lf + branchesIV. Softwood and hardwood1. FE = 5 % (G1 + G2)2. Ft = 16 % (G1 + G2)3. G1 + G2 + M1 + ½ M2 – (FE + FT)4. CR = ½ M2 + M35. Pulpwood = S + 50 % Lf6. Boards = 30 % Lf7. Lf = 20 % Lf + branchesNote: The amounts resulting from the calculation are correlated with the value oftechnological consumption (2% deciduous trees and 3% coniferous trees). Logs are partitioned into three categories (C1 > 40 C2 24-40, C3 20-24 fordecidous trees, C1 >34, C2 24-34, C3 20-24 for coniferous trees) dependingon the percentage of participation of the dimensional wood, G1, G2, M1, orG1, G2, G3, respectively, which it generates.To estimate the volume of industrial assortments by tables of production, inthe case of lumber the trees that were assigned by quality levels according to theproportion of working wood (I, II, III, IV) are taken into consideration, and in the case ofveneer wood only high quality trees belonging to subclasses IA, IIA and IIIA areAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201567considered (unfortunately in the Forest District of Anina the inventory did not include suchsubclasses). the unit volume (vu) is taken over from unit volumes by diameter categories(a.p.v.). the indices of industrial sorting (vsin) are taken over from the tables in "Metodeși tabele dendrometrice" ("Dendrometrical Methods and Tables") by V. Giurgiu, I. Decei, D.Drăghicioiu, București: Ceres, 2004 (Tables 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20). the volume of industrial assortmentl (vsin) is calculated based on the followingformula:vsin = 0,01psinvtvsin – volume of industrial assortmentpsinvt - percentage of industrial assortmentvt –total volume In the case of superior assortments of trees belonging to subclasses IA, IIA, IIIA,the difference between the lumber percentage and veneer wood concern the IA, IIA, IIIAtrees, thus, calculating the lumber amount in this category.In the case of species for which industrial sorting tables were not drawn up, as wellas in the case of assortments other than resonance wood, veneer wood (lumber,pulpwood, rural construction, etc.) which are not discusssed in "Metode și tabeledendrometrice" ("Dendrometrical Methods and Tables") by V. Giurgiu, I. Decei, D.Drăghicioiu, București: Ceres, 2004, " Biometria arborilor și arboretelor din România "("Biometrics of trees and stands in Romania") by V. Giurgiu, I. Decei, S. Armăşescu,București: Ceres, 1972, Chapter "Calculul volumului pe sortimente industriale la arborete"("Calculation of the volume of volume industrial assortments in stands") using dimensionalsorting tables ia a valuable reference book.The measured industrial assortments are those resulting from timberharvesting in the targeted lots - warehouse of the Forest District of Anina.FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONThe results obtained by measuring the timber harvested and marketed by theForest District of Anina with reference to the production in 2014 and the estimated volumeof primary and industrial assortments using different methods lead to the followingconclusions.The stocking and marking of high quality trees do not reflect the subclasses IAspruce, IA and IIA sycamore and IA, IIA, IIIA beech in the production phase, contrary tothe specifications of the technical norms for timber evaluation and sale. Accordingly, themethodology for estimating industrial assortments of raw materials of the veneer woodtype is inadequate, and the results are inconclusive.The value of timber in relation to the production of 2014 based on "contract ofservice" at the Forest District of Anina is smaller than the estimated value a.p.v. of 207 m3(estimated 2771 m3 - 2564 m3 capitalized), representing 9% above the specifications(Figure 1).Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201568Figure 1. Timber production in 2014The extra timber in Lots 514 and 589 is insignificant compared with the operatinglosses in Lots 530 and 595, the final difference being of approx. 207 m3 (Figure 2).Figure 2. Comparison of lots - measured volume vs. estimated volumeWith respect to the sorting of wood in industrial assortments on delivery (veneerwood, lumber, fiberboard, pulpwood and firewood) compared with estimates of timber inrelation to the production of 2014 based on "contract of service", the total volume is thefollowing: Veneer wood, lumber and pulpwood are degraded in favour of inferiorvarieties (fibreboard and firewood). The estimated volume of veneer wood is of 34 m3, whereas afterexploitation the volume is of 146 m3, representing only 43% (Figure 3). The estimated volume of lumber is of 1,537 m 3, whereas the obtainedvolume is of 1,210 m3, representing 79% (Figure 5).200025003000TotalMeasured volumeEstimated volume based onformulas0200400600800100012001400514 530 589 595Measured volumeEstimated volume based onformulasAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201569Figure 3. Comparison - measured timber volumes vs. estimated volumes byassortments This decreasing trend in production and delivery - veneer wood and sawlumber (superior) to inferior wood (fibreboard and firewood) is maintained in all lotsexploited based on contract of service in 2014 (Figures 4, 5, 6, 7).Figure 4. Comparison of volumes of industrial assortments in Lot 51402004006008001000120014001600VeneerwoodLumber Fibreboard Pulpwood FirewoodMeasuredEstimated050100150200250300350400450500Cost-effectivenessEstimated based on formulasMeasuredEstimated based on tablesAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201570Figure 5. Comparison of volumes of industrial assortments in Lot 530Figure 6. Comparison of volumes of industrial assortments in Lot 58901002003004005006007008009001000Cost-effectivenessEstimated based on formulasMeasuredEstimated based on tables020406080100120140160Cost-effectivenessEstimated based on formulasMeasuredEstimated based on tablesAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201571Figure 7. Comparison of volumes of industrial assortments in Lot 595For all lots saw logs from all categories (C1, C2, C3) is estimated, and on delivery,some Lots (530 and 589) only from category C1 and C3 log; the middle category C2 (D =24-40) is downgraded to category C3 (D = 20-24). This fact led to the decrease in timbercost-effectiveness by low-priced sale.CONCLUSIONSIt is imperative to classify trees by quality subclasses: IA; IIA; IIIA, in all situationsthat require this and in compliance with the legislation in force.It is mandatory for every harvesting plot to estimate the results, similarly to theestimation of timber volume of a.p.v., which is compared to the marketed volume. This isthe net volume (marketabl) calculated in exploitable timber structure. The result must notbe compared to the gross volume of a.p.v.!To calculate the cost-effectiveness of a lots, it is necessary to relate the stockingand marking report to the volume of primary raw wood, as well as the volume of industrialassortments of raw wood,through the methods presented in the paper.Based on the calculation of the cost-effectiveness of each lot, calculated in terms ofindustrial assortments of raw wood (veneer, lumber, fibreboard, pulpwood,firewood)market prices can be well defined: the initisl price of standing harvested timber set by economic agents, r de cătreagenții economici, forest suppliers performance indicators of teams operating under own management set by forestdistricts; quantitative and qualitative performance indicators set by the specifications forlogging; last but not least, in all timber harvesting situations, the quantitative and qualitativelaid down in the stocking and marking report, estimated by the methods presented inthe paper, are the most important and reliable way of tracking timber managementfrom a.p.v. to the quantitative and qualitative delivery of building lumber.Technical standards in forestry that are required as soon as possible should includeestimation methods regarding: timber structure;020406080100120140160180Cost-effectivenessEstimated based on formulasMeasuredEstimated based on tablesAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201572 timber structure in raw wood assortments (thick round wood; thin round wood, sterewood, branch bundles). the timber structure in raw wood industrial assortments (verneer logs, saw logs,fibrewood, pulpwood, firewood, etc.).BIBLIOGRAPHYBercea, I., 2007: Cercetări privind regenerarea arboretelor de gârniţă şi cer din parteavestică a Podişului Getic. (Research on the regeneration of Turkey and Turkey oak seedtrees in the western part of the Getic Plateau). Doctoral Thesis. ,"Transilvania" Universityof Braşov.Chisăliţă, I. 2011, Exploatări forestiere (Forest ecosystems), Timișoara: Eurobit.Chisăliță, I. 2011, Tehnologii ecoproductive în exploatările forestiere (Eco-productiveTechnologies in Forest Exploitation), Timișoara: Eurobit.Chisăliță, I. 2014, Exploatări forestiere. Îndrumar de proiectare și organizare (ForestExploitation. Handbook of design and organization), Eurostampa.Ciubotaru, A., 1997, Sortarea şi prelucrarea lemnului (Wood sorting and processing),Braşov: Lux Libris;Constantinescu, Gh., Dănilă, Gh., Sămădaău, G., 1981, Centre de sortare șipreindustrializare a lemnului (Centres of wood sorting and pre-industrialization), București:Ceres;Giurgiu, V., Decei, I., Drăghiciu, D., 2004, Metode şi tabele dendrometrice(Dendometrical methods and tables), Bucureşti: Ceres;Niculescu Mariana, Nicolin Alma Lioara, Bercea Iulian, Stănescu Ştefan,  NiculescuLaurenţiu, Nuţă Ilie Silvestru, 2013, The corology, ecology and phytosociology of thewoody plant communities of the Lapuşnic Valley, part of the National Park Nerei-BeuşniţaGorges http://agronomie.administrativ.ucv.ro/aamc/index.php/aamcNiculescu Mariana, Bercea Iulian, Nicolin Alma Lioara, Stănescu Ştefan, Nuţă IlieSilvestru, Niculescu Laurenţiu, Neag Ovidiu, 2013- Diversity, distribution and ecology ofthe dacian beech forests in the Șuşara Valley- part of the National Park Nerei-BeuşniţaGorges, http://agronomie.administrativ.ucv.ro/aamc/index.php/aamcGiurgiu, V., Decei, I., Armăşescu, S., 1972, Biometria arborilor şi arboretelor dinRomânia (Biometrics of trees and stands in Romania), Bucureşti: Ceres;Pavelescu, M., 1972, Organizarea tehnică a exploatărilor forestiere (Technicalorganization of forest harvesting), București: Ceres;Timofte, A., I., 2008, Îndrumar de lucrări practice și de proiectare (Handbook of practicaland design works), Cluj-Napoca: Academic Press;*** R.N.P.Decision No. 341/01.07.1998, Consumuri tehnologice (Technologicalconsumption);*** 1955, Manualul Inginerului Forestier (Guide of forestry engineer), vol. 83 – 86,Bucureşti: Editura Tehnică;*** 1989, Norme și normative de muncă unificate în exploatările forestiere (Unified labournorms and regulations for forest units), Bucureşti: CEL;*** 2000, Norme tehnice pentru evaluarea volumului de lemn destinat comercializării(Technical norms for the evaluation of the marketable wood volume), Ministerul ApelorPădurilor și Protecției Mediului;*** 1972, Tehnica amplasării și recoltării materialelor lemnoase (Techniques of timbersitting and harvesting), Institutul de Cercetări Studii și Proiectări Silvice București;*** Amenajament Ocolul Silvic Anina (Management of the Forest District of Anina).

RESEARCH ON THE ASSORTMENT OF THE TIMBER HARVESTED IN THE FOREST DISTRICT OF ANINA IN 2014

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RESEARCH ON THE ASSORTMENT OF THE TIMBER HARVESTED IN THE FOREST DISTRICT OF ANINA IN 2014

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Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series