The Qualitative analysis is very essential to identify the phytochemical constituents present in medicinal plants. The medicinal value of plants is due to the presence of particular bioactive constituents. In present study qualitative analysis of seven medicinally important plants, namely Carica papaya (Papaya), Cichorium intybus (Cichory), Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel), Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco),  Rosa damascena (Red rose), Solanum nigrum (Makao) and Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) was done. Saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, starch, total sugar, free reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, alkaloids, phenols, flavoniods and glycosoides were analyzed qualitatively by following the standard protocols. Rosa damascena and Foeniculum vulgare contained all tested constituents. Terpenoids and starch were present in all plant species except Nicotiana tobaccum. Saponins were present in all plants instead of Cichorium intybus

Ahmad, Zubair

Hussain, Musaddique

Iftikhar, Asra

Mumtaz, Faiza

Raza, Shahid Masood

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine   www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-5668 (Paper) ISSN 2222-4807 (Online)  Vol. 3, No. 3, 2014  17  Research Article Qualitative phytochemical analysis of some selected medicinal plants occurring in local area of Faisalabad, Pakistan Faiza Mumtaz1*, Shahid Masood Raza2, Zubair Ahmad3, Asra Iftikhar1 and Musaddique Hussain2 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2School of Pharmacy, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan 3National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan *E-mail of the corresponding author: mumtaz.faiza@yahoo.com   Accepted Date: 25 July 2014 The Qualitative analysis is very essential to identify the phytochemical constituents present in medicinal plants. The medicinal value of plants is due to the presence of particular bioactive constituents. In present study qualitative analysis of seven medicinally important plants, namely Carica papaya (Papaya), Cichorium intybus (Cichory), Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel), Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco),  Rosa damascena (Red rose), Solanum nigrum (Makao) and Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) was done. Saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, starch, total sugar, free reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, alkaloids, phenols, flavoniods and glycosoides were analyzed qualitatively by following the standard protocols. Rosa damascena and Foeniculum vulgare contained all tested constituents. Terpenoids and starch were present in all plant species except Nicotiana tobaccum. Saponins were present in all plants instead of Cichorium intybus. Keywords: Qualitative analysis, bioactive constituents, standard protocols.1. INTRODUCTION Phytochemical screening is to isolate various constituents of the plants for assessing their biological activity or medicinal uses. The medicinal value of plants is due to the presence of particular chemical substances that have a definite physiological action on the living system (Aslam et al., 2009). Carica papaya (Family: Caricaceae) is a well-known, short lived, fast growing, woody, large herb. The plant is traditionally used for the treatment of gastric ulcers, dental caries, to expel intestinal worms, cardio-tonic, anti-inflammatory and to treat the hemorrhoids (Adeneyea and Olagunjub, 2009).  Cichorium intybus Linn (Family: Asteraceae) is commonly known as Chicory used as hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-cancerous activity, anti-hepatotoxic and hypoglycemic agent. It can also be act as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial agent (Nayeemunnisa, 2009). Foeniculum vulgare Mill (Family: Apoiaceae) is an aromatic plant, which is used as a traditional medicine. Fruit has been found to possess diuretic, analgesic, antipyretic and antioxidant activity. Essential oil of fennel possesses antibacterial, antifungal, relaxant, estrigenic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities (Nickavar et al., 2009). Nicotiana tabacum Linn (Family: Solanaceae), commonly known as tobacco, is a renowned plant used for its narcotic properties. Dried leaves, stalks and the whole herb of tobacco are widely used in the sub-continent for their antispasmodic, emetic, purgative, sedative, analgesic and insecticidal properties. It can also be utilized in the ethno-veterinary practice as an antiinflammatory, antirheumatic and anthelmintic agent (Iqbal et al., 2006).  Rosa damascena Mill (Family: Rosaceae) has been used as cardiotonic, mild laxative, anti-inflammatory, cough suppressant, antileptic, antidiabetic (Boskabady et al., 2011). Recent studies demonstrated the antioxidant, anti-HIV, anti-bacterial, anti-tussive, respiratory smooth muscle relaxant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Rosa damascena (Hajhashemi et al., 2010). Solanum nigrum (Family: Solanaceae) is a medicinal plant commonly known as Makao or black nightshade. S. nigrum has been extensively used traditionally to treat various ailments such as an antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antipyretic B  18  and as hepatoprotective agent (Zakaria et al., 2006).  Trachyspermum ammi (Family: Apiaceae) a highly valued medicinally important seed spice. T. ammi has been shown to possess antimicrobial, hypolipidaemic, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, bronchodilating, antiplatelet aggregatory effects, antiinflammatory, antitussive, gestroprotective and anthelmintic activity (Gilani et al., 2005). The aim of present study was to investigate the bioactive constituents of above mentioned plants and correlate their bioactive constituents with their pharmacological activity.  2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1 Plant Material: Leaves of Carica papaya and Nicotiana tabacum, roots of Cichorium intybus, flowers of Rosa damascena, fruit of Solanum nigrum, seeds of Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi were obtained from field and local market of Faisalabad, Pakistan. The plant materials was authenticated by botanist in the Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, shade dried and powdered by an electrical grinder. 2.2 Preparation of Crude Extracts Electrical grinder was used to crush the adulterant free plant material into coarse powder. The procedure of Triple maceration was adopted for the extraction purpose of coarse powdered material by soaking with 10% aqueous- methanol in air tight amber glass bottles at 25 °C, with occasional shaking thrice a day for one week (Hussain et al., 2014). After maceration, the soaked coarse powdered material was passed through muslin cloth (double layered), in order to remove vegetative debris and the obtained filtrate was subsequently filtered through a Whatman-1 filter paper. The filtrate was stored in amber glass air-tight container. The previously mentioned extraction procedure was subsequently repeated twice after each two days and filtrates of these three macerations were combined. Rotary evaporator (Rotavapor, BUCHI labrotechnik AG, Model 9230, Switzerland) attached with a vacuum pump and a recirculation chiller was used for evaporation of the filtrate, under reduced pressure at 37 °C. The dark green crude extract was lyophilized to remove moisture contents. The dried extract was transferred to amber glass jar and stored at −4 °C in a refrigerator.  2.3 Phytochemical analysis:  2.3.1 Test for Phenols Test was performed by using the method of Sofowora, (1993). 2ml extract was taken in a beaker. Then, 2ml of ferric chloride solution was added. A deep bluish green solution indicated presence of phenols 2.3.2 Test for Carbohydrates Test was performed by using the method of Sofowora, (1993). 3 ml of the aqueous extract was added to 2 ml of Molisch’s reagent and the resulting mixture shaken. 2 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was poured carefully down the side of the test tube. Formation of a red or dull violet color at the inter-phase of the two layers was indicative of   positive test 2.3.3 Test for Terpenoids  Salkowski test was performed by using the method of Edeoga et al., (2005). 5ml of aqueous extract was mixed in 2 ml of chloroform. Then 3ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was added to form a layer. A reddish brown coloration of interface indicated presence of terpenoids 2.3.4 Test for Saponins Test was performed by using the method of Edeoga et al., (2005). 2 g of the powdered sample boiled in 20 ml of distilled water in water bath and filtered the solution. Then 10ml of the filtrate was mixed with 5 ml of distilled water and shake vigorously for a stable persistent froth. The frothing was mixed with 3 drops of olive oil and shakes vigorously which leads to formation of emulsion; indicated presence of saponins 2.3.5 Test for Flavonoids Test was performed by using the method of Harborne, (2005). 1 g powdered sample was heated with 10 ml ethyl acetate over a steam bath (40–50°C) for 5 min. Filtrate was treated with 1 ml dilute ammonia. A yellow coloration demonstrated positive test for flavonoids 2.3.6 Test for Alkaloids  Test was performed by using the method of Harborne, (2005). Extracted 1 g powdered sample with 5 ml methanol and 5 ml of 2N hydrochloric acid. Then filtrate was treated with Meyer's and Wagner's reagents. The samples were scored positive on the basis of turbidity 2.3.7 Test for Glycosides Kellar – Kiliani test was performed by using the method of Parekh and Chanda, (2007). 2 ml of  19  filtrate was added with 1ml of glacial acetic acid. Then 1ml of ferric chloride was added with 1ml concentrated sulfuric acid. Green-blue coloration of solution indicated the glycoside presence 2.3.8 Test for Tannins Test was performed by using the method of Kumar et al., (2007). Alcoholic ferric chloride solution (10%) was added in 2-3ml of methanolic extract (1:1). The development of dark blue color of solution indicated the presence of tannins 2.3.9 Test for Ascorbic Acid Test was performed by using the method of Ganesan and Bhatt, (2008). 2ml of 2% w/v solution, add 2ml of water, 0.1g of sodium bicarbonate and about 20mg of Ferrous sulfate was Shaken and allowed to stand. A deep violet color produced which was disappeared by adding 5ml of 1M sulfuric acid 2.3.10 Test for Steroids Identification of steroids was done by adopting the method described by Edeoga et al., (2005). To 1 ml of extract, 2 ml acetic anhydride and 2 ml concentrated sulfuric acid was added, color change from blue to dark green indicated the presence of steroids 2.3.11 Test for Free Reducing Sugars Test performed by using the method of Sofowora, (1993). Fehling solution used as reagent and appearance of a red precipitates of cuprous oxide indicated presence of free reducing sugars 2.3.12 Test for Starch  Test performed by using the method of Ganesan and Bhatt, (2008). By using Iodine as reagent appearance of dark blue color which disappeared on heating and reappears on cooling indicated presence of starch in sample 3. RESULTS The pharmacological effects of these all plants are due to the presence of bioactive chemical constituents. R. damascena and F. vulgare contained all tested constituents as shown in Table. Terpenoids and starch were present in all plant species except N. tobaccum. Saponins were present in all plants instead of C. intybus. Steroids were present only in C. intybus, F. vulgare and R. damascena. Free reducing sugar was absent in N. tobaccum and C. papaya. Glycosides were absent in T. ammi. C. papaya contained all constituents except steroids and free reducing sugars. Following table shows the results of qualitative analysis of different medicinal plants: Table : Preliminary phytochemical analysis.Class of compounds C. papaya C. intybus F. vulgare N. tobaccum R. damascena S. nigrum T. ammi Ascorbic Acid + + ++ + + ++ + Free reducing sugar - + + - + + ++ Glycosides + ++ + + + ± - Flavonoids + ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ Phenols ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ Saponins ++ - + ++ ++ + + Starch + + + - + + + Steroids - + + ± + - - Tannins + ++ + ++ + + + Terpenoids ++ + + - ++ + + Total sugar + + ++ + + ++ + Alkaloids + ++ + ++ + + + Where; + Positive, ++ Strong positive, ± Trace, - Negative.   20  4. DISCUSSION The presence of ascorbic acid in plant species has shown high total antioxidant properties of plants, glycosides are characterized by their actions on contractile forces of cardiac muscle and saponins show anti-fungal, antibacterial, anti-protozoal and lipid lowering effects (Aslam et al., 2009). Saponin present in all plant species shows that they can be used as lipid lowering agent as well as has anthelmentic and antibacterial activity. Due to presence of saponins these all may be used as cytotoxic and as expectorant through the stimulation of a reflex of the upper digestive tract (Ayoola and Adeyeye, 2010). Tannins act as astringent, antioxidants, free radical scavengers, promote healing of wounds and effective in peptic ulcers while presence of reducing sugars in these plants has a reductive properties (Rajurkar and Gaikwad, 2012). Due to presence of terpenoids these might be act as cardio protective and antioxidant (Kusmic et al., 2004). Steroids are frequently used signaling molecules biologically and decrease fluidity of membranes (Sadava et al., 2011). Phenolic compounds widely distributed in all plants have been reported to exert multiple biological effects, including antioxidant, free radical scavenging abilities, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic. 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Qualitative phytochemical analysis of some selected medicinal plants occurring in local area of Faisalabad, Pakistan

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Qualitative phytochemical analysis of some selected medicinal plants occurring in local area of Faisalabad, Pakistan

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