Trichogramma é um dos gêneros de insetos mais importantes no controle  biológico. Este trabalho avaliou o potencial de parasitismo de duas espécies de Trichogramma, em ovos de Anagasta kuehniella, por meio da tabela de vida de fertilidade sob  temperaturas entre 15°C e 35°C. Essas espécies foram coletadas no Estado do  Espírito Santo parasitando ovos do desfolhador do abacateiro Nipteria panacea. Trichogramma pretiosum e T.  acacioi mostraram potencial de  reprodução em temperaturas entre 15°C e 35°C, podendo ser utilizados em futuros  programas de controle biológico de N.  panacea em plantios de abacate.Species of the Trichogramma genus are among the most important ones for biological control. The objective of  this research was to evaluate parasitism potential of two species of Trichogramma on eggs of Anagasta kuheniella through life fertility table, at temperatures between  15oC and 35oC. These  species were collected in the State of Espírito Santo parasitising eggs of the  avocado defoliator Nipteria  panacea. Trichogramma pretiosum and T.  acacioi showed adequate reproductive  potential between 15oC and 35oC which  indicates possibilities of using them in biological control programs in avocado  plantations

Andrade, Josimar de Souza

Espindula, Marcelo Curitiba

Guimarães, Edylene Marota

Pratissoli, Dirceu

Vianna, Ulysses Rodrigues

Zanuncio, José Cola

English

Species of the Trichogramma genus are among the most important ones for biological control. The objective of this research was to evaluate parasitism potential of two species of Trichogramma on eggs of Anagasta kuheniella through life fertility table, at temperatures between 15ºC and 35ºC. These species were collected in the State of Espírito Santo parasitising eggs of the avocado defoliator Nipteria panacea. Trichogramma pretiosum and T. acacioi showed adequate reproductive potential between 15ºC and 35ºC which indicates possibilities of using them in biological control programs in avocado plantations.Trichogramma é um dos gêneros de insetos mais importantes no controle biológico. Este trabalho avaliou o potencial de parasitismo de duas espécies de Trichogramma, em ovos de Anagasta kuehniella, por meio da tabela de vida de fertilidade sob temperaturas entre 15°C e 35°C. Essas espécies foram coletadas no Estado do Espírito Santo parasitando ovos do desfolhador do abacateiro Nipteria panacea. Trichogramma pretiosum e T. acacioi mostraram potencial de reprodução em temperaturas entre 15°C e 35°C, podendo ser utilizados em futuros programas de controle biológico de N. panacea em plantios de abacate

Scientific Electronic Library Online - Brazil

Tabela de vida de fertilidade de Trichogramma pretiosum e Trichogramma acacioi em ovos de Anagasta kuehniella sob diferentes temperaturas

Species of the Trichogramma genus are among the most important ones for biological control. The objective of  this research was to evaluate parasitism potential of two species of Trichogramma on eggs of Anagasta kuheniella through life fertility table, at temperatures between  15oC and 35oC. These  species were collected in the State of Espírito Santo parasitising eggs of the  avocado defoliator Nipteria  panacea. Trichogramma pretiosum and T.  acacioi showed adequate reproductive  potential between 15oC and 35oC which  indicates possibilities of using them in biological control programs in avocado  plantations.Trichogramma é um dos gêneros de insetos mais importantes no controle  biológico. Este trabalho avaliou o potencial de parasitismo de duas espécies de Trichogramma, em ovos de Anagasta kuehniella, por meio da tabela de vida de fertilidade sob  temperaturas entre 15°C e 35°C. Essas espécies foram coletadas no Estado do  Espírito Santo parasitando ovos do desfolhador do abacateiro Nipteria panacea. Trichogramma pretiosum e T.  acacioi mostraram potencial de  reprodução em temperaturas entre 15°C e 35°C, podendo ser utilizados em futuros  programas de controle biológico de N.  panacea em plantios de abacate

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Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.39, n.2, p.193-196, fev. 2004Fertility life table of Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma acacioi 193Notas CientíficasFertility life table of Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogrammaacacioi on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella at different temperaturesDirceu Pratissoli(1), José Cola Zanuncio(2), Ulysses Rodrigues Vianna(2),  Josimar de Souza Andrade(2),Edylene Marota Guimarães(2) and Marcelo Curitiba Espindula(2)(1)Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Dep. de Fitotecnia, Caixa Postal 16, CEP 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil.E-mail: dirceu@npd.ufes.br (2)Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Dep. de Biologia Animal, Avenida P.H. Rolfs, s/n, CEP 36571-000 Viçosa, MG,Brazil. E-mail: zanuncio@ufv.br, ulyssesvianna@hotmail.com, josimar@ufv.br, dymarota@ig.com.br, curitibaespindula@yahoo.com.brAbstract – Species of the Trichogramma genus are among the most important ones for biological control. Theobjective of this research was to evaluate parasitism potential of two species of Trichogramma on eggs ofAnagasta kuheniella through life fertility table, at temperatures between 15oC and 35oC. These species werecollected in the State of Espírito Santo parasitising eggs of the avocado defoliator Nipteria panacea.Trichogramma pretiosum  and T. acacioi showed adequate reproductive potential between 15oC and 35oC whichindicates possibilities of using them in biological control programs in avocado plantations.Index terms: Nipteria panacea, parasitoids, avocado, biological control, parasitism.Tabela de vida de fertilidade de Trichogramma pretiosum e Trichogrammaacacioi em ovos de Anagasta kuehniella sob diferentes temperaturasResumo – Trichogramma é um dos gêneros de insetos mais importantes no controle biológico. Este trabalhoavaliou o potencial de parasitismo de duas espécies de Trichogramma, em ovos de Anagasta kuehniella, pormeio da tabela de vida de fertilidade sob temperaturas entre 15°C e 35°C. Essas espécies foram coletadas noEstado do Espírito Santo parasitando ovos do desfolhador do abacateiro Nipteria panacea .Trichogramma pretiosum  e T. acacioi mostraram potencial de reprodução em temperaturas entre 15°C e 35°C,podendo ser utilizados em futuros programas de controle biológico de N. panacea em plantios de abacate.Termos para indexação: Nipteria panacea, parasitóide, abacate, controle biológico, parasitismo. Plants of avocado can be damaged by the defoliatorNipteria panacea (Thierry-Mieg) (Lep.: Geometridae)in the Espírito Santo State, Brazil, and the aggressivenessof this pest has been preoccupying producers andauthorities (Pratissoli & Fornazier, 1999). This pest couldbe controlled by ecological methods consideringassociation of cultural, biological and chemical procedures(Pratissoli & Parra, 2000a) as two species of the genusTrichogramma  were found parasitizing eggs ofN. panacea  (Pratissoli & Fornazier, 1999).Trichogramma species have been used against avocadopests in the United States and Israel and against otherkey-pests in more than 30 countries (Wajnberg &Hassan, 1994; Parra & Zucchi, 1997).The success of Trichogramma species in biologicalcontrol depends on their identification in the field,collections, maintenance and behaviour in laboratory,selection of adequate species and/or lineages, besidesthermal requirements, liberation techniques andevaluation of efficiency and dynamic models forparasitoids and hosts in the field (Parra et al., 1987).Adequate alternative hosts such as eggs of Sitotrogacerealella (Olivier) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) and Anagastakuehniella (Zeller) (Lep.: Pyralidae) are important tomultiply Trichogramma (Flanders, 1930; Lewis et al.,1976) because they can affect their biological traits(Oliveira et al., 2000).Fertility life table is used to evaluate biologicalperformance and to compare development of insectssuch as lineage and/or species of Trichogramma(Maceda et al., 1994; Pratissoli & Parra, 2000b).The objective of this research was to evaluate thereproductive potential of Trichogramma pretiosum(Riley) and Trichogramma acacioi (Brun, Moraes &Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.39, n.2, p.193-196, fev. 2004D. Pratissoli et al.194Soares) (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) on the alternativehost A. kuehniella  through fertility life table attemperatures between 15°C and 35°C aiming to usethose egg parasitoids in biological control programs ofN. panacea.The research was carried out in the Laboratory ofEntomology of the Universidade Federal do EspíritoSanto, Alegre, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Specimensof T. pretiosum and T. acacioi were collected at altitu-des of 800 and 1,000 m, respectively, in Venda Nova doImigrante, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Period from eggto adult, viability and sex ratio of these parasitoids wereobtained on eggs of A. kuehniella at temperatures of15, 20, 25, 30 and 35+1°C and used to estimate fertilitylife table for both Trichogramma species.Recently emerged T. acacioi and T. pretiosumfemales were individualised in glass tubes (3.5x0.5 cm)sealed with plastic PVC film and fed with droplets ofpure honey in their internal wall. Twenty tubes with 40eggs each of the alternative host A. kuehniella glued ina cardboard (3.5x0.5 cm) were used per Trichogrammaspecies and temperature. These eggs were turnedunfeasible by exposing them to a germicidal lamp during45 minutes (Parra & Zucchi, 1997). Parasitism wasallowed during 24 hours in a chamber with relativehumidity of 70+10% and photoperiod of 14 hours at thetemperatures mentioned. After this period females ofthese parasitoids were removed under a stereoscopicmicroscope and the tubes were maintained in thesechambers at the respective temperature.Twenty-hour old females of T. pretiosum  andT. acacioi were used to evaluate parasitism capacity ofthese species. Each female of these species was fed byhoney droplets inside a glass tube (13x1 cm) sealed withPVC plastic film. Each parasitoid female received dailya blue cardboard (3.5x0.5 cm) with 40 eggs ofA. kuehniella glued with Arabic glue. These cardboardswere removed after 24 hours and individualised in plasticbags (23x4 cm) at the respective temperatures untilemergence of the parasitoids. Number of parasitizedeggs, accumulated percentage of parasitism, total numberof eggs parasitized per female and longevity of parasitoidfemales were evaluated. Data obtained were used tocalculate duration of a generation and to elaborate fertilitylife tables for T. acacioi and T. pretiosum  by calculatingtheir liquid reproductive rate (Ro), and infinitesimal (rm)and finite (l) rates of increase (Silveira Neto et al.,1976).Fertility life table of T. pretiosum  showed an inverseduration of a generation (T) as temperature increasedfrom 15°C to 35°C with values of 49.76 and 7.54 days,respectively (Table 1). This was similar to that foundfor T. acacioi with 50.66 and 7.55 days for onegeneration at these temperatures. These Trichogrammaspecies showed an inverse relationship betweentemperature and duration of a generation what was si-milar to that of other Trichogramma species (Pratissoli& Parra, 2000b).Liquid reproductive rate (Ro) of T. pretiosum  variedfrom 13.98 to 54.97 times as function of temperaturewith maximum population increase at 30°C while thesevalues varied from 9.36 to 62.89 times for T. acacioiwith maximum capacity of increase at 20°C (Table 1).These Trichogramma  species showed lower liquidTable 1. Duration of a generation (T), liquid reproductive rate (Ro), infinitesimal rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (l)of Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma acacioi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at different temperatures, relative humidity of 70+10% and photoperiod of 14 hours.Temperature (°C) T (days) rmRo lTrichogramma pretiosumTrichogramma acacioi1520253035152025303549.7617.5710.868.427.5450.6618.5611.078.957.5513.9839.4431.5354.9715.5411.8562.8950.6720.429.360.050.210.320.470.360.050.220.350.340.301.051.231.371.611.431.051.251.421.401.34Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.39, n.2, p.193-196, fev. 2004Fertility life table of Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma acacioi 195reproductive rate at extreme temperatures (15°C and35°C). Population increase of T. pretiosum  andT. acacioi was higher between 20°C and 30°C and 20°Cand 25°C, respectively, with values 1.6 times higher thanthe first one.The infinitesimal rate of increase (rm) of T. pretiosumincreased between 15°C and 30°C and decreased at35°C. Trichogramma pretiosum and T. acacioi showedmaximum capacity of population increase at 25°C and30°C, respectively. The second species had a directrelationship with temperature increase between 15°Cand 25°C. The finite rate of increase of T. pretiosumshowed a direct relationship with its liquid reproductiveand infinitesimal rate of increase between 15°C and30°C and a decrease at 35°C. However, the finite rateof increase of T. acacioi presented a direct relationshipwith temperature between 15°C and 25°C (Table 1).Trichogramma pretiosum presented higher finite rateof increase (number of females added to the populationper female) at 30°C while this was registered between25°C and 30°C for T. acacioi.Life fertility tables can be used to compare biologicaltraits of insects submitted to variations on biotic andabiotic factors (Silveira Neto et al., 1976) such astemperature, adaptability to host and reproductivepotential of species or lineages of Trichogramma(Maceda et al., 1994; Pratissoli & Parra, 2000b).Trichogramma cordubensis (Vargas & Cabello) (Hym.:Trichogrammatidae) showed better biologicalperformance at higher temperatures while thereproductive potential of T. pretiosum in natural andalternative hosts was evaluated through parameters oflife fertility table. Trichogramma pretiosum showedbetter adaptation to the host Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) than to Tuta absoluta (Zeller)(Lep.: Gelechiidae) (Pratissoli & Parra, 2000b).Trichogramma pretiosum and T. acacioi had lowerliquid reproductive rate at temperatures below 20°C andabove 30°C (Table 1). This was similar to that reportedfor T. pretiosum with the host P. operculella (Pratissoli& Parra, 2000b) but it differs from results for thisparasitoid with Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lep.:Noctuidae). Maximum population increase (Ro) ofT. pretiosum and T. acacioi occurred at differenttemperatures (30°C and 20°C, respectively). This factcan be related to adaptation of these species to conditionsof their habitat where they were collected and also tothe host used to rear them (Parra et al., 1987; Fernandeset al., 1999). The infinitesimal rate of increase showedmaximum population increase of T. pretiosum  andT. acacioi at different temperatures and lower valuesat extreme ones. This is important because temperatureis one of the main factors affecting the adaptability ofegg parasitoids to climatic conditions of their habitat.Fertility life table represents an important biologicaltool to evaluate the behaviour of T. pretiosum  andT. acacioi at different temperatures. These parasitoidshave potential to control the Lepidoptera defoliator ofavocado, N. panacea due to their high reproductivepotential at different temperatures. This behaviourincreases the possibilities of using these species inintegrated management programs of N. panacea inavocado plantations.AcknowledgementsTo the Brazilian agencies Conselho Nacional de De-senvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coor-denação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Su-perior (Capes) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa doEstado de Minas Gerais (Fapemig).ReferencesFERNANDES, M.G.; BUSSOLI, A.C.; DEGRANDE, P.E.Parasitismo natural de ovos de Alabama argillacea Hüb. e Heliothisvirescens Fab. (Lep.: Noctuidae) por Trichogramma pretiosum Riley(Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) em algodoeiros no Mato Grosso do Sul.Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, v.28, p.695-701,1999.FLANDERS, S.E. Mass production of egg parasites of the genusTrichogramma. Hilgardia, v.4, p.465-501, 1930.LEWIS, W.J.; GROSS JUNIOR, H.R.; PERKINS, W.D.; KNIPLING,E.F.; VOEGELÉ, J. Production and performance of Trichogrammareared on eggs of Heliothis zea and other hosts. EnvironmentalEntomology, v.5, p.449-452, 1976.MACEDA, A.; HOHMANN, C.L.; SANTOS, H.R.; SANTOS,H.R. Comparative life table for Trichogramma pretiosum Riley andTrichogramma annulata De Santis (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae).Revista do Setor de Ciências Agrárias, v.13, p.279-281, 1994.OLIVEIRA, H.N.; ZANUNCIO, J.C.; PRATISSOLI, D.; CRUZ, I.Parasitism rate and viability of Trichogramma maxacalii (Hym.:Trichogrammatidae), parasitoid of the Eucalyptus defoliator Euselasiaapisaon (Lep.: Riodinidae), on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Lep.:Pyralidae). Forest Ecology and Management, v.130, p.1-6, 2000.PARRA, J.R.P.; ZUCCHI, R.A. Trichogramma e o controlebiológico aplicado. Piracicaba: Fealq, 1997. 324p.PARRA, J.R.P.; ZUCCHI, R.A.; SILVEIRA NETO, S. Biologicalcontrol of pests through egg parasitoids of the genera TrichogrammaPesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.39, n.2, p.193-196, fev. 2004D. Pratissoli et al.196and/or Trichogrammatoidea. Memórias do Instituto OswaldoCruz, v.82, p.153-160, 1987.PRATISSOLI, D.; FORNAZIER, M.J. Ocorrência de Trichogrammaacacioi Brun, Moraes e Soares (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) em ovosde Nipteria panacea  Thierry-Mieg (Lep.: Geometridae), umgeometrídeo desfolhador do abacateiro. Anais da SociedadeEntomológica do Brasil, v.28, p.347-349, 1999.PRATISSOLI, D.; PARRA, J.R.P. Desenvolvimento e exigênciastérmicas de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley criado em duas traçasdo tomateiro. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v.35, p.1281-1288, 2000a.PRATISSOLI, D.; PARRA, J.R.P. Fertility and life table ofTrichogramma pretiosum (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) in eggs ofTuta absoluta and Phthorimaea operculella (Lep.: Gelechiidae) atdifferent temperatures. Journal of Applied Entomology, v.124,p.330-342, 2000b.SILVEIRA NETO, S.; NAKANO, O.; BARBIN, D.; VILLA NOVA,N.A. Manual de ecologia dos insetos. São Paulo: Ceres, 1976.419p.WAJNBERG, E.; HASSAN, A. Biological control with egg para-sitoids. Wallingford: British Library, 1994. 286p.Received on July 23, 2003 and accepted on November 27, 2003

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Fertility life table of Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma acacioi on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella at different temperatures

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