Febriana, Sri Awalia

University of Groningen

   University of GroningenSkin problems related to Indonesian leather & shoe production and the use of footwear inIndonesiaFebriana, Sri AwaliaIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2015Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Febriana, S. A. (2015). Skin problems related to Indonesian leather & shoe production and the use offootwear in Indonesia. [Groningen]: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 12-11-2019 CHAPTER 4   Occupational contact allergy caused by benzidine in three tannery workers Sri Awalia Febriana1,2, Frank Jungbauer2, Hardyanto Soebono1,  Pieter-Jan Coenraads2  1 Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; 2 Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen / University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.  Contact Dermatitis 2012; 66(6):340–355   4 | 84 Key words: benzidine; contact dermatitis; allergic contact dermatitis; tannery workers In the context of an on-going study at two leather tanneries in Indonesia 1 we patch tested all of 184 workers with the European baseline series, shoe series and a number of additional allergens including benzidine (1% pet). The selection of additional allergens was based on an inventory of the chemicals used at these factories.1 Patch tests were read on days 2, 4 and 7 as recommended by the ICDRG.2 A positive reaction to benzidine was observed in 3 workers. Case 1: A 38-year-old female tannery worker had occupational contact dermatitis on her wrists, forearms and palms. She had worked for 19 months at the finishing department of the tannery and was involved in measuring and packing the leather after a protective and decorative coating had been applied. No signs of atopic constitution were found. Patch testing showed positive reactions to myroxylon pereirae (+), fragrance mix I (+), fragrance mix II (+) and benzidine (+). The inventory of the chemicals at this tannery showed that they still used a benzidine-based dye. No other allergens were present at her work station.  Case 2: A 46-year-old female tannery worker had occupation related dermatitis on her hands, wrists and forearms. The dermatitis appeared after she started to work at the tannery. Her dermatitis worsened after she had been exposed to chemicals at the tannery and to detergents when she washed her hands. She had worked at this tannery for almost 5 years. She had no other part-time job besides her main work. Her main duty was preparing chemicals for the tanning process. She always wore synthetic rubber gloves when working with the chemicals. She had a history of atopic dermatitis. Patch testing showed positive reactions to hydroquinone monobenzylether (+), primin (+) and benzidine (+). Based on our observational study at this tannery there was no exposure to hydroquinone monobenzylether and primin and we could not find any benzidine-based dyes.       4 | 85 Case 3: A 41-year-s old male tannery worker had a history tannery work-related dermatitis on his hands, wrists and forearms. The dermatitis appeared when he had started to work at the tannery. It worsened when he was exposed to chemicals at his work place and healed when he had a few days leave.  He had worked at this tannery for 18 years. He had no other part- time job besides his main work at the tannery. He had a history of atopic dermatitis. On skin examination, there were no prominent skin lesions and we only noted that he had a dry skin. Patch testing showed positive reactions to N, N-diphenylguanidine (+) and benzidine (+). Based on the observational study at this tannery, there was no exposure to N, N-diphenylguanidine, benzidine or any benzidine-based dyes.  Discussion Benzidine and its derivatives have been used to manufacture dyes during many years in the past.3 Sensitization to benzidine as one of the standard allergens was reported three decades ago in 5% of 4,600 patients patch tested in a 5-year periode between 1973-1977 in Spain.4, 5 In 1978, several countries banned the manufacture of dyes from benzidine because of its potential carcinogenic effect3 therefore there are no recent reports on benzidine sensitization. Although substitutes of benzidine-based dye were plentiful, continued demands from the textile and the leather industries for the original dyes made from benzidine and its related compounds have persisted in newly developing industrial countries.3 In case 1, there was a relevant current exposure to benzidine based dye during her work in the finishing process. In case 2 and 3 we found sensitization to benzidine without any current relevant exposure to benzidine in the workplace. The possibility of past exposure to benzidine based-dyes in these 2 workers can not be excluded. In conclusion, this report shows the possible exposure to benzidine-based dying in tanneries in newly developing countries.    4 | 86 References  1. Febriana SA, Jungbauer F, Soebono H, Coenraads PJ. Inventory of the chemicals and the exposure of the workers' skin to these at two leather factories in Indonesia. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 85: 517–526.  2. Lachapelle, J.M. and Maibach, H.I. Patch testing methodology. In: Patch testing and Prick Testing A Practical guide Official Publication of the ICDRG, 2nd, Lachapelle J.M. and Maibach, H.I. ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2009: 33-67.  3. Dapson RW. Benzidine-based dyes: Effects of industrial practices, regulations, and world trade on the biological stains market. Biotech Histochem 2009: 84: 95-100.  4. Grimalt F, Romaguera C. Cutaneous sensitivity to benzidine. Derm Beruf Umwelt 1981; 29: 95-97.  5. Romaguera C, Grimalt F. Statistical and comparative study of 4600 patients tested in barcelona (1973-1977). Contact Dermatitis 1980; 6: 309-315.   

Skin problems related to Indonesian leather &amp; shoe production and the use of footwear in Indonesia

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Skin problems related to Indonesian leather & shoe production and the use of footwear in Indonesia

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Skin problems related to Indonesian leather &amp; shoe production and the use of footwear in Indonesia

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University of Groningen

Skin problems related to Indonesian leather & shoe production and the use of footwear in Indonesia