Kauti Matheus Kioko

English

博士学位論文の要旨及び審査結果の要旨 (Summary of Thesis(DR))othe

Kauti, Matheus Kioko

Tohoku University Repository (TOUR) / 東北大学機関リポジトリ

A Geographical and Longitudinal Approach toRural Livelihood Security and Crisis Responsesin Central Kenya著者 Kauti Matheus Kioko学位授与機関 Tohoku University学位授与番号 学術(環)博第115号URL http://hdl.handle.net/10097/51216氏　　　　　　　名授　与　学　位学　位　記　番　号学位授与年月　日学位授与の根拠法規研究科,専攻の名称学位論文題　目指　導　教　員論文審査委員かうてい　まてうす　きおこKauti Matheaus Xioko博士(学術)学術(環)博第115号平成　21年　9月　1日学位規則第4条第1項東北大学大学院環境科学研究科(博士課程)環境科学専攻A Geographicaland Longitudinal Approach to Rural LivelihoodSecurityand Crisis Responses in Central Kenya (ケニア中央部における農村生計安全保障と危機対応-の地理的･縦断的アプローチ)東北大学准教授　上田　元主査　東北大学准教授　上田　元　　東北大学教授　境田清隆東北大学教授　　日野正輝　　　　　　教授　池野　旬(理学研究科)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(京都大学)論IJltrOductiOJIDespite　也e realization　也at　也eworld is facing sigmifiCant economicchangesand agro-climatic eventsandthatpeople's livelihoodsare not staticbut constantly dynamic in response tothe changing conditions,the subject oflivelihood dynamism which has beenaddressed in　the wider literature israrely substantiated with　empiriCalevidence especially　in　sub-SaharanA出ca setting. Most studies　arecross-sectionaland lack a time-seriesperspective. This study isanattempt tor血ess　血s g叩　in existingunderstanding. The central argumentofthethesis isthat in order tofullyunderstand　the dynamic natwe oflivelihood strategies, it is required totake a geographicaland longitudinal asopposed to cross-sectional叩prOaCh ofanalysis into people's livelihoods.文　内　容　要　旨Figure 1: The Triad of Livelihood - Crisis - Network NextISThe conceptualandanalyticalfranework of analysis advanced forunderstandingthe problemunderinvestlgation　and　thus　the innovative aspect of　the research is premised bn the triad ofLivelihood-Crisis-Network nexus approach (Figure 1)･ The overall objective isthe detection of dynamicchanges in livelihood strategies throughunderstandingthe ways in which households copeand adaptunderincreasingly evident and significant economic changesand agro-climatic events uslng the case of cropvarietyand livestock breed selection and the mediating role of social networks･ The study draws from caヲestudy material from two study sites, KabenderaandKiambogo in CentralKenya.-41-The research takes households as analyticalframe of reference in investigating the themes embodied inthe血ee legs of its triad approach･ Theme 1 : livelihoods, concems an assessment of household livelihoodcomponents and their combination strategleS throughannual net total income estimation and assets･ Theme 2:C,lSIS, focuses on household crisis-Coplng experiences and examines crisis events objectively andlongitudinally using the case of crop variety and livestock breed selection to iden坤ad叫ive strategies･Theme 3･. social network, is devoted to the mediating role of social network and communlty aSSOCiational lifein exchange and sharing of information andknOwledge on seed sources by the smallholder farmers･ Finally,the study deals with the issue or operationalizlng the concept of livelihood strategleS With quantitativehousehold-level data and how then to use the identified strategies tO test the livelihood-crisis-network nexus･Research questionsThe overriding question to the farmers and to which this study addresses is on how to maintain orincrease agrlCultural production under variable and adverse conditions of economic change and agr0-climaticevents, and on how constraints and oppo血nities shape variations in decision一making process of crop andlivestock s-election among households and over time as a coplng and adaptation strategy･ SpecirlC researchquestions are:1. What are the soci0-economic characteristics of the study sites and selected households?2. What are the household livelihood components/activities and their relative importance in theproduction aspect of the household economy?3. How do households combine different livelihood components/activities add what are the resultantlivelihood strategleSand areal differences between the two sites?4.　What are the household's crisis-coplng experiences and responses?5. What are the types and patterns of smallholder farmer,s crop varietyand livestock breed selection?6. Are there discemible relationships between livelihood strategleS and decision-making pattems incrop and livestock selection by smallholders'and what are the dete-inants?7. What types ofsocial network and associationa1 life are present in the research sites that are usefulfor coplng and adapting ln the face of economic changes and agroIClimatic events?MethodologyThe study draws from rleld survey data informed by geographical and longitudinal methodology ofapproach･ Data collection was done uslng a range Or techniques to generate a wide variety of infわ-ation oneach of the three themes in the triad of Livelihood-Crisis-Network nexus･ Both realized annual net totalincome estimate and asset-based approaches were used in analyzlng household livelihood strategleS Whilesequence analysts methodology was employed as an inte血ce fわr comprehensive assessment or therelationships of the elements of the nexus･FindingsThe results from the analysis Of the livelihood component of the Livelihood-Crisis-Network nexusrevealed that the most salient average socio-economic characteristics of the research sites referring to allmembers and heads of the selected households differ between the two study sites and among the households･They ln tum determine the livelihood strategleS PurSued･ A classiflCation of the householdsinto distinctgroups based on per caplta Values of flVe indicators of socio-economic differentiation followed by across-tabulation of the indicators revealed a clear relationship between almual net income flow, assetownership, education, and unexpected clear relationship with age of the household head･ As such, directexamination of an individual household,s asset endowment which records the past experience or incomeaccumulation can be used in longitudinal studies to alleviate the problem of time mismatch associated withannual net income now estimates.-42-The study found that households in the two sites engage in a variety of economic activities as a strategyfor coplng With and adaptlng tO Variable and adverse conditions. The production aspect of householdeconomy was classified into five activity Sectors from the survey data･ The results revealed the order ofimportance (in terms of aggregate income portfolios) of the five sectors to be agriculture, non-farm activities,livestock, forest product extraction and off-farm　activities. Unlike many previous studies whichunderestimate the role of forest resource use, the current study found the sector/activlty tO be an importantone in livelihood diversification.Anattempt to show how households choose and combine options across the five sectors throughpartitionlng Of the households into four groups with reference to the sectoral composition of their annual nettotal incomes revealed that all the fわur identi丘ed livelihood strategy clusters comparatively employ onedominant sector/activity with percentage contribution to annual net total income being above average and theother sectors/activities playing a Secondary role except for one cluster which is truly diversified. These werereferred to as forest product extractors, non-farm activity entrepreneurs, diversified livestock keepersandagrlCulturists. This finding is different from studies which stress rural livelihood diversification.An attempt was made to emplrlCally assess smallholders'exposure to shocks at household level byinvestlgatlng Crisis-Coplng experiences and responses longitudinally. The household level data were inconsonant wi血Kenya's national statistics that severe drought(S) Were experienced in the research sites in也eyear 1984 and 2000, and they more recently (starting 2007) witnessed local expressions of global price hikein food and crude oil, inflation trends and resultant pnce related crisis. The results suggestedanincreaslnghousehold exposure to economic change related shocks such as pnce hike in consumer goods andagrlCultural Inputs especially starting from the late 1990s to 2007･ Households in both sites respond invarious ways when faced with crises. Overall, the results revealed that theuse of savlngS Such as livestockand food reserves is relied upon more as a coping Strategy followed by engagement in diverslty Of activities.When faced by drought and severe water shortage, a maJOrlty Of the selected households engage in diverseactivities including forest product extraction such as charcoal burmng and firewood collection for sale as acoping Strategy. The finding underscored the importance of agrlCulture, non-farm activitiesand forestresource use sectors in maintenance ofrural livelihood of smallholders in the face of adverslty.It was found out that differences in agro-ecological setting and altitude, the type of economic activitypursued by the households, history of the settlement, and close proximity tO market-trading centers amongothers result in significant local-reglOnal differences in income portfolios which translate into variable netincome distributions across the two sites, as also between the individual households and thus area differencesin both livelihood strategleS and crisis-coplng eXperiences･The second theme looked at concemed crisis-coplng COmpOnent. The theme provided solid emplricalevidence of household coplngand adaptation strategy derived from sequential data on crop variety andlivestock breed selection. The study revealed thetypesand pattems of farmer's crop variety叩d livestockbreed selection. A long血dinal analysュs indicated that households in the study sites respomd･to extemalshocks by either selection/de-首election of varieties and breedsI The results brought to light a multiplicityofcriteria upon which farmers base their decisions. These were grouped into six explanatory factors:geographic-environmental, economic-comercial, administrative, agronomlC, SOCio-cultural and historicalamong others.Investlgation of pattems in the sequence of decision一making ln Crop and livestock selection overtimerevealed two distinguishable but related features of smallholder's decision-making behavior, first, dominantselection criteria combination and i汀egular selection criteria combination and second, Consistency andinconsistency of selection criteria combinations. The evidenee丘.om the results suggested a tendency byhouseholds to choose varieties based on one combination of factors whose percentage contribution to theoverall selection criteria for a particular crop/livestock is dominant followed by complementlng Irregularselection criteria. The dominant selection criteria combination was fわund to have a component orgeographical fhctor･ This is seemlngly the combination that households cannot change or have control of but-43-can only submit to mostly a geography-related factor･ The second feature of smallholder's decision-makingbehavior in crop and livestock selection is about consistency and/or specialization and inconsistency and/Or amultiple of selection criteria combinations･ Inconsistency of selection criteria combinations was interpretedas dynamism of coplng and adaptation strategy employed by households in both sites to navlgate the adverseand variable economic and agro-climatic events･ Households of high socio-economic sta仙s have been fわundto be inconsistent and/Or use a multiple of selection criteria combination while low socio-economic statushouseholds are consistent and/or specializedln selection criteria combination･The third theme of the Livelihood-Crisis-Network nexus dealt with social network component. In thestudy sites, the traditional system or property (land) ownership has gradually transfb-ed into individualpropertyownership whereby the functions of the traditional systems have disappeared･ This is as a result oflack of land in the orlglnal birth places of the mlgrantS and the ensulng process Of mlgration which in hmled to a breakdown of common household residence of the extended family, a basis for prlmary bonds andcohesiveness of the kinship system and as a result kinship relations have weakened･ Atthe destination areasthere emerged new associational life in formof voluntary organizations/local-based associational groups forsecuring li-velihoods for the smallholders･Seed sources and flow was shown to be a complex process, innuenced by a variety of agroIClimatic,economic and agronomical factors. The findings suggested highdependence on market sources of grainseeds such as maize as necessitated by the economic refb-s and less dependence on social relations such askinship, neighborsand fhends･ However, the case of potato is different owlng tO its agronomic attributes thatmake it be sourced from within the village via social network･ High dependence on market mechanism wasan evidence of famer's exposure to variable market forces brought about by wider economic changes･A comparative examination or the ecologlCal gradient of inte汀elationship de丘ned by a locaトlevelgeographical system revealed a complementary relationship among the studied settlements and theirsurrounding areas in terms offlow of goods and services･ This was the case especially during crisis timessuch as drought whereby upland farmers have economic and social relationships with lowland farmers･Anexamination of trading and marketing of agricultural/farmbased produce identified threetypes ofmiddle-men; traders, brokers and fam gate scouts, as information conduits for farmers with respect to cropand livestock selection. Information about market forces of demand and supply lS Passed from market tofarmthroughthe middle-men and ultimately influences farmers'decision in crop varietyand livestock breedselection.ConclusionThis study argues that understanding local-level decisions in adopti?n of different livelihood strategleS inthe face of changlng economic conditions and agro-climatic events should be informed by a holisticapproach that revolves around analyses of macro-economlC, agrO-Climatic and historical contexts andlocal-level processes･ The results indicate thatareal differences evident in livelihood strategleS andcrisisICOPlng experiences and responses,and social networks are attributable to settlement history,geographical/ecological gradient differences,and effects of economic liberalization･ The study argues forplace-basedanalysIS at both householdllevel and localllevel in enhanclng understanding of location-specificcontext of the human-environment system interaction in which rural livelihoods or smallholders in K･enyatake place.-44-論文審査結果の要旨本論文は,農村の社会と環境の持続可能性について懸念されている熱帯アフリカ半乾燥地域から,ケニア中央部の新開農村を事例としてとりあげ,農家の資産･年間純所得の評価結果と作物･家畜の品種選択歴の関連を分析することを通して,農民が危機･不確実性(経済的諸変軌干ばつなどの農業気候的変動)にいかに対処･適応し,生計安全保障の実現を試みているのかを明らかにしようとしたものであるoそのために,一時点の横断的調査手法のみでは把握することの困難な生計戦略の動態を縦断的手法をも用いながら定量分析した点に,本論文の特色がある｡得られた知見とその新しさは以下の通りである0①　2つの事例集落における対象農家の年間純所得が資産ストックとよく相関することを見出したうえで,対象世帯を生言1偶成･戦略の違いに応じて4つに類型化した｡そして,既存研究が生計安全保障のために有効･有望であると指摘してきた生計多様化戦略を採用しているのは半数未満に留まり,多くはむしろ生計特化戦略に依存している実態を,そしてとくに相対的若年層世帯の社会経済的地位が二極化しており,これには生計特化戦略の内容と集落立地における差が関連している実態を指摘し,これらを生計安全保障上の問題として考察した｡②　対象世帯の危機対処･適応歴を概観したのち,とくに作物･家畜品種選択歴と品種特性知覚についての詳細な情報を収集し,この分野では芯用されたことのほとんどないシークエンス･アラインメント法を用いて作物家畜別に代表的な品種選択歴パターンを見出した｡③　そして,社会経済的地位と危機対処･適応歴(品種選択歴)との縦断的な関連性という,既存研究が十分に検討してこなかった点を考察し,社会経済的地位の高い世帯はより多様な作物･家畜品種選択基準を採用しているのに対して,社会経済的地位の低い世帯は品種の地理的適合性のみに縛られて選択する傾向にあることを明らかにした｡なお,生計多様化戦略と品種選択基準の多様性については明瞭な関係がないことを見出した｡④　平常時･非常時における財･サービス流通の地域システムが果たす役割に注目しつつ,対象とした新開農村では親族関係が弓臓しているのに対して各種結社の役割が大きいことを,また,品種選択において市場の果たす役割も相対酌に大きくなり結果として各世帯の生計安全保障上の脆弓身性を高めていることを,定性的に指摘した｡本論文の手法に関してとくに評価されるのは, ①樹折的手法による資産･年間純所得の評価に基づき生計構成･戦略の定量的把握を試みた点, ②対象世帯の危機対処･適応歴データとして詳細な作物･家畜選択歴情報を収集し,これを縦断的手法によって定量的に扱った点, ③欄折的手法で把握した社会経済的地位･生計戦略と,縦輔勺手法で明らかにした危機対処･適応歴との関連性を吟味するのに当たり,両者の時間的ずれの問題を緩和するために各世帯の資産ストックにも注意を払った点である｡以上のように,本論文は,社会経済的地位と生計戦略,危機･不確実性とそれら-の対処･適応,そして社会的ネットワークの相対的役割,これら3つの間の関連性を既存研究にない豊富なデータを用いて定量分析しっっ,半乾燥地域の農民による生計安全保障実現の試みを明らかにすることに成功したものとして評価することができる｡よって,本論文は博士(学術)の学位論文として合格と認める｡-45-

A Geographical and Longitudinal Approach to Rural Livelihood Security and Crisis Responses in Central Kenya

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ケニア中央部における農村生計安全保障と危機対応への地理的･縦断的アプローチ

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ケニア中央部における農村生計安全保障と危機対応への地理的 ･ 縦断的アプローチ

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ケニア中央部における農村生計安全保障と危機対応への地理的･縦断的アプローチ