Bhagavan, B.V.K.

Bhuvaneswari, V.

Naga Lakshmi, R.

Venkata Ramana, K.T.

English

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V. Bhuvaneswari, K.T. Venkata Ramana, B.V.K. Bhagavan and R. Naga Lakshmi332Short  scientific  report Journal of Plantation Crops, 2011, 39 (2): 332-336Palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer L.) is an importantpalm tree that contributes to the economic upliftment ofIndian farmer. Palmyrah palm, adorns the dry landscapeof the semi arid regions of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,Orissa, West Bengal, Bihar, Karnataka and Maharashtra.India has nearly 121.5 million palms. Leaf blight causedby Pestalotiopsis palmarum, leaf spot caused by StigminaPalmivora and bud rot caused by Phytophthorapalmivora are the important diseases that pose seriousconstraints to the production and productivity of thepalmyrah crop in India. Previously, the maximum leafblight and leaf spot severity on palmyrah was reportedin Nalgonda (46.67 %) and Kattangoor (45.83 %)mandals of Nalgonda district in Andhra Pradesh (VijayKrishna Kumar et al., 2006). Infection with the foliardiseases can severely reduce the photosynthetic abilityof the trees and thus finally leading to decline in starchand cellulose contents (Karthikeyan and Bhaskaran,1997). Adult palms of 20-40 years of age were foundhighly susceptible to the leaf blight disease of coconut(Karthikeyan and Baskaran, 1999). The leaf blight diseasein coconut though never fatal but reduces the generalvitality of the palms (Horne, 1908). Bud rot is anotherfatal disease of palmyrah and coconut palms,characterized by the rotting of the terminal bud andsurrounding tissues. Even though it affects the palms ofall ages, young palms in low lying and moist situationsare more susceptible to the disease. The diseasecommonly occurs in West and East coasts of India(Menon and Pandalai 1958; Ohler, 1984; Srinivasan,2001). The incidence of bud rot was recorded in coconutup to 21.3% in Andhra Pradesh, 7.0% in Karnataka, 2.0%in Tamil Nadu and 6.5% in Kerala (Srininvasulu et al.,2006).Vijaya Krishna Kumar et al. (2006) reported foliarand bud rot diseases on palmyrah in Nalgonda district ofAndhra Pradesh. There is not much information availableon the present status of the palmyrah diseases in AndhraPradesh. Prior to taking up of any remedial measuresDiseases of Palmyrah in Andhra Pradesh - A preliminary report(Manuscript Received: 31-08-10, Revised: 18-03-11, Accepted: 10-05-11)Keywords: Borassus flabellifer, bud rot, leaf blight, leaf spot, Palmyrah diseaseagainst these diseases, detailed knowledge on theirprevalence in specific targeted localities is mandatory.Hence, the present investigation was undertaken inselected districts of Andhra Pradesh to elucidate the areawise severity of foliar diseases and bud rot incidence onpalmyrah and finally to map the sensitive areas withrespect to these diseases.Survey was carried out in the selected mandals ofVisakhapatnam, West Godavari, Srikakulam and EastGodavari districts from 2006-2008. Roving survey wasconducted along transect of potential mandals and thefoliar and bud rot diseases were recorded area wise. Thefollowing is the scale adopted for recording the diseaseseverity of the leaf spot and leaf blight diseases.0: No visible symptoms1: <1 % leaf area affected3: 1-10 % leaf area affected5: 11-25 % leaf area affected7: 26-50 % leaf area affected9: >51 % leaf area affectedTwenty leaves were randomly selected from eachlocality surveyed and data was recorded in terms ofseverity (% leaf area infected) by comparing withstandard area diagram on 0-9 scale (Mayee and Datar,1986) and adjoining crops.Leaf blight and leaf spot severity was calculatedby adopting the following formula.Sum of gradesSeverity = —————————————— X 100No. of leaves sampled X Maximum gradeBud rot incidence was recorded on the trees basedon symptoms that were visible on the crown, leaf bladesand also on the terminal bud. Disease attack was alsonoted taking into account the bare trunks that were alreadydead due to bud rot attack.Diseases of Palmyrah in Andhra Pradesh333The mean leaf blight severity was found to beminimum in Nakkapalli (5.42 %) followed byMakavarapalem (5.55 %) and maximum in Payakaraopet(21.94 %) mandals (Table 1) among the 15 mandalssurveyed during 2006. Three mandals viz., Kotavuratla,S.Rayavaram and Buccyyapet mandals were found to befree of leaf blight incidence as evident from its zero percent severity. Data on leaf spot severity revealed thatMakavarapalem recorded minimum severity (2.86 %) andPayaraopet recorded maximum severity (28.47 %).Five mandals viz., S. Rayavaram, Yalamanchili,Achyutapuram, Parawada and Buchyyapet were foundto be free of leaf spot incidence. Observations on bud rotincidence revealed that Anakapalle and Buchyyapetmandals recorded minimum (0.68 %) and maximum(14.29 %) incidence respectively, while four mandals viz.,Payakaraopet, Kotavuratla, Parawada and Chodavarammandals were found to be free of bud rot incidence. Theweather parameters recorded during survey period weremaximum (33.7 °C), minimum (20.6 °C) temperatureand maximum (91 %), minimum (59 %) relativehumidity.Data of survey carried out in 28 mandals of WestGodavari district during 2007 (Table 2) revealed that themean leaf blight severity was found to be minimum inTadepalligudem and Kannapuram (0.83 %) andmaximum in Vunguturu (9.99 %) mandals.Vundrajavaram mandal was found to be free of leaf blightincidence. Observations on leaf spot severity revealedthat Pentapadu mandal recorded minimum severity(0.18 %) and Kamavarapukota recorded maximumTable 1. Incidence of palmyrah diseases in Visakhapatnam district of AndhraPradesh during 2006Sl. Mandal No. of Mean per cent diseaseNo. Villages severity/incidencesurveyed Leaf blight Leaf spot Bud rot1. Payakaraopet 4 21.94 28.47 --2. Kasimkota 5 8.44 5.44 3.513. Makavarapalem 7 5.55 2.86 5.514. Narsipatnam 6 23.24 6.85 5.865. Kotavuratla 4 -- 7.08 --6. S.Rayavaram 4 -- -- 1.007. Nakkapallli 4 5.42 7.78 1.218. Yalamanchili 5 13.33 -- 3.209. Rambilli 6 6.20 11.67 1.3310. Achyutapuram 1 11.66 -- 4.0011. Parawada 2 14.72 -- --12. Madugula 4 19.58 11.81 2.2513. Buchyyapet 1 -- -- 14.2914. Chodavaram 2 16.11 16.94 --15. Anakapalle 2 20.28 8.59 0.68Table 2. Incidence of palmyrah diseases in West Godavari district during 2007Sl. Mandal Soils Adjoining crops No. of villages Mean per cent disease severity/ incidenceNo. surveyed Leaf blight Leaf spot Bud rot1. Tadepalligudem Red Rice, Sugarcane 2 0.83 -- 2.892. Nallajerla " Rice, Sugarcane 5 4.22 2.11 0.443. Koyyalagudem Red/black Rice, Sugarcane 3 5.36 -- 4.764. Kannapuram Red Rice 2 0.83 -- --5. Buttaigudem Black Rice, Cotton 2 1.94 -- --6. Jangareddigudem Black Rice, Sugarcane 2 4.72 -- --7. Devarapalli Red Rice 1 3.88 -- --8. Yerrannagudem " " 1 1.66 -- --9. Ganapavaram " " 1 1.11 -- 8.7710. Poduru " " 1 5.55 5.00 --11. Narasapuram " " 2 1.39 -- --12. Mogalturu " " 2 6.11 -- --13. Bhimavaram " " 2 2.50 -- --14. Vundi " " 1 3.33 2.77 --15. Pentapadu " " 3 1.85 0.18 --16. Vunguturu " " 5 9.99 2.33 --17. Bhimadolu " " 3 7.59 -- --18. Kamavarapukota " " 4 6.66 7.36 --19. Chintalapudi " " 3 2.77 1.66 --20. Lingampalem " Cotton 1 1.11 6.66 --21. Dharmajigudem " Rice, Cotton, Chillies 1 1.66 -- --22. Pedavegi " Rice, Coconut 2 3.89 6.39 --23. Eluru " Rice 1 6.11 -- --24. Vundrajavaram " Rice 2 -- 1.67 1.3325. Nidadavolu " Rice 5 1.67 -- --26. Chagallu " Rice, Sugarcane 3 2.41 1.39 --27. Tallapudi " Rice, Sugarcane 5 6.44 -- --28. Gopalapuram " Rice 3 2.22 -- --V. Bhuvaneswari, K.T. Venkata Ramana, B.V.K. Bhagavan and R. Naga Lakshmi334severity (7.36 %). However, 17 mandals were found tobe free of leaf spot incidence. Similarly, data recordedon bud rot incidence indicated that Nallajerla mandalrecorded minimum incidence (0.44 %) and Ganapavarammandal recorded maximum (8.77 %) incidence, whereas23 mandals were found to be free of bud rot incidence.The maximum (28.9 °C), minimum (23.8 °C)temperature; maximum (90.1 %), minimum (73.0 %)relative humidity was recorded during survey period.Survey undertaken in 26 selected mandals ofSrikakulam district during 2008 (Table 3) indicated thatthe mean leaf blight severity was found to be minimumin Palakonda (0.28 %) and maximum at Kanchili (8.61%) mandals, while three mandals viz., Nandigam, Tekkaliand Pathapatnam mandals were found to be free of leafblight incidence. Data on leaf spot severity indicated thatHiramandalam and Kanchili mandals recorded minimum(0.55 %) and maximum severity (4.99 %), respectively,while eight mandals were found to be free of leaf spotincidence. Observations on bud rot incidence revealedthat Srikakulam and Ponduru mandals recorded minimum(0.41 %) and maximum (0.78 %) incidence, respectivelyindicating low incidence of bud rot. The maximum andminimum temperatures recorded during survey periodwere 30.2 and 17.7 °C, respectively.Results of survey carried out in 28 mandals of EastGodavari district during 2008 (Table 4) revealed that themean leaf blight severity was found to be minimum inSamalkot and Ambajipeta (1.11 %) and maximum in Tuni(24.26 %) mandals. Leaf spot severity was found to beminimum in Rajole (0.37 %) and maximum in Tuni(20.37 %) mandals, respectively, while five mandals werefound to be free of leaf spot disease. Data recorded onbud rot incidence revealed that Addateegala mandalrecorded minimum (0.07 %) and Karapa mandal recordedmaximum (2.81 %) incidence. The maximum andminimum temperatures, maximum and minimum relativehumidity recorded during survey period were 34.1 °Cand 23.9 °C and 95 and 45 %, respectively.Critical observations from Table 5 revealed thatout of the 97 mandals surveyed in four districts, less than5 % of leaf blight severity was recorded in 54 mandals,5-20 % in 32 mandals and >20 % severity in four mandals,while seven mandals were found to be free of leaf blightdisease. Leaf spot severity was less than 5 % in 47mandals, 5-20 % in 13 mandals and >20 % severity in 2mandals, whereas 35 mandals were found to be free ofleaf spot disease. Similarly, bud rot incidence was lessthan 5 % in 29 mandals, 5-20 % in 4 mandals and 64mandals were free of bud rot incidence indicating theTable 3. Incidence of palmyrah diseases in Srikakulam district during 2008Sl. Mandal Soils Adjoining crops No. of villages Mean per cent disease incidence/severityNo. surveyed Leaf blight Leaf spot Bud rot1. Amudalavalasa Red Rice, Eukalyptus 6 4.81 1.94 --2. Boorja Red Rice, Mango, Eukalyptus 6 3.52 1.39 --3. Palakonda Red Rice 4 0.28 -- --4. Veeragattam Red Rice 7 2.62 0.63 --5. Regidi Red Rice, Sugarcane, Coconut 3 3.88 2.40 --6. Rajam Red Rice, Mango 3 4.26 0.74 --7. Ponduru Red Rice, Coconut, Mango 5 3.33 1.33 0.788. Srikakulam " Rice, Sunflower 3 1.66 -- 0.419. Gara " Sunflower 4 2.64 0.69 --10. Kanchili " Coconut, Cashew 2 8.61 4.99 --11. Kaviti " Coconut, Cashew 3 4.44 2.03 --12. Sompeta Red/ Black Coconut, Groundnut, Pulses, Sunflower 5 3.11 -- --13. Mandasa Red Rice, Blackgram, Groundnut, Sunflower 3 1.85 -- --14. Palasa " Rice, Blackgram, Groundnut 3 0.92 -- --15. Nandigam " Rice, Coconut 1 -- -- --16. Tekkali " Rice, Sunflower 1 -- -- --17. Santhabommali " Rice, Coconut 3 3.52 2.04 --18. Kotabommali " Rice, Mango 4 4.44 1.94 --19. Narsannapeta " Rice, Sugarcane, Groundnut, Sunflower 4 3.32 0.83 --20. Pathapatnam " Coconut, Groundnut 1 -- -- --21. Saravakota " Rice, Coconut, Sunflower 2 4.72 4.44 --22. Hiramandalam " Rice, Blackgram, Coconut 3 2.59 0.55 --23. Bhamini " Rice, Sunflower, Mango 4 3.05 1.11 --24. Kottur " Rice, Mango, Cashew 2 3.89 0.83 --25. L.N. Peta " Rice 2 6.39 2.49 --26. Saribujjili " Rice 2 7.49 3.32 --Diseases of Palmyrah in Andhra Pradesh335Table 4. Incidence of palmyrah diseases in East Godavari district during 2008Sl. Mandal Soils Adjoining crops No. of villages Mean per cent disease severity/ incidenceNo. surveyed Leaf blight Leaf spot Bud rot1. Rajahmundry Black Rice, Coconut 3 4.25 -- 0.722. Mandapeta Black Rice 2 1.39 0.83 --3. Rayavaram Black " 2 4.72 -- --4. Ramachandrapuram " " 1 2.22 -- --5. Draksharama " Rice 2 8.33 3.89 2.616. Karapa " " 3 8.14 2.96 2.817. Kajuluru " " 2 3.05 2.50 --8. Pitapuram " " 3 3.52 2.96 0.649. Tuni " " 4 24.26 20.37 0.7310. Samalkot " " 1 1.11 -- --11. Peddapuram " " 1 2.77 -- --12. Rangampeta " " 2 2.22 1.39 --13. Rajanagaram " " 5 7.22 2.66 0.2514. Atreyapuram " Coconut + Banana, Rice 8 5.62 2.50 --15. Ravulapalem " Rice, Coconut+ Banana 5 6.44 2.11 0.2216. P. Gannavaram " Coconut+ Banana 5 3.33 0.78 0.5017. Rajole " Coconut 3 2.22 0.37 --18. Malkipuram " Coconut 2 3.89 0.56 --19. Ambajipeta " Coconut 2 1.11 0.55 --20. Kothapeta " Coconut 2 4.99 0.83 --21. Alamuru " Rice 3 7.03 3.33 1.8622. Kadium " " 2 4.72 1.39 1.1823. Rampachodavaram Red Cashew 7 6.66 3.57 0.2524. Devipatnam " Cashew 6 6.66 5.83 0.1525. Gangavaram " Rice, Cashew 3 9.99 2.40 1.1126. Addateegala Red Rice, Cashew 8 5.06 3.12 0.0727. Y.Ramavaram Red Bunds, Rice, Cashew 4 5.55 2.49 0.7128. Rajavommangi Red Rice 3 8.70 4.44 --Table 5. Incidence of palmyrah diseases in four districts of Andhra PradeshSeverity Leaf blight Leaf spot Bud rot/Incidence Visakha- West Srika- East Total Visakha- West Srika- East Total Visakha- West Srika- East Totalpatnam Godavari kulam Godavari patnam Godavari  kulam Godavari patnam Godavari kulam Godavari0 3 1 3 - 7 5 17 8 5 35 4 23 24 13 64<5 % - 19 20 15 54 1 7 18 21 47 8 4 2 15 295-<20 % 9 8 3 12 32 8 4 - 1 13 3 1 - - 4>20 % 3 - - 1 4 1 - - 1 2 - - - - -Total 15 28 26 28 97 15 28 26 28 97 15 28 26 28 97fact that the incidence of bud rot was below 20 % in fourdistricts surveyed.The findings on the palmyrah diseases from Table1 to 4 indicated that out of four districts surveyed, leafblight severity was found to be minimum in Palakonda(0.28 %) of Srikakulam district and maximum (24.26 %)in Tuni of East Godavari district. Leaf spot severitywas found to be minimum in Pentapadu (0.18 %) ofWest Godavari district and maximum in Payakaraopet(28.47 %) of Visakhapatnam district. Results are inaccordance with the findings of Vijay Krishna Kumaret al. (2006).The variation in severity levels for the foliardiseases can be attributed to the facts that leaf spot isproblematic in the initial stages of palm life. Karthikeyanand Bhaskaran (1999) while working on incidence of leafblight disease in relation to age, vigour and yield ofcoconut observed that leaf blight induced byPestalotiopsis palmarum though found in seedlings andin adult palms, adult palms were found to be moresusceptible and concluded that trees of 20 to 40 yearswere highly susceptible to the disease. They also reportedthat younger leaves of coconut that have shown increasedresistance to leaf blight contained a lower quantity ofnitrogen and a higher quantity of potassium than the olderleaves. In vitro studies carried out by them substantiatedthe results in the way that the growth and sporulation ofthe test fungus, Pestalotiopsis palmarum was enhancedwith nitrogenous compounds (Karthikeyan andV. Bhuvaneswari, K.T. Venkata Ramana, B.V.K. Bhagavan and R. Naga Lakshmi336Bhaskaran, 1998). Moreover, leaf spot can be severe ontender seedlings.Of all the mandals surveyed, bud rot incidence wasfound to be minimum in Addateegala (0.07 %) mandalof East Godavari district and maximum in Buchyyapet(14.29 %) in Visakhapatnam district. The results are inaccordance with the findings of Srinivasulu et al. (2006)who reported the incidence of bud rot in coconut upto21.3 % in Andhra Pradesh.The study clearly displayed a fairly higher diseaseincidence irrespective of places either of districts understudy. So much severity can aid in opining it as a serioussetback in growth and yield parameters. This informationsuggests that, there is a need for survey on extensive areasin other states too.ReferencesHorne, W.T. 1908. The bud rot and some other coconut troubles inCuba. Bull 15, Estacion Central Agronomica de Cuba.Karthikeyan, A. and Bhaskaran, R. 1997.  Post infectional changes inphotosynthetic pigments, phenolics and carbohydrates incoconut leaves infected with leaf blight. Madras AgriculturalJournal 84: 707-709.Karthikeyan, A. and Bhaskaran, R. 1998. Mineral contents in coconutleaves resistant and susceptible to leaf blight infection causedby Pestalotiopsis palmarum. Madras Agricultural Journal85: 179-181.Karthikeyan, A. and Bhaskaran, R. 1999.  Incidence of leaf blightdisease in relation to age, vigour of coconut seedlings andyield of palms. Madras Agricultural Journal 86: 80-82.Mayee, C.D. and Datar, V.V. 1986. Phytopathometry. Tech.Bull.-1.Maratwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, pp 218.Menon, K.P.V. and Pandalai, K.M. 1958. The coconut palm - Amonograph. Indian Central Coconut Committee, Ernakulam,pp384.Ohler, J.G. 1984. Coconut Tree of Life FAO, Rome pp 446.Srinivasan, N. 2001. Diseases and disorders of coconut and theirmanagement In: Plant Pathology (Ed: Trivedi, P.C), PointerPublishers, Jaipur, India, Plant Path. 194-205.Srinivasulu, B., Vijay Krishna Kumar, K., Aruna, K., Lakshmi, M.V.and Rao, D.V.R. 2006. A novel approach in the managementof stem bleeding disease of coconut. 93rd Indian ScienceCongress at ANGRAU, Hyderabad. 3-7 January, 2006.Vijay Krishna Kumar, K., Srinivasulu, B., Venkata Ramana, K.T.2006. Prevalence of palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer L.)diseases in High Altitude Zone of Andhra Pradesh. Journalof Plant Protection Environment 3: 110-14.Horticultural Research Station, Pandirimamidi - 533 288,Rampachodavaram, Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University,Andhra PradeshV. Bhuvaneswari,K.T. Venkata Ramana,B.V.K. Bhagavan,R. Naga Lakshmi

Diseases of Palmyrah in Andhra Pradesh - A preliminary report

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Diseases of Palmyrah in Andhra Pradesh - A preliminary report

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