في هذا البحث تم دراسة تأثير إضافة نترات الفضة على بعض الخواص البصرية للبولي ستايرين. ولهذا الغرض تم تحضير نماذج&nbsp; بإضافة &nbsp;AgNO3إلى البولي ستايرين وبنسب حجمية مختلفة من هذه الأملاح مع البوليمر وبسمك مختلف. تم تسجيل طيفي الامتصاص والنفاذية ولمدى الاطوال الموجية nm(1100-190). وحساب معامل الامتصاص و فجوة الطاقة للانتقال غير المباشر المسموح و الممنوع.In the present work, effect of addition AgNO3 on some optical properties of polystyrene has been studied. for that purpose, many samples has been prepared by adding AgNO3 on the polystyrene by different volume percentages from these salts with polymer and by different thickness.The absorption and transmission spectra has been recorded in the wavelength range (190-1100)nm. The absorption coefficient and energy gap of the indirect, allowed, forbidden transition have been determined. &nbsp

Oraibi, Afrah Hassoon

English

Journals of University of Babylon

Journal of University of Babylon, Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol.(26), No.(6): 2018   © Journal of University of Babylon for Pure and Applied Sciences (JUBES) by University of Babylon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 214  Effect of Addition AgNO3 on some Optical Properties of Polystyrene  Afrah  Hassoon Oraibi  Department of Electrical, Colleges of Engineering, University of kufa falah.hasson@gmail.com   Abstract       In the present work, effect of addition AgNO3 on some optical properties of polystyrene has been studied. for that purpose, many samples has been prepared by adding AgNO3 on the polystyrene by different volume percentages from these salts with polymer and by different thickness.The absorption and transmission spectra has been recorded in the wavelength range (190-1100)nm. The absorption coefficient and energy gap of the indirect, allowed, forbidden transition have been determined.    Keywords: optical properties, absorption and transmission spectra, polystyrene                                                                                                                  Introduction      Polymers have traditionally been considered as insulating materials by chemists and physicists alike. A conducting polymer is chewable and desirable. A light weight ready moldable, desirable conductive material has long been recognized as a worthwhile goal to work for[1][2]. Researches, generally, have demonstrated that conductive polymers can be used as energy storage element in:[3][4] 1- Capacitors and Secondary batteries. 2- As semiconductor material in schottky diode.  3- Insulated gate field effect transitions (FET) and light emitting diodes. 4- As conductive layer for electromagnetic shelding (EMI) and electrostatic Protection.        In the recent years conjugated conducting polymers have been the main focus of research throughout the world. Since the discovery led by 2000 chemistry Nobel winners, Shirakawa, MacDiarmid and Heeger, the perception that plastic could not conduct electricity has changed Nowadays, conducting polymers also known as conductive plastics are being developed for many uses such as corrosion inhibitors, compact capacitors, antistatic coating, electromagnetic shielding and smart windows; which capable to vary the amount of light to pass[5][6] AgNO3concentration. Figure(5) shows the relationship between the (αhv)1/3 (cm-1.eV)1/3 and photon energy of pure polymer (PS), the same way we obtain to the forbidden energy  material is extensively used because of interesting optical properties (high band gap, transparent to UV - visible light, low refractive index) which are considered for various optical applications such as windows, prism and lenses in the vacuum UV, visible and infrared here desired transmission in the 0.104µm-7µm range[7]. It is also very useful for X-ray nonochromaters and for the study of fundamental properties and defect in Crystal[8].   Journal of University of Babylon, Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol.(26), No.(6): 2018   215  Experiment          The materials used in the paper is polystyrene as matrix and AgNO3as a filler.  The electronic balanced of accuracy 10-4 have been used to obtain a weight amount of AgNO3concentration  powder and polymer powder.These mixed by Hand Lay up and the microscopic examination used to obtain homogenized mixture.The volume percentages of AgNO3 which equivalent weight percentages are (0, 14.6, 28.5) vol%. The hot press method is used to press the powder mixture. The mixture of  different AgNO3 percentages have been compacted at temperature 145oC under a pressure 100 par for 10 minutes. Its cooled to room temperature, the samples were disc shape of a diameter about 30mm and thickness ranged between (1.75-2.2). The transmission & absorption spectra of PS- AgNO3 composites have been recording in the length range (190-1100) nm using double-beam spectrophotometer (UV-210oA shimedza ).                                           Results and Discussion        The absorption coefficient (α) was calculated in the fundamental absorption region from the following equation[9]:                                                                                       )1.......(....................303.2dA  Where : A  absorbance, d the thickness of sample.  Figure (1) shows the relationship between the absorption coefficient and photon energy of the PS- AgNO3 composites we note the change in the absorption coefficient is small at low energies this is indicates the possibility of electronic transitions is a few. At high energy, the change of absorption coefficient is large this is indicates the large  Probability of electronic transitions are the absorption edge of the region[10]. The absorption coefficient helps to conclude the nature of electronic transitions, when the high absorption coefficient values (α>104cm-1)  at high energies we expected direct electronic transitions,and  the energy and momentum preserve of the electron and photon, when the values of absorption coefficient is low(α<104cm-1) at low energies we expected in this case indirect electronic transitions, the momentum of the electron and photon preserves by phonon helps[11].                                                                                                                                                                                              The results showed that the values of absorption coefficient of the PS- AgNO3 composites less than 104cm-1  which indicates to the indirect electronic transition.             Journal of University of Babylon, Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol.(26), No.(6): 2018   216                               The forbidden energy gap of indirect transition both allowed, forbidden calculated according to the relationship[12]:                                                                  Where : hv the energy of photon, A proportionality constant, Eg forbidden energy gap of the indirect transition.    If the value of (m=2)  indicates ten allowed indirect transition. when the value (m=3) indicates to forbidden indirect transition. Figure (2) shows the relationship between (αhv)1/2 (cm-1.eV)1/2 and the photon energy of pure polymer (PS), with take over part.                   )2.....(....................)( Ehv gAhvm0.30.350.40.450.50.550.60.650 2 4 6 8photon energy (eV)α(cm)^-1pureα(cm)^-1   14.6vol.%α(cm)^-1   28.5vol.%α(cm) -^Figure -1:  the relationship  between the absorption  3AgNO -coefficient and photon energy of the PScomposites Journal of University of Babylon, Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol.(26), No.(6): 2018   217                       of the straight cut oriented axis at the point (αhv)1/2 =0 will get the value of forbidden energy gap of the allowed indirect transition, which equal (3.2eV). Figure (3) and figure (4) represents the same relationship but to the polymer filled with (AgNO3) with volume percentages of AgNO3 are(14.6, 28.5) vol.%, the same way we can be obtained  on the value of forbidden energy gap of allowed indirect transition which equal (2.9eV) for 14.6 vol%, AgNO3and  (2.3eV  ) for 28.5 vol.% AgNO3.                          00.30.60.91.21.51.80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7photon energy (ev)and photon energy  1/2 .eV)1-(cm1/2he relationship between (αhv)2 : t-Figure of pure polymer (PS). 1/2.eV)1-(cm1/2(αhv) 00.40.81.21.620 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 6 6.6 7.2photon energy (eV) and  1/2 .eV)1-(cm1/23: the relationship between (αhv)-Figure 3AgNO composites  for 14.6 vol.% 3AgNO -photon energy of PS   1/2.eV)1-(cm1/2(αhv) Journal of University of Babylon, Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol.(26), No.(6): 2018   218                                                                                                                                                                                                            we note that the value of the forbidden energy gap decreases with increasing AgNO3concentration.. Figure(5) shows the relationship between the (αhv)1/3  (cm-1.eV)1/3 and photon energy of pure polymer (PS), the same way we obtain to the forbidden energy gap of forbidden indirect transition which equal (3.03eV).                              Figure (6) and figure (7) represents the same relationship but to the polymer filled with (AgNO3) with volume percentages of AgNO3 are (14.6, 28.5) vol.%, 00.40.81.21.620 1 2 3 4 5 6 7photon energy (eV)and  1/2 .eV)1-(cm1/24: the relationship between (αhv)-Figure composites  for 28.5 vol.%  3AgNO -photon energy of PS3AgNO   1/2.eV)1-(cm1/2(αhv)  00.20.40.60.811.20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7phton energy (eV) 1/3 .eV)1-(cm1/3lationship between (αhv)5 : the re-Figure and photon energy of pure polymer (PS).                                                                  31/.eV)1-(cm31/(αhv)  Journal of University of Babylon, Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol.(26), No.(6): 2018   219  the same way we can be obtained on the value of the forbidden energy gap of the forbidden indirect transition which equal(2.82eV) for14.6vol.% AgNO3 and  (2.19eV) for 28.5 vol%. we note that the value of the energy gap decreases with increasingAgNO3concentration[13].                                                                                          Conclusions 00.20.40.60.811.21.40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7photon energy (eV)1/3.eV)1-(cm1/3(αhv) 00.20.40.60.811.21.40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7photon energy (eV)and      1/3 .eV)1-(cm1/37 : the relationship between (αhv)-Figure composites  for 28.5 vol.%  3AgNO -photon energy of of PS3AgNO              .  1/3.eV)1-(cm1/3(αhv)                     /3 1.eV)1-(cm1/36:  the relationship between (αhv)-Figure composites  for 14.6 vol.%  3AgNO -and photon energy of of PS3AgNO              .  Journal of University of Babylon, Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol.(26), No.(6): 2018   220  1. The absorption coefficient is increasing with increasing of the filler vol.% content. 2. The experimental results showed that the absorption coefficient less than 104cm-1 this is indicates to forbidden and allowed indirect electronic transitions. 3. The AgNO3additive change not the nature of electronic transfers of PS samples.   4. The forbidden energy gap is decreasing with increasing of the filler vol.% content.  References 1-Blyth A.R, "Electrical properties of polymers", London-New York., (1979). 2- Ramos M.V., "conductive polymer- composite Sensor for Ga Detection", Newzeland, 2005. 3- Seanor D.A, "Electrical properties of polymers", New York., (1982).            4- Alvarez M.P., "Submicron Copper- Low-Density polyethylene conducting composites: Structural, Electrical and percolation Threshold", Chile, 2008. 5-Harun M. H., "Temperature dependence of A.C electrical.  conductivity of PVA-PPY-FeCl3 composite polymer flims", Malaysia, Malaysian polymer Jounal (MPJ), Vol. 3, No. 2, p(24-31), 2009. 6- Al-Ramadhan. Z., "Effect of Nickel salt on electrical properties of polymethylmethacrylate", Al-Mustansiriyah Uni., 2008,. 7- Heath P. and Sacher P. "Quality crystals and optics for laser applications", Applied opt., vol. 15, No. 937, 1986. 8-Reale L, "X-ray microscopy of plan cells by using LiF crystal", microscopy research and technique.,2008.    9- Hutagalwng. S. D. and Lee. B. Y., Proceeding of the 2nd international      conference Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular systems, January    Bangkok,Thailand,2007. 10-Scholz. S.M, Carrot.G and Hilborn.J, "Optical properties of Gold-  Containing poly (Acrylic Acid) composites", Lausanne, Switzerland,2008. 11-Thangaraju B., Kalianna P.,Cryst. Res. Techon., vol. 35, No.71,2000. 12-Kathalingam A, "Materials Chemistry and physics, vol.106,No.215.,2007. 13-Soliman. L. I and Sayed. W. M, "Some physical properties of Vinylpyridine Carbon-Black composites", Cairo, Egypt.,2002.    ةصلاخلا      ريضحت مت ضرغلا اذهلو .نيرياتس يلوبلل ةيرصبلا صاوخلا ضعب ىلع ةضفلا تارتن ةفاضإ ريثأت ةسارد مت ثحبلا اذه يف جذامن   ةفاضإب3AgNO .فلتخم كمسبو رميلوبلا عم حلاملأا هذه نم ةفلتخم ةيمجح بسنبو نيرياتس يلوبلا ىلإ  يفيط ليجست مت ةيجوملا لاوطلاا ىدملو ةيذافنلاو صاصتملااnm(1100-190شابملا ريغ لاقتنلال ةقاطلا ةوجف و صاصتملاا لماعم باسحو .) ر.عونمملا و حومسملا    :ةيحاتفملا تاملكلايرصبلا صاوخلانيرياتس يلوب ،ةيذافنلاو صاصتملاا يفيط ،ة 

Effect of Addition AgNO3 on some Optical Properties of Polystyrene

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Effect of Addition AgNO3 on some Optical Properties of Polystyrene

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