A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of three levels, each of nitrogen (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1), phosphorus and potassium (each at 0, 30 and 60 kg ha-1) on growth, seed yield and essential oil content in anise at Horticultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. The results of the study revealed significant differences among the treahnents with respect to growth, seed yield and essential oil content. The interaction of nitrogen at 80 kg ha-1, phosphorus and potassium each at 60 kg ha-1 was found to be significant, recording highest values for growth characters like plant height (62.47 cm), number of leaves (33.33) and total leaf area (653.27 cm2) per plant and yield parameters such as number of fruits per umbel (595.17), size of the umbel (38.93 cm2) and also seed yield (698 kg ha-1) compared to control (189 kg ha-1). This treatment also gave the highest essential oil yield of 24.41 kg ha-1.
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B S Sreeramu, K N Srinivasappa, Bhuvaneshwari Bhuvaneshwari, A A Farooqi

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Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 11 (2): 112-117 (2002) Influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels on growth, seed yield and essential oil content in anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) Bhuvaneshwari, A A Farooqi, B S Sreeramu & K N Srinivasappa Division of Horticulture University of Agricultural Science, GKVK Bangalore - 560 065, Karnataka, India. Received -27 December 2001; Revised 08 August 2002; Accepted 27 November 2002. Abstract A field experiment' was conducted to study the influence of three levels, each of nitrogen (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1), phosphorus and potassium (each at 0, 30 and 60 kg ha-1) on growth, seed yield and essential oil content in anise at Horticultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. The results of the study revealed significant differences among the treahnents with respect to growth, seed yield and essential oil content. The interaction of nitrogen at 80 kg ha-1, phosphorus and potassium each at 60 kg ha-1was found to be significant, recording highest values for growth characters like plant height (62.47 cm), number of leaves (33.33) and total leaf area (653.27 cm2) per plant and yield parameters such as number of fruits per umbel (595.17), size of the umbel (38.93 cm2) and also seed yield (698 kg ha-1) compared to control (189 kg ha-1). This treatment also gave the highest essential oil yield of 24.41 kg ha-1• Key words: nitrogen, phosphorus, Pimpinella anisum, potassium, crop yield, essential oils.' Anise (Pimpinella anisum 1.) belonging to the family Apiaceae is one of the most ancient species which was cultivated by the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. The crop is native of East Mediteranean region and is extensively grown in Centrat South and South-East European countries. It was introduced into India during early seventies and grows well as a cold weather annual of 160 to 180 days duration. In India, it is cultivated mainly at Lucknow, Delhi and Indore. Pareek et al. (1981) have recommended its commercial cultivation in Malwa tract of Madhya Pradesh. Anise seeds are natural breath sweetners. The seeds are largely employed in the preparation of cordial liquors. The essential oil obtained from the seeds is used in perfumery, soaps and other toilet articles, in perfuming sachets, dental preparations and lTIouth washes. Me-dicinally anise can be used as a treatment for cough, bronchitis and asthma. There is a growing demand for the seed and its oil which necessitates its cultivation on a commercial scale. Hence, the present investi-gation was conducted with a view to deter-mine the optimum fertilizer requirement for maximum productivity of anise. The field experiment was conducted at the Aromatic Crops Garden of the Horticultural Research Station, Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra, Bangalore during the winter season of 2000-2001. The soil of the experimental site was red sandy loam having pH 6.12, EC 0.05 m mhos cm-1 and 0.35 per cent organic carbon. The soil had 190, 149 and 26 kg ha~l available NPK on growth and yield of anise nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respec-tively. The treatments consisted of three levels each of N (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1), P20S and K,20 (0,30 and 60 kg hawl each) and the experiment was laid out in a factorial Randomized Com-plete Block Design with three replications. Nitrogen was supplied in the form of urea in two split doses (50 per cent each at 20 and 90 days after sowing). The seeds were sown in rows at 45 'em apart and with a plant to 113 plant spacing of 20 cm. Observations were recorded on different growth and yield attributes and the seed and essential oil yields per hectare were also determined. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. The different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and' their combinations signifi-cantly increased the plant height, number of branches, number of leaves and leaf area per Table 1. Main and interaction effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on plant growth characte· ristics (120 DAS) in anise Treatment Plant height (cm) Number of leaves plant1 Leaf area (cm2) -1 Nitrogen (kg ha ) 0 (N) 51.14 27.19 496.10 40 (~) 53.01 28.43 552.23 80 (Nt) 54.72 30.56 577.65 F-test 2 It ll- It SEm± 0.431 0.452 13.209 C.D'af5% 1.222 1.281 37.430 ·1 Phosphorus (kg ha ) 0 (P) 51.33 27.30 527.33 30 (po) 53.96 29.02 576.07 60 (pt) 53.58 27.86 577.65 F-tese II- It .. SEm± 0.431 0.452 13.209 C.Dat5% 1.222 1.281 37.430 -1 Potassium (kg ha ) 0 (K) 53.06 27.10 536.75 30 (~) 53.06 28.62 534.02 60 (Kl) 52.74 29.46 555.21 P·tese NS l!- NS SEm± 0.431 0.452 13.209 C.D at5% 1.281 Interactions Ko Kl K2 Ko Kl Kz Ko Kl K2 NoPo 43.37 53.27 53.67 26.27 27.33 29.00 362.23 478.00 508.44 NoPl 52.67 50.27 52.67 27.13 30.27 27.80 522.18 587.89 518.26 NOP2 50.40 56.67 47.27 30.07 21.93 26.87 605.12 392.35 490.43 NlPo 52.60 54.60 46.03 25.27 27.20 23.97 537.56 523.44 460.43 Nll 58.80 54.53 51.93 23.80 32.27 30.33 520.36 603.09 723.59 Nl2 54.07 50.07 54.53 29.53 23.93 30.53 593.55 434.09 573.59 Nlo 55.87 51.43 51.20 32.13 30.57 27.93 725.52 613.22 536.64 N2P1 56.67 53.20 54.93 25.08 31.18 29.33 471.96 649.10 588.56 N2P2 .. 53.13 53.60 62.47 28.60 26.90 33.33 492.63 524.98 653.27 F-test ll- It II-SEm± 1.294 0.1356 39.627 C.Dat5% 3.586 3.758 109.52 NS = Non-significant; ... = Significant at 5% level 114 plant (Table 1), Among the different levels of nitrogen the higher doses increased the growth attributes significantly. Nitrogen at the maxi-mum level (80 kg ha~l) increa~ed the plant' height (54.72 cmt number of leaves' (30.56), and total leaf area (577.65 cm2) per plant compared to control (51.14 em, 27.19 and 496.10 cm2, respectively). Phosphorus also at its maximum level (60 kg ha-1) significantly increased the total leaf area. However, its application at 30 kg ha-1 recorded maximum -plant height (53.96 cm) and number of leaves per plant (29.02). Potassium at the intermedi~ ate level (30 kg ha·1) recorded the maximum plant height (53.06 cm) but maximum number of leaves (29.46) and total leaf area (555.21 cm2) per plant were noticed in plants supplied with the maximum (60 kg ha-1) dose of potassium. The combination of NPK at 80:60:60 kg ha'l significantly enhanced the plant height (62.47 cm), number of leaves (33.33) and total leaf area (653.27 cm2) per plant. This increase in the growth of the plants might be due to the availability of adequate amounts of nutrients at the right time that contributed for accumu-lation of food reserves in plants which in turn was expressed in growth parameters. Similar results have been obtained by Afridi et al. (1978) in dill., Ramesh et al. (1989) in isabgol, Sudheendra (1993) in celery, Ramesh et al. (1996) in kalmegh, Sreeramu & Farooqi (1996) in roselle and Lakshmipathaiah (1998) in babchi. The yield characters were significantly influ-enced by increased rates of nitrogen applica-tion (Table 2). The maximum number of umbels per plant (51.72), umblets per umbel (32.76), number of fruits per umbel (535.61), 1000 seed weight (4.26 g), and harvest index (0.17)'were obtained in plots supplied with nitrogen at 80 kg ha·l • Seed yield per plant (7.66 g) and per hectare (637 kg) were also highest in plots supplied with maximum dose of nitrogen (Table 3). The increase in the seed yield could be attributed to the increased plant height, number of leaves and leaf area per plant at higher levels of nitrogen. These results Bhuvaneshwari et al. are in conformity with the findings of Sudheendra et al. (1993) and Lakshmipathaiah (1998) in celery and babchi, respectively. The maximum essential oil yield (13.48 kg ha-1) was recorded in plants supplied with 80 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. The results are in accordance with the findings of Sethi (1985) and Singh et al. (1987) in anise and dill, respectively. Application of phosphorus at 60 kg ha'l resulted in the maximum number of umblets per umbel (30.36), fruits per umbel (477.55) and harvest index (0.14). Seed yield per plant (5.81 g) and per hectare (4.84 kg) were also maximum in plots supplied with phosphorus @ 60 kg ha&l. Maximum essential oil content (2.79%) and essential oil yield (14.07 kg ha&l) were observed at the same dose of phosphorus which might be due to the positive influence of phosphorus on growth attributes. Similar kind of results have been reported by Subramanian & 'Kumar (1998) in' coriander. Potassium at 60 kg ha-1 also significantly increased the number of umbels per plant (44.86), umblets per umbel (30.20) and fruits per umbel (476.18). The maximum seed yield per plant (6.13 g) and per hectare (511 kg) as well as essential oil yield (15.03 kg ha-1)' were obtained with the maximum dose of potas~ sium. The interactions between N, P and K also had a significant effect on growth as well as yield attributes. A combination of NPK at 80:60:60 kg ha·1 recorded higher values for growth characters such as plant height (62.47 cm), number of leaves (33.33) and total leaf area (653.27 cm2) per plant and yield parameters like number of fruits per umbel (595.17) and size of the umbel (38.93 cm2). The maximum seed yield (6.98 kg ha'l) and essential oil yield (24.41 kg ha&l) were also found in the same combination of nutrients. Therefore, applica-tion of NPK at 80:60:60 kg hawl (N2P2K) is found optimum for obtaining the maximum growth, seed and essential oil yield from anise under Bangalore conditions. NPK on growth and yield of anise 115 'Table 2," Main and interaction effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on number of umbels per 'plant, number of umblets per umber and number of fruits per umbel in anise' Treatment ' ·1 No. of umbles :e1ant No. of umblets umbefl No. of fruits umberl 'Nitrogen (kg ha'l) 0 (No) 33.660 24.770 329.340 40 (N1) 46.300 31.350 513.800 80 (N2) 51.720 32.760 535.610 F~test If. lI- .. SEm± 00.454 00.333 013.514 C.Dat5% 01.285 00.943 038.295 Phosphorus ·1 (kg ha ) 0 (Po) 40.730 29.140 ' 448.300 30 (Pt) 46.060 29.,380 452.890 60 (P2) 45.390 30.360 477.550 F-test. lI- .. NS SEm± 00.454 00.333 013.514 C.Dat5% 01.285 00.943 Potassium ·1 (kg ha ) 0 (1<0) 43.220 29.120 432.520 30 (KI) 43.600 29.550 470.040 60 (K1) 44.860 30.200 476.180 F-test * ' NS NS SEm± 00.454 00.333 013.514 C.Dat5% 01.285 Interactions Ko Kl K2 Ko Kl K2 Ko Kl ' Kl NoPa 43.37 53.27 53.67 26.27 27.33 29.00 362.23 . 478.00 508.44 NoPD 25.25 30.10 31.43 18.00 24.62 28.40 218.62 293.80 436.17 NOPI 32.73 32.90 36.68 23.75 24.52 25.68 308.00 367.35 302.08 NOP2 37.32 38.00 38.48 26.27 25.45 26.25 331.80 315.95 390.25 NIPo 38.03 39.55 44.85 30.12 29.42 29.82 422.18 538.83 418.67 NIP. 43.00 53.08 56.83 31.57 32.57 30.83 545.20 550.83 418.67 N t P2 51.58 48.30 41.78 32.73 32.17 32.93 483.98 562.33 583.67 N2PO 55.20 47.92 49.77 37.83 32.22 31.83 654.67 483.18 468.58 N1P 1 54.83 51.88 52.55 30.17 32.90 32.42 441.83 569.72 572.50 N2P2 51.32 50.67 51.32 31.67 32.13' 32.67 486.42 548.40 595.17 F-test lI- * * SEm± 1.361 0.998 40.543 C.Dat5% 3.772 2.766 112.362 NS = Non-significant; * = Significant at 5% level 116 Bhuvaneshwari et a1. Table 3. Main and interaction effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the yield of seed and essential oil in anise Treatment Seed yield Seed_yield Essential oil yield (g plant1) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) -1 Nitrogen (kg ha ) 0 (No) 3.370 2.810 07.270 40 (Nt) 5.380 4.480 12.270 80 (N2) 7.660 6.370 13.480 F-test lI- • It SEm± 0.063 0.051 00.064 C.D at5% 0.180 0.144 00.181 .1 Phosphorus (kg ha ) 0 (Po) 5.050 4.210 10.940 30 (Pt) 5.550 4.610 13.000 60 (P2) 5.810 4.840 14.070 F-test » It NS SEm± 0.063 0.051 00.064 C.Dat5% 0.180 0.144 • ·1 PotassIum (kg ha ) 0 (Ko) 4.930 4.110 10.880 30 (K1) 5.320 4.430 12.100 60 (~) 6.130 \ 5.110 15.030 F-test ,. It It SEm± 0.063 0.051 00.064 C.Dat5% 0.180 0.144 00.181 Interactions Ko Kl Ka KG Kl K2 KG Kt K2 NaPa 2.26 2.43 3.67 1.89 2.02 3.06 4.43 5.05 8.12 NoP. 3.17 3.56 3.92 2.64 2~97 3.27 6.71 7.69 8.67 N OP2 3.09 3.69 4.50 2.57 3.08 3.75 6.59 8.11 10.07 Nlo 4.75 4.76 5.88 3.96 3.97 4.90 9.78 10.39 13.26 N 1Pt 4.38 5.64 6.38 3.65 4.70 5.32 10.05 12.30 15.18 Nl2 5.01 5.25 6.34 4.17 4.38 5.29 11.30 12.16 15.91 N2Po 6.65 7.07 7.68 5.58 5.89 6.27 13.99 15.33 18.~8 N 2P I 7.12 7.36 8.20 5.93 6.13 6.87 16.88 18.00 21.56 N2P2 7.94 8.09 8.37 6.62 6.75 6.98 18.23 19.83 24.41 F-test » II- NS SEm± 0.190 0.152 1.181 C.D at 5% 0.525 0.420 NS ;::: Non-significant; ... = Significant at 5% level NPK on growth and yield of anise References Afridi M M, Wariuddin R K, SamiuUa &: Maq S M 1978 Effect of nitrogen and phosphours on the fruit yield, percentage of oil and carvone content in dill (Anethum sowa L.). Indian J. Pharma. Sci. 40 (6) : 225. Lakshmipathaiah 0 R 1998 Standardization of cultural practices in babchi (Prosalea corylifolia L.). M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sci-ence, Bangalore. ' Pareek S K, Maheshwari M L, Trivedi K C & Gupta R 1981 Anise - a new cash crop. Indian Fmg. 30 (10) : 25-26, 34. Ramesh M N, Farooqi A A & Thilak S1.1bbaiah 1989 Influence of sowing date and nutrients on growth and yield of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.). Crop. Res. 2 : 169-174. Ramesh M, Farooqi A A & Agarwal A 1996 Effect of dates of sowing and spacing on growth and yield ofkalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.). J. Non-timber Forest Products 3 (1/2) : 35-38. 117 Sethi K L 1985 Role of National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources in development of essential oil research programme in India. Indian Perfum. 29 (1-2) : 75-87. Singh A, Randhawa G S &: Mahey R K 1987 Oil content and oil yield of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) herb under some agronomic practices. Acta Hort. 208 : 51-60. . Sreeramu B S & Farooqi A A 1996 Influence of nitrogen 1evels and row spacings on seed yield and uptake of major nutrients in Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.).lndianJ. Forestry 19 (4) : 349~354. Subramanian S & Kumar V M 1998 Effect of NPK on quality of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds. National Conference on Recent. Trends in Spices and Medicinal Plants Research, Calcutta In: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts. 20 (4). Sudheendra S 1993 Influence of sowing date and nutrients of growth, yield and essential oil content in celery (Apium graveolens L.). M.Sc. (Hort.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore. 

Influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels on growth, seed yield and essential oil content in anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)

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Influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels on growth, seed yield and essential oil content in anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)

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