A study was conducted to assess the nature and extent of relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis in cardamom (EZettaria cardamomum) hybrids under nursery conditions. Among the 54 cardamom hybrids evaluated for seedling characters, NKE-9 x NKE-34, NKE-19 x NKE-12, NKE-3 x RR-1 and NKE-34 x NKE-12 were the best for plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length and leaf breadth, respectively. No positive and significant economic heterosis was observed in the hybrids for number of leaves per plant. Nine hybrids exhibited significantly higher and positive heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis for all the characters studied except number of leaves per plant.
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Ankegowda, K Padmini, M N Venugopal, S J

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r /,~,l of 'p;~ ~, Mom,'" C"'P' , '" , '" I" ,,"hl/ f' ~-, Heterosis for seedling characters in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) K Padmini, M N Venugopal & S J Ankegowda Indian Institule of Spices Research Cardamom Research Cenlre Appangala, Madikeri - 571 201, Kamalaka, India. Received 11 October 1999; Revised 10 May 2000; Accepted 3 June 2000. Abstract A study was conducted to assess the nature and extent of relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis in cardamom (EZettaria cardamomum) hybrids under nursery conditions. Among the 54 cardamom hybrids evaluated for seedling characters, NKE-9 x NKE-34, NKE-19 x NKE-12, NKE-3 x RR-1 and NKE-34 x NKE-12 were the best for plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length and leaf breadth, respectively. No positive and significant economic heterosis was observed in the hybrids for number of leaves per plant. Nine hybrids exhibited significantly higher and positive heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis for all the characters studied except number of leaves per plant. Key words : cardamom, E/ettaria cardamomum, heterosis. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomllm Maton) is a cross-pollinated crop generally propagated by seeds and suckers. Improvement of cardamom has been done mainly by clonal and open pollinated (OP) seedling s~lection and eight improved varieties of cardamom are available (Edison & Johny 1997). Three hybrid cardamom lines (MHC-10, MHC-13 and MHC-18) are under field evaluation (Madhusoodanan el al. 1998). However, efforts for evolving improved varieties are not adequate (Madhusoodanan et al. 1998) and published information on hybrid vigour in carda-mom is scanty. Since hybrid vigour is expressed to a greater extent during the initial stages of seedling growth (Singh 1997), selection based on high heterosis for vegetative characters would be highly beneficial. The present study was hence conducted to assess the nature and extent of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis under nursery conditions in cardamom hybrids. The experimental material consisted of 54 carda-mom hybrids evolved from random crossing of diverse parents which Were high yielding, carda-mom mosaic resistant and/ or rhizome rot tolerant types. The experiment was conducted at Carda-mom Research Centre, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Appangala (Kamataka, India) during 1998 using hybrids grown in polybags under controlled nursery conditions adopting a com-pletely randomised block design with two repli-cations. The recommended cultural practices were followed. Observations were recorded on 10 randomly selected plants from each replication after 4 months of transplanting (transplanted at three leaved stage from primary nursery) to polybags. Data on plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length and leaf breadth were recorded and per cent heterosis of the crosses over the average of the parents (mid parent) ie, relative heterosis or average heterosis, over the better parent ie, heterobeltiosis, and over the best commercial variety in Kodagu District of Kama-taka (CCS-l) ie, economic heterosis, or useful hete-rosis were computed as per the formulas of Allard (1960) and Singh (1997). The analysis of variance indicated that the values were significant for all the characters. The data on the heterotic response for plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf breadth are presented in Table 1. The heterosis for plant height ranged Table 1. Heterosis for seedling characters in cardamom hybrids Cross Plant height No. of leaves/plant CCS-1 x RR-1 CCS-1 x NKE-3 CCS-1 x NKE-9 CCS-1 x NKE-12 CCS-1 x NKE-19 CCS-1 x NKE-27 CCS-1 x NKE-34 RR-1 x CCS-1 RR-1 x NKE-3 RR-1 x NKE-9 RR-1 x NKE-12 RR-1 x NKE-19 RR-1 x NKE'27 RR-1 x NKE-34 NKE-3 x CCS-1 NKE-3 x RR-1 NKE-3 x NKE-9 NKE-3 x NKE-12 NKE-3 x NKE-19 NKE-3 x NKE-27 NKE-3 x NKE-34 NKE-9 x CCS-1 NKE-9 x RR-1 NKE-9 x NKE-3 NKE-9 x NKE-12 NKE-9 x NKE-19 NKE-9 x NKE-27 RH (%) HB (%) EH (%) RH (%) HB (%) EH (%) 38.52 13.82 13.82 2.84 -2.69 -2.69 -1.59 -3.34 -3.34 -9.20 -15.05** -15.05** -28.47 -33.36* -33.36* -11.49* -17.20** -17.20 -40.73* 29.96 14.11 20.70 -1.64 -39.63 -22.24 8.43 -37.02 28.52 44.31 -46.81 ** 8.62 -2.08 -2.97 -19.69 -50.04** -32.56 -2.62 38.76 21.06 41.37 -46.81** 8.62 -2.08 -2.97 -19.69 -51.82** -41.83* -22.59 -58.92** -13.29 -10.51 58.47** . 55.65** 55.65** 177.00** 129.40** 121.25** 80.49** 71.03** 64.93** 102.62** 84.82** 78.23** 67.94** 42.45** 37.37* 74.45** 52.00** 46.58** 92.63** 56.97** 51.37** 116.40** 101.63** 101.63** 122.24** 92.77** 66.27** 100.00** 89.52** 82.76** 127.90** 119.12** 89.00** 145.30** 118.09** 88.11 ** 160.50** 138.50** 105.72** -25.88** 16.36** 0.11 -0.58 -13.64* -30.85** -14.63* -12.50 -31.61** 9.64 -1.84 -3.45 0.10 -2.47 7.59 8.50 1.22 5.71 -5.75 -6.10 4.94 7.59 13.73* -2.44 -32.26** -32.26** 3.23 3.23 -5.27 -5.27 -7.53 -7.53 -18.28** -18.28** -31.75** -39.09** -15.66** -24.73** -15.66** -24.73** -36.15** -43.01** -9.75 -19.36** -3.61 -13.98** -9.68 -9.68 8.43 -3.23 -2.47 -15.05** 4.94 8.60 2.47 -10.75* -0.12 -10.75** 5.06 -8.50 -11.83* -11.83* -7.23 -17.20** 4.94 -8.60 4.94 -8.60 7.41 -6.45 -3.73 -13.98** RH (%) 30.40* -6.85 -22.79 -35.70** 26.27 10.36 7.51 -11.94 -30.98* -22.97 -17.62 -38.46* 14.53 15.16 Leaf length HB (%) EH (%) 10.08 10.08 -12.75 -12.75 -28.58* -28.58* -40.42** -40.42** 7.33 7.33 -6.75 -6.75 -7.00 -7.00 -25.67* -25.67* -38.48** -46.17** -30.29* -40.75** -25.59 -36.50** -38.98* -57.33** 14.39 -21.17 11.87 -18.33 25.00 17.08 17.08 100.64** 78.86** 56.50** 46.62** 44.38** 26.33* 47.20** 45.24** 27.08* 68.19** 51.05** 32.17** 45.46** 29.81 * 13.58 46.36** 34.05* 17.29 ·41.40** 30.92* 30.92* 55.36** 40.59** 19.50 45.74** 43.52** 25.58* 68.98** 68.65** 43.92** 73.55** 58.24** 34.50** 81.71** 64.61** 39.92** Leaf breadth RH (%) HB (%) EH (%) 16.61* 5.38 5.38 -12.39 -15.86* -0.56* -22.10** -22.10** -22.09** -26.96** 10.00 25.94** -2.72 -17.55* -21.64** -24.45** -9.00 -28.26** 6.64 10.10 37.76** 61.97** 16.27* 41.52** 28.38** 38.56** 19.62** 40.79** 38.87** 41.72** 45.93** 58.39** 49.06** -28.61** -28.61** -3.40 -3.40 14.16* 14.16* -8.78 -8.78 -25.50** -25.50** -26.39** -32.44** -31.53** -31.73** -15.77* -19.83** -30.53** -43.91** 6.27 -13.60* 6.01 -7.51 32.30** 32.30** 52.47** 39.94** 11.65 11.33 38.99** 32.30** 17.28** 7.65 30.86** 20.11** 16.51* 6.94 40.79** 40.79** 25.85** 25.50** 36.08** 35.69** 42.61** 42.21 ** 39.49** 39.09** 35.51 ** 35.13** Continued next page .'- -.. _-,t',j'"-i~z,"~c-,:%"*jY&ityrM"bt{ti Table 1. (Continued) Cross Plant height NKE-9 x NKE-34 NKE-12 x CCS-1 NKE-12 x RR-1 NKE-12 x NKE-3 NKE-12 x NKE-19 NKE-12 x NKE-27 NKE-12 x NKE-34 NKE-19 x CCS-1 NKE-19 x RR-1 NKE-19 x NKE-3 NKE-19 x NKE-9 NKE-19 x NKE-12 NKE-19 x NKE-27 NKE-19 x NKE-34 NKE-27 x CCS-1 NKE-27 x RR-1 NKE-27 x NKE-3 NKE-27 x NKE-9 NKE-27 x NKE-12 NKE-27 x NKE-19 NKE-27 x NKE-34 NKE-34 x CCS-1 NKE-34 x RR-1 NKE-34 x NKE-3 NKE-34 x NKE-9 NKE-34 x NKE-12 NKE-34 x NKE-19 RH ("!o) HB ("!o) EH ("!o) 202.00** 157.54** 122.14** 10.76 -0.59 -0.59 -5.52 -15.14 -32.54* -6.08 -14.33 -17.39 39.41 28.60 2.23 1.57 -3.46 -23.25 38.24 21.96 -3.05 127.20** 89.90** 89.90** 143.40** 136.66** 58.77** 127.70** 93.14** 153.00** 124.89** 189.60** 167.10** 208.70** 199.07** 164.20** 151.94** 2.94 ·11.66 62.67* 53.22* 49.43* 30.20 86.26** 93.98** 112.33** 114.19** 69.02** -11.66 9.73 25.56 119.70** 101.12** 73.48** 67.60** 58.97** 26.37 173.30** 164.83** 89.67* 209.60** 186.20** 104.98** 39.28 11.96 11.96 133.60* 128.99** 92.72** 57.09** 88.79** 60.98** 194.50** 159.81** 176.50** 163.68** 44.95** 51.49** 38.86* 106.54** 76.90** *, ** = Significant at P = 0.05 and P = 0.01, respectively No. of leaves/plant RH ("!o) HB ("!o) EH ("!o) 1.86 1.24 -11.83* -1.18 -11.83 -11.83 -7.50 -10.84 -20.43** -5.06 -7.41 -19.36** 11.41 7.79 -10.75** 1.25 3.18 15.15** 22.58** 28.10** 21.57** 27.52** 22.42** 18.42** -12.50* 2.41 7.80 3.66 12.50* 12.11 * 16.56** 2.89 11.66* 13.04* 9.44 7.13 22.37** -2.53 1.25 2.15 14.46* 20.99** 14.82* 23.38** 14.32** 12.50* -12.90** -12.90** 2.15 2.15 5.38 0.00 2.15 2.15 -3.23 -17.20** -17.20** 2.29 -8.60 6.50 -4.84 2.29 -8.60 8.30 -3.23 4.69 -6.45 14.32 2.15 -4.30 -4.30 9.64 12.35* 8.70 5.13 16.25** -2.15 -2.15 -5.32 -9.57 0.00 RH = Relative heterosis; HB = Heterobeitiosisj EH = Economic heterosis Leaf length RH ("!o) HB ("!o) EH ("!o) 63.19** 7.37 -41.08 1.54 28.33 2.70 22.21 65.78** 97.48** 66.49** 88.28** 97.21** 51.67** 28.92* -0.50 -0.50 -13.38 -26.08* 0.19 -12.33 16.80 -0.33 -7.13 13.38 40.90" 95.80** 49.50** 71.70** 79.50** -20.75 -3.25 110.08** 108.60** 40.92** 36.92** 30.83* 45.92** 53.17** 45.83** 33.42" -2.75 2.08 16.17 37.58** 12.25 30.58* 55.83** 86.60** 15.09 48.31** 48.77** 78.68** 45.46** 88.12** 119.48** 21.10** 73.44** 59.36** 59.49** 90.32** 108.04** 82.80** -2.75 48.13** 32.76* 61.90** 31.54* 86.80** 113.50** 4.75 68.50** 46.00** 48.20-76.60** 103.80** 4.75 23.00 27.75* 26.00* 50.67** 48.75** Leaf breadth RH ("!o) HB ("!o) EH ("!o) 34.85** -1.74 -11.25 -6.06 6.95 12.50 3.11 48.71** 59.42" 54.05** 51.94** 58.61** 66.79** 60.42** 21.88** 41.26** 7.52 49.38** 18.59* 62.45" 74.50** -0.60 23.23** 21.20" 9.09 63.04** 73.66** 26.42** -3.97 -17.89* -7.74 -8.24 26.06** -3.97 -21.81** -12.18 -8.50 -18.75** -22.66** -1.19 -5.95 30.60** 30.60** 54.39** .~~ 24.65** 40.74** 29.18** 33.81** 33.43** 42.56** 35.69** 60.98* 30.88** 50.00** 30.88** 10.48 10.48 40.77** 14.45* 1.54 -6.79 35.78** 35.41 ** 10.12 4.82 56.79** 27.48** 68.83* 47.31** -6.8 -6.80 18.83* 18.21* 2.27 56.25" 26.95** 3.68 8.50 1.98 48.73** 10.77 152 from -40.73 (CCS-1 x NKE-12) to 209.65% (NKE-27 x NKE-34) for relative heterosis, from -50.04 (RR-1 xNKE-3) to 199.07% (NKE-19x NKE-27) for heterobeltiosis and from -58.92 (RR-1 x NKE-19) to 122.14% (NKE-9 x NKE-34) for economic heterosis. Significant positive values were ob-served in 32, 31 and 29 hybrids for relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis, respectively. Heterosis for number of leaves per plant ranged from -31.61 (RR-1 x NKE-19) to 28.10% (NKE-19 x NKE-3) for relative heterosis, from -36.15 (RR-1 x NKE-19) to 23.38% (NKE-19 x NKE-12) for heterobeltiosis and -43.01 (RR-1 x NKE-19) to 5.38% (NKE-19 x NKE-3) for economic heterosis. Eight hybrids exhibited significant positive rela-tive heterosis and heterobeltiosis for number of leaves per plant. None of the hybrids showed significant positive values for economic heterosis. Only 7 crosses exhibited positive heterobeltiosis and 23 crosses exhibited a significant negative heterobeltiosis. In the case of leaf length, the heterosis ranged from -41.08 (NKE-12 x RR-1) to 119.48% (NKE-27 x NKE-34) for relative heterosis, from -38.98 (RR-1 x NKE-19) to 113.47% (NKE-27 x NKE-34) for heterobeltiosis and -57.33 (RR-1 x NKE-19) to 56.50% (NKE-3 x RR -1) for economic heterosis. Relative heterosis for 33 hybrids, heterobeltiosis for 31 hybrids and economic heterosis for 24 hybrids were positive and significant. Heterosis for leaf breadth ranged from -28.26 (RR-1 x NKE-19) to 74.50% (NKE-27 x NKE-34) for relative heterosis, from -31.53 (RR-1 x NKE-9) to 68.83% (NKE-27 x NKE-34) for heterobeltiosis and -43.91(RR-1 x NKE-19) to 48.73% (NKE-34 x NKE-12) for standard heterosis. The relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis values were positive and significant in 33, 29 and 24 hybrids respectively. This indicates that the number of leaves were more or less the same in the hybrids as that of the parents but the seedling vigour was due to increased plant height, leaf length and leaf breadth. The best hybrids identified among the 54 hybrids were NKE-9 x NKE-34 for plant height, NKE-19 x NKE-12 for number of leaves per plant, NKE-3 x RR-1 for leaf length and NKE-34 x NKE-12 for economic heterosis. However in practical plant breeding, the superiority of F, over midparent is of no use since it does not offer the hybrid any Padmini et al. advantage over the better parent (Singh 1997) .. Hence the hybrids which exhibited higher posi-tive and significant heterobeltiosis and economic hetorosis were identified as superior types in this trial. Nineteen hybrids namely, NKE-27 x NKE-19, NKE-27 x NKE-34, NKE-27 x NKE-34 , NKE-27 x NKE-9, NKE-19 x NKE-12, NKE-19 x CCS-1, NKE-19 x RR-l, NKE-19 x NKE-27, NKE-19 x NKE-34, NKE-19 x NKE-3, NKE-19 x NKE-9, NKE-34 x NKE-12, NKE-3 x NKE-12, NKE-3 x RR-1, NKE-9 x NKE-12, NKE-9 x CCS-1, NKE-9 x NKE-19, NKE-9 x NKE-3, NKE-9 x NKE-34 and NKE-9 x NKE-27 exhibited higher significant and positive heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis values for plant height, leaf length and leaf breadth. Significant positive heterobeltiosis for number of leaves was also observed in NKE-19 x NKE-12, NKE-19 x RR-1, NKE-19 x NKE-27, NKE-19 x NKE-34, NKE-19 x NKE-3, NKE-19 x NKE-9, NKE-34 x NKE-3 and NKE-34 x NKE-19 in addition to plant height, leaf length and leaf breadth. Hybrid vigour of even small magnitude for individual components may have additive or syneristic effect on the end product (Sasikumar & Sardana 1990). Studies on physiological basis of heterosis revealed that the rate of growth in the seedling stage may be expected to be greater in the hybrids than in the inbreds due to larger embryo and endosperm of hybrid seeds; The superiority of the hybrids in the early seedling stages is due to a more efficient enzyme system which mobilizes stored food materials earlier than those of the inbreds (Singh 1997). Attempts to correlate hybrid vigour in the nursery with the field performance of a perennial crop like carda-mom will be of great significance in the early identification of elite lines. Such studies have been attempted earlier in cardamom. Hence all the 54 hybrids were planted in the field for further . evaluation of yield attributing characters namely, number of bearing tillers, number of panicles, number of capsules per plant, weight of capsules and number of seeds per capsule to· obtain desirable heterotic recombinants. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the Dr. B Sasikumar, Senior Scientist, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, for critically reviewing the manuscript and giving valuable suggestions. Heterosis in cardamom References '. Allard R W 1960 Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. .':: Edison S &)ohny A K 1997 TechnologiJ developed for increasing cardamom production. Spice India 10 (12): 18-20. Madhusoodanan K J, Kuruvilla K M, Radhakrishnan V V & Potty S N 1998 Cardamom hybrids for 153 higher yield and better quality capsules. Spice India 11 (3) : 6-7. Sasikumar B & Sardana 5 1990 Heterosis for yield and yield components in sesame. Indian J. Gen. PI. Breed. 50 : 45-49. Singh B D 1997 Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 

Heterosis for seedling characters in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton)

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Heterosis for seedling characters in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton)

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