Stem cuttings of Coleus aromaticus were treated with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (Glomus fasciculatum) and beneficial microorganisms viz., Bacillus coagulans, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter chroococcum and Trichoderma harzianum either singly or in combination of organisms. The number of leaves and branches; total biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus contents were higher in plants treated with G. fasciculatum alone. Synergistic effect was noticed especially in plants treated with G. fasciculatum + P. fluorescens. Mycorrhizal colonization in roots was also maximum when V AM was applied alone.
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Bagyaraj, C K Suresh, N Earanna, R R Mallikarjuniah, D J

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Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 10 (2) : 141-143 (2001) Response of Coleus aromaticus to Glomus fasciculatum and other beneficial soil microflora N Earanna, R R Mallikarjuniah, D J Bagyaraj & C K Suresh Department of Microbiology University of Agricultural Sciences Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra Bangalore - 560065, Karnataka, India. Received 21 August 2000; Revised 15 November 2001; Accepted 25 February 2002. Abstract Stem cuttings of Coleus aromaticus were treated with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (Glomus fasciculatum) and beneficial microorganisms viz., Bacillus coagulans, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter chroococcum and Trichoderma harzianum either singly or in combination of organisms. The number of leaves and branches; total biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus contents were higher in plants treated with G. fasciculatum alone. Synergistic effect was noticed especially in plants treated with G. fasciculatum + P. fluorescens. Mycorrhizal colonization in roots was also maximum when V AM was applied alone. Key words: Beneficial soil microflora, Coleus aromaticus, Glomus fasciculatum. Coleus (Coleus aromaticus Benth.) belongs to the family Laminaceae and its leaf and stem are used to cure cough, cold, fever, tonsilities and urinary tract diseases (Brinda et al. 1991; Hussian et ale 1992). Many active principles (coleons, burbatusin), which are responsible for curing the diseases .. have been isolated from different species of coleus (Rastogi & Mehrotra 1991). Cultivation of coleus is gaining importance, since there is a demand from ayurvedic phar-maceutical industries. The occurrence of Ve-sicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi in the roots of several medicinal plants has been noticed (Govinda Rao et al. 1989; Lakshman & Raghavendra 1990). Rapid plant growth due to inoculation of VAM in Terminalia bella rica was observed by Lakshman (1992). Similarly} inocu-lation of V AM and other beneficial soil micro-flora significantly increased the biomass of different medicinal plants (Sena & Das 1998; Kothari et al. 1999). Hence" in the present study we analysed the effect of V AM fungus" Glomus fasciculatum and other beneficial microflora on the growth and yield of C. aromaticus. Bacterial cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus coagulans in nutrient broth; Azoto-bacter chroococcum on Waksmann No. 77 broth and Trichoderma harzianum on potato dextrose broth were grown fo~ 7 days. G. fasciculatum was multiplied in the rhizosphere of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). The pots were filled with a mixture of sand and sqil (1:1 ratio v Iv). Stem cuttings of C~ aromaticus (10 cm long) were selected and dipped in the cultures of the test microorganisms for one hour. Ten grams of perlite based G. fasciculatum inoculum (19 spores got) was added into the planting hole in the pots, and then the treated cuttings were 142 planted. Growth parameters like, plant height, number of leaves, number of branches and biomass were recorded at the time of harvest (70 days after planting). Colonization of root by mycorrhizal fungus was assessed following the Gridline Intersection method (Giovannetti & Mosse 1980). Phosphorus content was esti-mated by Vando Molybdate Yellow Colour method and nitrogen content was estimated by Kjeldhal distillation method (Jackson 1973). The results indicated that the number of leaves and branches were significantly increased in G. fasciculatum alone treated plants, followed by G. fasciculatum + P. fluorescens and T. harzianum alone treatments (Table 1). The other treat-ments were on par with the control. Maximum plant height was found in the treatment G. fasciculatum + P. fluorescens (58.33 cm) followed by G. fasciculatum alone (56.67 cm), A. chroococcum alone (56.00 cm) and T. harzianum alone (54.33 cm). G. fasciculatum alone signifi-cantly increased the number of branches and total dry weight too. This shows the efficacy of V AM fungus, G. fasciculatum on growth of C. aromaticus. Sen a & Das (1998) reported similar type of results for other medicinal plants. All the other treatments except G. fasciculatum + B. coagulans and G. fasciculatum + T. harzianum showed significantly higher biomass over the control. Thus, the results confirm that the VAM Earanna et al. fungi alone could increase the growth of C. aromaticus (Gupta & Janardhan 1991; Thomas & Carpenter Boggs 1995). However, synergistic effect of V AM with other microbial agents was observed only in a few treatments (Table 1). G. fasciculatum + P. fluorescens treatment showed this additive effect with respect to most of the parameters. Total nitrogen and phosphorus contents were highest in plants treated with mycorrhiza alone. The plants treated with A. chroococcum alone showed N content next to V AM treatment. Similar interaction effect was observed by Tilak (1990) and Veeraswamy et al. (1992). However, the combination of, VAM with T. harzianum or B. coagulans or A. chroococcum recorded lesser N or P content when compared to control. Hence, whether the rhizosphere of C. aromaticus is congenial for these organisms has to be established. How-ever, there was significantly high content of N and P in plants treated with G. fasciculatum + P. fluorescens as well as the combination of all microorganisms. This emphasizes the influence of G. fasciculatum alone on C. aromaticus. Root colonization of VAM was maximum (53.3 %) in V AM inoculation alone. V AM colonization ranged from 35.6 % to 47.8 % in other combined treatments indicating the decreased establish-ment of V AM in the presence of other micro-organisms. Azcon et al. (1990) observed in-Table 1. Effect of VAM and beneficial soil microflora on growth, yield and nutrient contents of Coleus aromaticus. Treatment Number of Number of Average height Total drywt TotalN Total P leaves branches of plant of plant (mg (mg plant -1 plant -1 (em) (g) plant 0 1) plant -1) Control (Uninoculated) 43.67 3.33 31.33 5.40 124.43 11.22 Glomus fasciculatum (G.£) 74.67 6.33 56.67 10.48 272.71 25.54 Pseudomonas fluorescens (P.£) 46.66 3.00 40.00 6.56 173.42 16.36 Trichoderma harzianum (T.h) 62.67 5.00 54.33 7.25 185.97 17.41 B. coagulans (B.c) 48.00 3.67 42.00 7.62 206.88 19.53 Azotobacter chroococcum (A.c) 50.00 5.00 56.00 7.45 219.40 18.74 G.f+PJ 66.66 6.00 58.33 7.75 190.87 20.93 G.f+T.h 41.00 3.66 34.33 4.96 117.32 12.79 G.f+B.c 33.33 2.33 32.33 3.75 97.30 8.99 G.f+A.c 48.33 4.00 45.00 7.69 150.54 16.86 G.f+ P .f+ T.h+B.c+A.c 59.00 4.67 49.33 7.82 198.70 21.70 CD@0.05% 18.83 1.97 14.64 1.19 33.55 2.34 Interaction of V A.M and soil microflora on coleus creased colonization of G. mosseae and de-creased establishment of G. fasciculatum which were inoculated alongwith two free living microorganisms. However.! it is contrary to the results of Singh et al. (1990) and Sekar et al. (1995) who observed more colonization in roots of plants inoculated with plant growth promot-ing rhizobacteria. Thus, the present study revealed positive effect of G. fasciculatum on growth and yield of C. aromaticus. References Azcon R, Rubio R, Morales C & Tobar R 1990 Interaction between rhizosphere free living microorganisms and V AM fungi. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 29 : 11-15. Brinda P, Sasikala E, Pappa M, Bhima R & Kundu R 1991 Pharmacognostic studies on Coleus aromaticus Benth . Bulletin of Medico-Ethno-botanical Research 12 : 17-31. . Giovannetti M & Mosse B 1980 Evaluation of tech-niques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol. 84 : 489-500. Govinda Rao Y 5, 5uresh C K, Suresh N S, Mallikarjunaiah R R & Bagyaraj D J 1989 Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza in medicinal plants. Indian Phytopath. 42 : 476-478. Gupta M L & Janardhanan K K 1991 Mycorrhizal association of Glomus aggregatum with palmarosa enhances growth and biomass. Plant and Soil 131 : 261-264. Hussain A, Virmani 0 P, Popli S P, Misra L N, Gupta M M, Srivastava G N, Abrham Z & Singh A K 1992 Dictionary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CIMAP, RSM Nagar.! Lucknow. 143 Jackson M L 1973 Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall (India) Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Kothari S K, Singh SI Singh U B & Kumar S 1999 Response of bergamot mint (Mentha citrata) to vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus supply. J. Med. Aromatic Plant Sci. 21 ; 990-995. Lakshman H C 1992 Development and response of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Terminalia bellarica Roxb. J. Tropical Forestry 8 : 179-182. Lakshman H C & Raghavendra S 1990 Occurrence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in medicinal plants. In: Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Plant Growth. Proc. Natl. Conf. Mycor-rhiza, Univ. Agril. SeL, Bangalore. Rastogi R P & Mehrotra B N 1991 Coleus: In (R P Rastogi eds) Compendium of Indian Medici-nal Plants. Volume 2. Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow. Sena M K & Das P K 1998 Influence of microbial inoculants on quality of turmeric. Indian Cocoa Arecanut and Spices Journal 21 : 31-33. Thomas A L & Carpenter Boggs LA 1995 Mycorrhizal colonization of Ancistrocladus korupensis, a new tropical forest species with anti HIV activity. J. Herbs & Medicinal Plants 3 : 51-54. Tilak K VB R 1990 Interaction of VAM with beneficial s0il microorganisms. In: Current Trends in Mycorrhizal Research. Proc. Nat1. ConE. on Mycorrhiza. Haryana Agril. Univ. Hissar. India. Veeraswamy T, Padmavati T & Venkatahwarlu K 1992 Interaction effects ~f Glomus intraradices and Azospirullum lipoferum on sorghum. Indian J. Microbiol. 32 : 305-308. 

Response of Coleus aromaticus to Glomus fasciculatum and other beneficial soil microflora

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Response of Coleus aromaticus to Glomus fasciculatum and other beneficial soil microflora

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