A high yielding selection (CoIl. 812) from the germplasm, named Pournami, was tolerant to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), damaging roots of black pepper and causing yellowing of leaves and significant yield decline. This selection when tested for its comparative yield performance, was on par with Karimunda and Panniyur-I and was recommended for release.
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NIRMAL BABU, C MOHANDAS, P N RAVINDRAN, K V RAMANA, M K NAIR, K

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Journal of Spices & Aromatic Crops 1 (2) : 136·141, 1992 136 Pournami - A high yielding black pepper selection tolerant to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incog-nita) P N RAVINDRAN, K V RAMANA, M K NAIR, K NIRMAL BABU Al'1D C MOHANDAS National Research Centre for Spices Calicllt . 673 012, Kerala, India. ABSTRACT A high yielding selection (CoIl. 812) from the germplasm, named Pournami, was tolerant to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), damaging roots of black pepper and causing yellowing of leaves and significant yield decline. This selection when tested for its comparative yield performance, was on par with Karimunda and Panniyur-I and was recommended for release. Key words: black pepper, Meloidogyne incognita, Piper nigrum, tolerance. Introduction Black pepper from the perennial climb-ing vine Piper nigrum L. is the oldest and the most important spice of the world. India is one of the major producer and exporter of this spice. In India, productvity of black pepper is low due to cultivation of a large number of low yielding genotypes coupled with damage caused by pests and pathogens. The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne in-cognita) is one of the major nematode pests of black pepper besides RadopJwlus similis. This nematode damage's roots, causing yellowing of foliage which in tum leads to considerable yield :reduc-tion. At the National Research Centre for Spices, Calicut, experiments are in progress to evolve high yielding variet-ies resistant to major pests and patho-gens. Initial studies led to the identi-fication of a line tolerant to this nema-tode. The details of this cultivar are presented here. Materials and methods Rooted cuttings of black pepper culti-vars were raised in methybromide fu-migated soil mixture (sand, forest soil and cowdung at 1:2,:1 ratio) contained in polythene bags (15 x 10 em). At 4 to 5 leaf stage, 5 plants of each accession were inoculated with 1000 freshly hatched second stage juveniles of M. incognita pel' plant and maintained in the greenhouse. Four months after in-oculation, the plants were carefully re-moved from polythene bags and the roots were washed free of soil particles. Root infection was assessed using root-knot index on 0-5 scale (Taylor & Sasser 1978) where 0 is immune and 5 is highly A high yielding selection of black pepper 137 usceptible. Roo.ts of :ach plant were cut into small blts, mIxed thoroughly and Ig of this sample was us~d for es-timating nematode populatIons (all stages of nematode). One cultivar (CoB. 812) (Pournami) that was tolerant, was evaluated for its com-parative yi,e.ld perform~nce along with Karimunda and Pannlyur-I. In the comparative yield evaluation trial, the vines were trailed on Erythrina indica standards planted at 2.5 x 2.5 m spac-ing, in a Randomised Block Design with five replications. Yield data for four years WeI'e used for comparison. Rec-ommended plant protection and agro-nomic practices were adopted. Characters contributing to quality of black pepper viz., oleoresin, essential oil content and dry recovery of the va-rieties were determined using standard ASTA methods (ASTA 1968). Piperine was determined using the spectropho-tometric method suggested by Sowbhagya et al. (1968). Data on root-knot index and nematode population in soil and roots of the ex-perimental plants were also recorded. Root and soil samples were collected during November 1989 and 1990 and assessed for nematode" infestation. Root-knot index was scored on visual obser-vation on 1-5 scale (1 ::: no gal1s; 2 ~ mild galling; 3 = medium galling; 4 ::: high galling and 5 = very high galling and root rotting). Nematode population in roots was estimated by staining 1 g of root in acid fuchsin lactophenol and blending. Results and discussion The comparative indices of resistant reaction in a few accessions of germ pI am to M. incognita inoculation are given in Table 1. Reaction of black pepper cultivars to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita* (mean of 5 replicates) Mean root- Cultivar knot index 2.0 - 2.9 CoIl. 812 (175) 3.0 - 3.9 Neyyatinkarimundi - 816 (5840), Jeeragamundi -135 (3550), Kudirun-gunda - 872 (6150), Aimpirian - 983 (3625), Arakulammunda - 977 " (8980) 4.0 - 4.9 Vellanamban 814 (3181), Kaniyakadan -901 (4800), Balankotta -955 (7980), Kottanadan - 959 (6230), Mundi - 993 (12,500), Kalluvally - 880 (3000), Malamundi - 902 (3237), Cheriyakaniya-kadan - 924 (6425) * Ramana & Mohandas 1986 Numbers after cultivars denote germplasm accession numbers Figures in parentheses are nematode popu-lation per gram of root Root infection was assessed using a root-knot index on 0-5 scale (Taylor & Sasser 1978) where 0 is immune and 5 is highly susceptible Table 1. Coll . 812 (Pournami) gave a rating of 2.0 indicating its tolerance to M. incognita infestation (Ramana & Mohandas 1986). Though the vines started yielding in the first year after planting, it was negligble and hence was not used for comparison. The yield data for the next four years showed no signifiean t Ra.vindran at aL 138 Ta1>le., 2. Yieid of Pournami in comparison with ,Karimunda and Panniyur-l Cultivar Mean yield (gTeen) J vine (kg) 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 Total Mean Po urn ami 0.442 0.508 4.667 4.704 10.321 2.580 Karimunda 0.647 1.873 5.117 2.000 9.637 2.409 Panniyur-1 0.554 1.083 4.925 3.470 10.032 2.508 Mean 0.547 1.154 4.903 3.391 CD 5% 0.410 0.620 1.930 2.020 Table 3. Estimated average yield and yield potential of Pournami ~n comparison with Karimunda and Panniyw··l Cultivar Mean yield Highest Average yield Yield potenti~i1 per vine recorded per ha (kg)* per ha (kg)** (kg) yield per vine (kg) Green Dry Green Dry Pournami 4.7 10.8 7526 2333 17,280 5356 Karimund'a 2.0 8.1 3200 1120 12,960 4536 Panniyur-1 3.5 9.0 5552 1915 14,400 4968 * Based on yield at 5th year at the rate of 1600 vineslha at 2.5 x 2.5 m spacing ** Based on highest yield recorded for each of the selections differences between the cultivars except in 1988-89. During this ' year both Panniyur-1 and Karimunda gave better , yields than Pournami. During the fifth year of evaluation (1990-91) Pournami yielded higher than others though the difference was ,not statistically signHj-cant. ,Thus yield performance of Pournami was consistent and compa-rable to that of Karimunda and Panniyur-1 (Table 2). Pournami re-corded an average yield of 7526 kg/ha (green) and had an yield potential of 17,280 kglha, based on the highest re-corded yield per vine '(Table 3). Pournami had highest oleoresin (13.8%) while Karimunda had highest piperine (5.2%). Pournami had low dry recovery as compared to that of Karimunda and Panniyur-1 (Table 4). Pournami had good yield attributing charactendike long spikes (12 em), high percentage of bisexual flowers in the spike (84%), high spiking intensity (70%), high fruit set (68%) and bold fruits. Pournami was a medium maturity type with fruits available for harvest 6-7 months after flowering. Pournami was susceptible to other major pests like !A high yielding selection oj' black pepper 139 Table 4. Quality attributes of J>ournami, Karimunda and Panniyur-l - Piperine Oleoresin Essential oil* Dry recovery Cultivar (%) (%) (%) (%) pournami 4.1 13.8 3.35 31.0 Kar~munda 5.2 12.6 3.60 35.0 Panniyul'-1 3.6 9.5 3.50 34.5 * Based on analysis by R R L, 'rrivandrum Table 5. Morphological features of Pournami Character Habit Shoot tip colour Leaf shape Mean leaf length (em) Mean leaf breadth (em) Spike length (em) Spjking intensity -(No. of spikes/laO nodes) -No. of flowers per spike Spike composition Bisexual. flowers Female , flowers Male .flowers Fruit set Fruit size (Volume of 1000 fruits) Weight of 1000 fruits Yield pei' vine at 5th year M,ean Maximum Average yield per hectare at 5th year Yield potential at 5th year Crop duration (from flowering to maturity) Quality attributes Piperine Oleoresin Essential oil Dry recovery Rea.ction to pests and diseases 'PoIlu' beetle (Longitarsus nigripennis) Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) P/~.Ytophthora capsici Attribute Vigorously growing vine Purple Ovate-Ianeeolate 15.6 8.5 12.0 70 94 84% 15% 1% 68% 130 ce 128 g 4.7 kg (green) 10.8 kg (green) 7526 kg (gr-een) 17,280 kg (green) 7 months 4.1% 13.8% 3.35% 31% Susceptible Tolerant Susceptible Susceptible Ravindran et a1. 140 Table 6. Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) infestation of black pepper cultivars in field Cultivar 1989* 1990** Root Nematode population Root Nematodepopulation galling gaHing Soil Root Soil Root (100 cc) (I g) (100 cc) (1 g) Panniyur,1 + 32 180 ++ 210 920 Karimunda + 18 120 ++ 180 840 Pournami + 17 70 + 86 530 Visual scoring of galling : + Mild galling ++ Medium galling * 4th year after planting ** 5th year after pJanting R. similis and 'poIlu' beetle as well as disease like Phytophthora foot rot (Fig. 1 & Table 5). The ·population of nematodes both in roots and soil around the experimental vines and the root galling index of three cultivars were estimated at 4th and 5th year after planting (Table 6). The data indicated that Pournami supported low populations of nematodes both in roots and in soil around the vine. The root Fig. 1. Pournami, a high yielding black pepper selection tolerant to root-knot nematode galling index was also lower for this cultivar. Because of its yield potential which was on par with Karimunda and Panniyur-1, high oleoresin and more importantly its tolerance to root-knot nematode, Pournami was recommended for release at the Group Meeting of All India Coor-dinated Research Project on Spices (Anonymous 1991). Acknow ledgernents The authors gratefully acknowledge the help rendered by Dr. T. John Zachariah and Mr. Jose Abraham, Scientists of NRCS for quality and statistical analy-sis, respectjvely. The authors are also thankful to Regional Research Labora-tory, Trivandrum for the data on qual-ity analysis presented in the paper. References AST A 1968 Official Analytical Methods. 2nd Edn. American Spice Trade Association, New York. A high yielding selection of black pepper 141 Anonymous 1991 Proceedings of the Group Meeting of Research Work· ers of All India Coordinated Re-search Project on Spices, National Research Centre for Spices, Calicut. pp. 60-61 . . Ramana K V & Mohandas C 1986 Reac-tion of black pepper germplasm to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Indian J. Nematol. 16:138--139. Soubhagya H B, Sampathu S R, Krishnamurthy N & Shankara-narayana M L 1988 Stability of Piperine in different solvents and its spectrophotometric estimation . . . Indian Spices' 25:21-23. Taylor A L & Sasser J N 1978 Biology, Identification and Control of Root-Knot Nematodes. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, ,North Carolina, USA. 

Pournami - A high yielding black pepper selection tolerant to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)

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Pournami - A high yielding black pepper selection tolerant to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)

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