Anther explants produced callus and profuse roots when cultured in a modified MS Medium containing 2,4-D, and coconut milk and incubated in darkness.
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NAIR, K RAMACHANDRAN, P N CHANDRASEKHARAN

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Journal of Spices & Aromatic Crops 1:72·74, 1992 72 In vitro formation of roots and rhizomes from anther explants of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose.) K RAMACHANDRAN AND P N CHANDRAS8KHARAN NAIR Department of Botany. University of }(erala Kariauattom, Trivandrum·695 581. India ABSTRACT Anther explants produced callus and profuse roots when cultured in a modified MS Medium containing 2,4-D, and coconut milk and incubated in darkness. Key words: anther culture, ginger, Zingibcr offi~inale. Organs or even wholeplantlets have been regenerated, directly or indirectly, from different kinds of explants (Hicks 1980). Anther and pollen culture has been at-tempted in II large number of higher plllnts aimed at production of haploid plants (Bhojwani, Dhawan & Cocking 1986). The present communication re-ports an unusual result obtained during anther culture of ginger. A detailed ac-count relating to anther culture of ginger will be published elsewhere. The diploid varieties of ginger (2n = 22) have poor pollen fertility. The autotetra-plaids induced by colchicine, on the other hand, have high pollen fertility (Ramachandran 1982). In the present study, therefore, the anthers of a tetra· plaid clone of the cultivar 'Maran' were used for anther culture. The spikelets were subjected to cold treatment at 4°C for 4·7 days. Young flower buds were surface sterilized in 0.1% HgCl, for 10 min and washed in three changes of sterile distilled water. The single anther from each bud was excised and transferred to medium in culture tubes. The basal nutrient me-dium ofMurashige andSkoog(1963) with various combinations of auxins (2,4-D or NAA) and cytokinins (kinetin or BAP), sucrose (3-6%) and coconut milk (150-200mll'!), solidified with agar (0.7%) was used. The pH of the medium was ad· justed to 5.8. The cultures were main-tained eitherin darkness at28°C or given 16 hour light period at 26°C. Two out of the 80 anthers in medium contoining2,4-D (1.5 mgl '!), coconut milk (200 mIl'!) and sucrose (0.6%) and incu-"tllc/l'lI!<UQi/I and Nair in darkn ess at room temperature formed callus at the base of an-nnd produced in two weeks 6-7 with profuse root hairs. A fully tveloP,ed labellum and two side lobes formed as in normal Zingiber flower 73 (Fig. 1). By the fourth week a horizon-tally growing rhizome emerged from the callus at the base of the a nther showing the characteristic scale lea ves and sym-podial branching of ginger rhizomes (Fig. 2.). . Figures 1,2. Anther explants of ginger. 1. Two weeks in culture showi ng development of callus and labellum and side lobes. 2. Four weeks after culture showing development of rhizome. 1'hough callus formation and organogen-esis i[l vitro is primarily determined by hormones present in the medium, it has also been shown to be influenced by fac-tors such as the nature of the p"imary explant, sugar concentration and pH of the medium and ph ys ical conditi ons O-licks 1980). The formation of callus and regenera tion of roots and shoot(rhizome) indirectly from -ca llus occurred in the saTile medium containing 2,4 -0 and coco-nut milk in the a nther explants. It is known that 2,4-0 generally promotes callus formation. The hormones in coco-nut milk possibly provided the st imulus for root and shoot differentiation. Be-sides auxins, gibberelli n sand cytokin ins, plant' endosperms contain several other un chanicterized growth substances (Naylor 1984). The developmen t oflabel-lum and the side lobes, however, appears to be from primordia which were presen t at the base of the anther explants. The authors are thankful to Prof. (01') Susan Abraham for facilities and to the Department of Science, Technology and Environment, Government ofKemla for financial support. References Hicks C S 1980 Patterns of organ devel-. opment in plant tissue culture and th e problem of orga n dete rmina-tion. Bot Rev. 46: 1-23. Bhojwani S S, Dhawan V & Cocking E C 1986 Plant tissue culture, a classi-fied bibliography. Elsevier Science Publishers. Ramachandran K 1982 Polyploidy in-duced in ginger by colchicine treat-ment. Curr Sci. 51: 288-289. ? Murashige T & Skoog F 1962 A revise~ medium for rapid growth and bio. assay with tobacco tissue culture, Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-493. Naylor A W In: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. (eds. Pirson A &: Zimmermann M H), Springer Berlin, 1984, 10: 172. ' 

In vitro formation of roots and rhizomes from anther explants of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

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In vitro formation of roots and rhizomes from anther explants of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

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