This study aims to describe the fatty acid composition of flowers of Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia. In order todefine qualitative and quantitative profile, fatty acids were derived to their methyl esters, and then these wereanalyzed by gas chromatography - flame ionization detector. 20 fatty acids were determined in the oil. Palmitic(C 16:0), myristic (C 14:0), and linoleic acids (18:2 Ï‰6) were found to be major fatty acids. Total saturatedfatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were 62.67%, 17.54%, and19.79%, respectively. Also, total essential fatty acids (EFA) were determined ad 14.48%. Therefore, the oil canbe considered as a new source of PUFA, especially EFA

Cengiz Sarikurkcu, Abdurrahman Aktumsek, Olcay Ceylan, Gokhan Zengin

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10 Journal of Medicinal Herbs and Ethnomedicine ● Vol 1 ● Issue 1 ●  2015INTRODUCTIONThe genus Crepis is belonging to the family of Asteraceae and consisted of about 200 species. The genus is widely distributed in Turkey and represented with 39 taxa. The species were traditionally called as “Kokarot,” “Kohum,” “Koyunotu” or “Sütlü ot” in different regions of Anatolia (Tuzlacı, 2011). Also, the members of the genus Crepis are used in Anatolian folk medicine for several purposes. For example, Crepis foetida used to heart problems and the species are consumed as an herbal tea (Ertug, 2000; Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010; Altundag and Ozturk, 2011). Again, stems of C. sancta are evaluated as a food in the Aegean region of Anatolia (Akyol and Altan, 2013). However, literature is scarce about the biological activities and phytochemical composition of Crepis species. In a recent study, Zengin et al. (2015) reported that the flower extract of C. foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia has significant biological effects including antioxidant and anti-proliferative. However, there is no report in the literature on fatty acid composition of C. foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia.Lipids display an important role in the human body, acting like hormones or their precursors, helping the digestion process, and constituting a source of metabolic energy (Burtis and Ashwood, 1996). Fatty acids are the main components of most lipids. Some fatty acids such as ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids are very important as the essential fatty acid (EFA) to human health. Therefore, dietary intake of these fatty acids is very important because the human body is not able to produce them. Moreover, the fatty acids might play a role in decreasing the risk of heart disease and cancer. The fatty acids are the most abundant in plant parts such as fruits (Oomah et al., 2000). Thus, new research on the fatty acid composition of different plant species is a very important issue in the scientific area. In this context, the aim of this study was to detect fatty acid composition of C. foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia by using gas chromatography (GC) - flame ionization detector (FID) technique.MATERIALS AND METHODSPlant MaterialC. foetida L. subsp. rhoeadifolia (Bieb.) Celak. Flowers were randomly collected in May 2013, at the flowering stage, from a wild population in Mugla: Around the campus of Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University. Taxonomic identification of the plant material was confirmed by the senior taxonomist Dr. OlcayCeylan, at Department of Biology, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University. The voucher specimen was deposited at the Herbarium of the Fatty acid composition of fl owers of Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia from TurkeyGokhan Zengin1*, Cengiz Sarikurkcu2, Abdurrahman Aktumsek1, Olcay Ceylan31Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey, 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, 3Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, TurkeyReceived: 02.07.2015Accepted: 15.07.2015Published: 15.07.2015*Address for correspondence:Gokhan Zengin, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey. Tel.: +90-332-2232781, Fax: +90-332-2410106. E-mail: gokhanzengin@selcuk.edu.trABSTRACTThis study aims to describe the fatty acid composition of flowers of Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia. In order to define qualitative and quantitative profile, fatty acids were derived to their methyl esters, and then these were analyzed by gas chromatography - flame ionization detector. 20 fatty acids were determined in the oil. Palmitic (C 16:0), myristic (C 14:0), and linoleic acids (18:2 ω6) were found to be major fatty acids. Total saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were 62.67%, 17.54%, and 19.79%, respectively. Also, total essential fatty acids (EFA) were determined ad 14.48%. Therefore, the oil can be considered as a new source of PUFA, especially EFA.KEY WORDS: Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia, essential fatty acids, palmitic acid, TurkeyJournal of Medicinal Herbs and Ethnomedicine 2015, 1(1): 10-12http://sciencefl ora.org/journal/jmhe/ doi: 10.5455/jmhe.2015-07-010Original Article Zengin, et al.: Fatty acids of fl owers of Crepis foetidaJournal of Medicinal Herbs and Ethnomedicine ● Vol 1 ● Issue 1 ●  2015 11Department of Biology, Mugla University, Mugla, Turkey (Voucher No: OC824).Determination of Fatty Acid CompositionThe oil extraction of dried and powdered flowers (10 g) was carried out at 60°C for 6 h by Soxhlet extractor using petroleum ether as a solvent. The solvent was evaporated by rotary evaporator. The obtained oil was esterified to determine fatty acid composition. The fatty acids in the total lipid were esterified into methyl esters by saponification with 0.5 N NaOH in methanol and transesterified with 14% BF3 (v/v) in methanol (IUPAC, 1979).The fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed on a Hewlett-Packard (HP) Agilent 6890N model GC, equipped with a FID, and fitted with a HP-88 capillary column (100 m, 0.25 mm i.d., and 0.2 μm). Injector and detector temperatures were 250°C and 280°C, respectively. The oven was programmed at 60°C initial temperature and 1 min initial time. Thereafter, the temperature increased 20°C/min to 190°C held for 60 min then increased at 1°C/min to 220°C and held for 10 min at 220°C. Total run time was 107.5 min. Carrier gas was helium (1 ml/min).Identification of fatty acids was carried out by comparing sample FAME peak relative retention times with those obtained for Alltech standards. Results were expressed as FID response area relative percentages. Each reported result is the average value of three GC analyses. The results are offered as mean ± standard deviation.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn recent years, several plant species have attracted much attention as a source of healthy oils. Fatty acid profile is a good indicator of lipid quality, because many chronic diseases are related to the fatty acid profile. Also, the profile is an important parameter to evaluate the new source of functional foods. In this sense, the fatty acid profile of C. foetida subsp. rhoedafolia flowers was determined in order to evaluate lipid quality. The result may be used as ingredients in food and as natural health products to impart health benefits and is presented in Table 1. 20 fatty acids were identified in the flower’s oil with palmitic (C16:0), myristic (C14:0) and linoleic (C 18:2 ω6) detected as the major fatty acids. These fatty acids accounted for about 55% of total fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids (SFA)were the main component of the oils extracted from the studied flower, representing 62.67% of the oil. The content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 17.54 and 19.79%, respectively. The level of total unsaturated fatty acids reached 37.37% [Figure 1]. Among the MUFA, oleic acid (C18:1 ω9) was the most abundant (8.21%) followed by myristoleic (14:1 ω5) and palmitoleic (C16:1 ω7). Furthermore, long-chain SFA (arachidic [20:0], heneicosanoic [21:0] and behenic [22:0]) were estimated in low amounts. The oil contained EFA (14.48%), namely linoleic and α-linolenic acid which have important nutritional value. These fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and are mostly obtained through the diet. Thus, the oil may be considered a source of EFA. As far as our literature survey could ascertain, this study is the first to examine the fatty acid composition of oil from C. foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia flowers.Table 1: Fatty acid composition of flowers of C. foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia (%)Fatty acids C. foetida subsp. rhoeadifoliaC 10:0 0.28±0.07aC 12:0 1.34±0.02C 13:0 0.28±0.01C 14:0 14.39±0.08C 15:0 0.11±0.01C 16:0 31.05±0.28C 17:0 0.26±0.01C 18:0 9.05±0.02C 20:0 0.51±0.02C 21:0 1.79±0.16C 22:0 3.61±0.04ΣSFA 62.67±0.37C 14:1 ω5 6.00±0.08C 15:1 ω5 0.50±0.01C 16:1 ω7 2.44±0.03C 17:1 ω8 0.19±0.01C 18:1 ω9 8.21±0.16C 18:1 ω7 0.20±0.01ΣMUFA 17.54±0.21C 18:2 ω6 10.48±0.06C 18:3 ω3 4.00±0.19C 18:3 ω6 5.31±0.01ΣPUFA 19.79±0.15ΣUFA 37.32±0.36ΣEFA 14.48±0.13aValues reported are means±SD, SFA: Saturated fatty acids, MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids, UFA:Unsaturated fatty acids, EFA: Essential fatty acids, C. foetida: Crepis foetida, SD: Standard deviationFigure 1: The fatty acid classes of fl owers of Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia010203040506070ΣSFA ΣMUFA ΣPUFA ΣUFA ΣEFA(%) Zengin, et al.: Fatty acids of fl owers of Crepis foetida12 Journal of Medicinal Herbs and Ethnomedicine ● Vol 1 ● Issue 1 ●  2015CONCLUSIONAs far as we know, the fatty acid profile of flowers of C. foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia described for the first time. Total unsaturated fatty acids were determined as 37.32% in the oil. From this point, the flower could be a valuable source of the fatty acids. REFERENCESAkyol Y, Altan Y. Ethnobotanical studies in the Maldan Village (Province Manisa, Turkey). Marmara Pharm J 2013;17:21-5.Altundag E, Ozturk M. Ethnomedicinal studies on the plant resources of east Anatolia, Turkey. 2nd International Geography Symposium-Mediterranean. Proc Soc Behav Sci 2011;19:756-77.Burtis CA, Ashwood ER. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1996.Cakilcioglu U, Turkoglu I. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Sivrice (Elazig, Turkey). J Ethnopharmacol 2010;132:165-75.Ertug F. An ethnobotanical study in central Anatolia (Turkey). Econ Bot 2000;54:155-82.IUPAC. In: Paquot C, editor. Standards Methods for Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives. 6th ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1979. p. 59-66.Oomah BD, Ladet S, Godfrey DV, Liang J, Benoit G. Characteristics of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seed oil. Food Chem 2000;69:187-93.Tuzlacı E. Türkiye Bitkileri Sözlüğü. (A Dictionary of Turkish Plants), 2nd ed. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları; 2011.Zengin G, Sarikurkcu C, Uyar P, Aktumsek A, Uysal S, Kocak MS, et al. Crepis foetida L. subsp. rhoeadifolia (Bieb.) Celak. as a source of multifunctional agents: Cytotoxic and phytochemical evaluation. J Funct Foods 2015;17:698-708.

Fatty acid composition of fl owers of Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia from Turkey

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Fatty acid composition of fl owers of Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia from Turkey

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