The air contains a large amount of biological and a biotic component such as, pollen grains, fungal spores, insects, mites, fibers and dust particles but their number and concentration depend upon the geographical location, types of vegetation and meteorological parameters. Fungal ability in production of pigments and organic acids have crucial role in discoloration and degradation of different types of stone in cultural heritage objects. Additionally, stone objects may support novel communities of microorganisms that are active in Biodeterioration process. The problem of deterioration of ancient monuments caused by Microbial agent, of which fungi play an important role in the deterioration. Present investigation focuses on mycobial survey of The Temple groupÃ‚Â  of Satmahla (Surguja region) and study carried out March 2010 to February 2011. During the investigation period 24 fungal species were isolated from the surface of monument which are Ã‚Â Aspergillus, Penicillium, Curvularia, Cladosporium, Fusarium and Rhizopus. reported as dominant fungal type in tample of Satmahla

Motilal3, Kavita Sharma1*, K.P. Verma2,

Journal of Phytology

English

Update Publishing (E-Journals)

Journal of Phytology 2011, 3(4): 15-17                                                                                ISSN: 2075-6240  www.scholarjournals.org                                                                                                    www.journal-phytology.com 15  JP-Microbiology Fungal Involvement in Biodeterioration of Ancient Monuments: Problem and Prospects Kavita Sharma1*, K.P. Verma2, Motilal3 1Head Botany,Arts and Commerce Girls College, Raipur,  2Chief Chemist, Directorate of archeology & culture,Raipur 3Research Scholar of Mats University           Article Info  Summary Article History  The air contains a large amount of biological and a biotic component such as, pollen grains, fungal spores, insects, mites, fibers and dust particles but their number and concentration depend upon the geographical location, types of vegetation and meteorological parameters. Fungal ability in production of pigments and organic acids have crucial role in discoloration and degradation of different types of stone in cultural heritage objects. Additionally, stone objects may support novel communities of microorganisms that are active in Biodeterioration process. The problem of deterioration of ancient monuments caused by Microbial agent, of which fungi play an important role in the deterioration. Present investigation focuses on mycobial survey of The Temple group  of Satmahla (Surguja region) and study carried out March 2010 to February 2011. During the investigation period 24 fungal species were isolated from the surface of monument which are  Aspergillus, Penicillium, Curvularia, Cladosporium, Fusarium and Rhizopus. reported as dominant fungal type in tample of Satmahla.  Received : 18-03-2011  Revised : 30-03-2011  Accepted : 05-04-2011  *Corresponding Author  Tel : +91-9826130100       Email:  drktsharma@gmail.com   ©ScholarJournals, SSR  Key Words: Biodeterioration, Satmahla, Fungi, Cladosporium    Introduction The harmful effect by the colonisting of micro-organism on the monuments is scientifically known as biodeterioration. The monuments which are made of value ancient stones like marbles and granite which are affected by the harmful fungal activities fungal species are important agent responsible for damage of monuments. Colonization of microorganisms on monuments and biodeterioration are usually linked to environmental conditions. The most significant parameters affecting microbial growth are represented by physical factors, mainly moisture, temperature, and light, as well as by the chemical nature of the substratum. Microorganisms always present in nature and affect our daily life directly or indirectly. The aim of the present paper was to study the airborne mycoflora on monument surface and how can minimize the growth of fungi in the surface of precious collection. Materials and Methods For isolation of surface mycoflora During the investigation period PDA media was used for the isolation of microorganisms. Sample were collected from the surface of temple and artifacts of all the months in the sterile polythene bags and prepared the solution in sterilized distilled water. Few drops of sample pour in the petridishes and kept this petridishes at 28±1◦C for 7 days for incubation (Grover et al. 2007).  At the end of incubation period fungal colonies were counted, isolated and identified with the help of available literature and finally send this culture to authentic authority: National center of fungal taxonomy Delhi for identification.  For the control of Mycoflora  For the control of these fungi in vitro 1 antifungal compound sodium penta chloro phenate was used in various concentrations in 150 ml Potato Dextrose Broth medium. Control flask without antifungal compound were also used simultaneously and incubated at 28±1◦C for 7 days. All the experiments were performed in triplicates. Results and Discussion 24 fungal flora were isolated from sampling site (Table 1). The fungal species were Cladosporium sp. Fusarium Mycelia sterilia Aspergillus, Curvularia, Cladosporium, Mucor, Penicillium Chrysogenum, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Sepedonium maheshwarianum, Emericella nidulans species were observed. It is found that maximum percentage contribution is observed for Aspergillus niger (22.77), A fumigatus (9.44), A. scalrotium (9.44), Cladosporium cladosporioides (7.22) followed by A versicolor (5.55), Curvularia lunata (1.66). On the contrary, minimum percentage contribution (0.55) is observed for Dictyochlamydospore, Chaetomella raphigera and Sepedonium maheshwarianum. The results of present investigation revel with various work done by researchers. It was studied by Alka Jain et al., (2008) that Excessive moisture in building materials supports microbial growth. Endolithic lichen and fungal growth can be used to describe the ecophysiological adaptations of them to the environmental extremes of the rock as studied by Bungartz et al. (2004). The biodiversity of soil crust biota from different geographical regions is rather dissimilar and their Kavita Sharma et al./J. Phytol.  3 (2011) 15-17    16  determination is only rarely based on cultured material in the case of Cyanobacteria, algae and fungi. (Ajit Varma and Francois Buscot 2007). It is also seen the Biogenic weathering is caused by the action of lithobiontic organisms. Homogeneous carbonates are predominantly colonized by endolithic species that actively penetrate the rock substratum independent of already existing pores or fissures. The organisms construct a system of ducts and cavities by active dissolution of the substratum. (Hoppert et al., 2004). Fungi are especially concentrated in stone crusts. They are able to penetrate into the rock material by hyphal growth and biocorrosive activity, due to excretion of organic acids or by oxidation of mi-neral-forming cations, preferably iron and manganese. Their deterioration acti- vities also include discoloration of stone surface, due to the excretion of mela- nin by dematiaceus fungi (W a r s c h e i d and B r a a m s, 2000). Biological and mycological investigations are very important part of good conservation and cannot be ignored in modern conservation concept which includes close collaboration between art and science. The effect of sodium penta chloro phenate on the growth of some selected fungi showed that 2% concentration leathal to most of the fungi, which showed enhanced growth as compared to control. Probably this chemical acted as stimulant for the growth of fungi (Table-2).  Sodium penta chloro phenate was found to be effective in controlling the growth of all the test fungi at 2% concentration. It showed 100% inhibition of the fungal colonies(Photo1). Similar  result observed by (Barve and Thakre, 2003) in different antifungal compounds.however, besides the above treatments, environmental control is the basic area of prevention of biodeterioration which if worked out correctly and carefully may have little complications (Unial 1991). Regular cleanliness and proper use of fumigants can control the biodeterioration of monuments with satisfactory results. Table-2 Effect of Antifungal compound on the growth of fungi S. N. Name of test fungi  Growth in Antifungal compound (2%) Control 1 Aspergillus flavus - + 2 A. fumigatus - + 3 A. niger - + 4 Cladosporium cladosporioides - +                            Photo 1:  Selected fungal species in antifungal compound with control                                                                                                                         Acknowledgment This study has been carried out with financial support from the Chhattisgarh council of science and technology, Raipur (C.G.). References Barve Y.Y. and Thakre R.P. 2003. A study of biodeterioration of paintings by fungi. Jou. Of Sci. and Techn: XIV & XV(A): 01-04  Burford, E. P., Fomina, M, and Gadd, G. M. 2003. Fungal involvement in bioweathering and biotransformation of rocks and minerals Mineralogical Magazine; v. 67, p. 1127-1155 Bungartz, F., Garvie, L. A. J., & Nash, T. H. 2004. Anatomy of the endolithic Sonoran Desert lichen Verrucaria rubrocincta Breuss: Implications for biodeterioration and biomineralization. Lichenologist, 36, p. 55–73 Gaylarde, C.C, Ribas, M.,  Silva and Warscheid, Th. 2006. Microbial impact on building materials: an overview, Materials and Structures: 6, p. 342-352 Kavita Sharma et al./J. Phytol.  3 (2011) 15-17    17  Grover R, Sharma K.P., Kumar P and Kumar S. 2007. Response of fungal community in the unpolluted and polluted habitats, J Environ Sci Eng. 49 (2): 93-98. Gorbushina, A.A.  Lyalikova N.N D. ,Vlasov, Yu. and Khizhnyak B, T. V. 2004. Microbial Communities on the Monuments of Moscow and St. Petersburg: Biodiversity and Trophic Relations  Microbiology, vol-71, p.350-356 Hoppert, M., Flies, C., W. Pohl, Günzl, B.,  and Schneider J. 2004. Colonization strategies of lithobiontic microorganisms on carbonate rocks, Environmental Geology, Vol- 46,  p. 421-428 Ortega-Calvo, J.J., Ariño, X., Stal, L.J. and Saiz-Jimenez. 1994. Cyanobacterial sulfate accumulation from black crust of a historic building. Geomicrobiol. J. 12, p. 15–22 Unial, C.P. 1991. Biodeterioration of Indian miniature paintings. Problems and prospects. Biodeterioration of cultural property. ( Eds O.P. Agrawal and Shashi Dhawan) MeMillan India Ltd: 91-97 Varma Ajit and Francois Buscot. 2007. The biodiversity of soil crust biota from different geographical, microorganisms in Soils, vol-3 p.307-323 W a r s c h e i d, Th., B r a a m s, J. 2000. Biodeterioration of stone: a review,Int.Bio deterioration Biodegrad. 46: 343—368.  

Fungal Involvement in Biodeterioration of Ancient Monuments: Problem and Prospects

https://doaj.org/article/46dd09086e27479a9efcb0b29ef76070

Fungal Involvement in Biodeterioration of Ancient Monuments: Problem and Prospects

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Update Publishing (E-Journals)

Update Publishing (E-Journals)