Ã‚Â Ã‚Â Ã‚Â Ã‚Â Ã‚Â Ã‚Â Ã‚Â Ã‚Â Ã‚Â Ã‚Â Ã‚Â  The present investigation has been carried out to assess the effect of B &C effluent on morphological, biochemical and mineral content of groundnut seedlings. The physico-chemical analysis of the effluent revealed that the B&C effluent was alkaline in nature and it was rich in suspended and dissolved solids. Germination studies were conducted with various concentration of effluent. The morphological growth parameters (seed germination percentage, seedling growth, fresh weight and dry weight of seedling) and biochemical aspects (Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, carotenoid, sugar, protein, aminoacid and phenolic contents) showed the increased trend at 10% concentrations of effluent. However, the increased concentrations of effluent reduced the above-mentioned parameters. Among the mineral contents estimated, the phosphorus and potassium showed the same trend. But the nitrogen content showed the increasing trend with the increase of effluent concentrations

D. Arulbalachandran, S. Dhanam,

Journal of Phytology

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               Journal of Phytology 2009, 1(4): 255–259  ISSN: 2075-6240                 © Journal of Phytology, 2009                                                                 Available Online: www.journal-phytology.com  REGULAR ARTICLE EFFECT OF BRIQUETTING AND CARBONIZATION PLANT EFFLUENT ON MORPHOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND MINERAL CONTENT OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)   S. Dhanam, D. Arulbalachandran* Post-Graduate Department of Botany, Arignar Anna Government Arts College Villupuram – 605 602, Tamilnadu, India   SUMMARY The present investigation has been carried out to assess the effect of B & C effluent on morphological, biochemical and mineral content of groundnut seedlings. The physico-chemical analysis of the effluent revealed that the B & C effluent was alkaline in nature and it was rich in suspended and dissolved solids. Germination studies were conducted with various concentration of effluent. The morphological growth parameters (seed germination percentage, seedling growth, fresh weight and dry weight of seedling) and biochemical aspects (Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, carotenoid, sugar, protein, aminoacid and phenolic contents) showed the increased trend at 10% concentrations of effluent. However, the increased concentrations of effluent reduced the above-mentioned parameters. Among the mineral contents estimated, the phosphorus and potassium showed the same trend. But the nitrogen content showed the increasing trend with the increase of effluent concentrations.  Keywords: Briquetting, photosynthetic pigments, biochemical, morphological characters. S. Dhanam and D. Arulbalachandran. Effect of Briquetting and Carbonization Plant Effluent on Morphological, Biochemical and Mineral Content of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Phytol 1 (2009) 255-259 *Corresponding Author, Email: arulmutbred@yahoo.co.in  1. Introduction Water pollution due to industrial discharge is obtaining a greater dimension day to day in India. The discharge of industrial waste into water bodies has led the farmers to irrigate their crops by effluent. The effluents not only contain nutrients that enhance the growth of crop plants but also have other toxic materials which retards the growth.  However to recycle nutrients through land application of waste effluent requires the use of crops capable of utilization these nutrients [1]. Industrial effluents rich in organic matter and plant nutrients are finding agricultural use as cheaper way of disposal [2]. The present paper describes the result of a laboratory experiment to study the effect of briquetting and carbonization plant effluent on morphological, biochemical and mineral contents of Arachis hypogaea L.VRI-4.  S. Dhanam and D. Arulbalachandran/J Phytol 1 (2009) 255-259  2. Materials and Methods Materials The effluent sample from Briquetting and Carbonization plant of Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, Neyveli, TN, India were collected in plastic containers from the point of disposal.  The effluent was brought to laboratory for the physico chemical analysis and it was stored in walk in cooler in the plant physiology laboratory. Table 1.  Physico Chemical Properties of TANFAC industrial effluent                Seed materials             VRI-4 groundnut seeds were obtained from Regional Research station, Virudhachalam, Tamilnadu. The seeds with uniform size, colour and weight were selected for experimental purpose. Seed germination The groundnut seeds (VRI-4) were surface sterilized with 0.1% Mercuric chloride and washed 5-6 times with distilled water.  Seeds are placed in sterilized petridishes, lined with filter paper soaked with different concentration of the effluent. These petri dishes were irrigated with different concentration of the effluent uniformly. The seedlings from each treatment are randomly selected for the seedling growth, fresh weight and dry weight. The 7th day groundnut seedlings were separated into root, stem, leaf and cotyledon and they were used for biochemical analysis, (chlorophyll, protein, aminoacid, starch and sugar) and Mineral contents (Total nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus). 3. Results and Discussion The physico chemical parameters of B and C plant effluent were presented in Table 1.  Seedling growth, fresh weight and dry weight of groundnut seedlings grown in various concentration of effluent were furnished in Table 2. The increase in seedling growth is observed upto 10% and then it decreases with the increase of effluent concentration. The inhibitory effect was more on the root length than that of shoot.  The promotion of seedling growth by the lower concentration of effluent might be due to the presence of optimum level plant nutrient in the effluent. The fresh and dry weight of the 7th day analysed root and shoot of the groundnut seedlings increased at lower concentrations, whereas the cotyledonous fresh and dry weight decreased at lower concentrations and then increased with increase of effluent concentration. Chlorophyll contents, carotenoid and sugar contents are furnished in Table 3. The seedlings grown in 10% effluent concentration shows an increase in the chlorophyll content at lower concentration may be due to the favourable effect of elements present in the effluent on the pigment system [3, 4]. The increase in carotenoid content might be due to enhanced influence of nitrogen and other inorganic element present in the effluent [5, 6]. The sugar content was showed decreasing trend at higher concentration of the effluent in this investigation. The same trend was recorded in Arachis hypogaea in the dying factory effluent [7]. Protein and amino acid contents are furnished in Table-4. The maximum content is Sl. No Parameters Values 1 PH 7.4 2 EC 36.6 3 Temperature 32.8 4 Total solids 3.128 5 TSS (mg/l) 1.892 6 BOD 2.108 7 COD 2.252 8 Phosphate 32.5 9 Nitrate 48.6 10 Fluoride 165.8 11 Sulphur 1.18 12 Sodium 965 13 Potassium 1.122 14 Aluminum 635 15 Ammonia 718 256 S. Dhanam and D. Arulbalachandran/J Phytol 1 (2009) 255-259  seen in 10% effluent concentration and minimum content is seen in 100% effluent concentration.  The increase in protein content may be due to the absorption of most of the nitrogen by plant [8, 9].  Decrease in protein content may be due to the increase in the concentration of various cations, anions present in the effluent.  Table 2.  Effect of Briquetling and carbonization Plant effluent on seedling growth, Fresh weight and Dry weight of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings (mg/g f wt)  ± Standard deviation  Table 3.  Effect of Briquetting and carbonization plant effluent on chlorophyll contents, carotenoid and total sugar content of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings (mg/g f wt)   Concentration of the effluent Chl- a  Chl- b  Total Chl Carotenoid Total sugar Root Stem Leaf Cotyledon C 0.0822 ±0.0011 0.0677 ±0.0007 0.1524 ±0.0005 0.0622 ±0.0012 11.5277 ±0.001 9.6953 ±0.0010 15.6815 ±0.0006 13.0151 ±0 .0010 10% 0.0952 ±0.0005 0.0723 ±0.0013 0.1664 ±0.0011 0.0632 ±0.0007 14.5355 ±0.007 23.4086 ±0.0058 18.0392 ±0.0005 11.8845 ±0.0010 25% 0.0934 ±0.0005 0.0708 ±0.0007 0.1637 ±0.0017 0.0054 ±0.0012 9.4505 ±0.061 18.7001 0.0009 13.7005 ±0.0007 14.2869 ±0.0002 50% 0.0917 ±0.0007 0.06410±0.0011 0.1558 ±0.0005 0.0043 ±0.0007 7.2212 ±0.005 15.374 ±0.0100 11.9658 ±0.0005 14.7474 ±0.0009 75% 0.0724 ±0.0005 0.0586 ±0.0004 0.1324 ±0.0011 0.0020 ±0.0009 6.1922 ±0.010 13.9641 ±0.0016 9.8169 ±0.0140 15.2488 ±0.0012 100% 0.0456 ±0.0009 0.0372 ±0.0003 0.0837 ±0.0011 0.0016 ±0.0007 4.6667 ±0.052 10.9883 ±0.0007 9.3747 ±0.0012 15.6413 ±0.0006  ± Standard deviation     Concentration of the effluent Seedling growth cm/plant Fresh weight (gm/seedling)  Dry weight (gm/seedling) Root Stem Leaf Cotyledon Root Stem Leaf  Cotyledon C 17.86 ±3.44 0.375 ±0.0042 0.625 ±0.0032 0.783 ±0.0028 0.280 ±0.0010 0.038 ±0.0018 0.082 ±0.0014 0.092 ±0.0008 0.059 ±0.0008 10% 18.9 ±3.985 0.407 ±0.0078 0.692 ±0.0044 0.885 ±0.0086 0.265 ±0.0017 0.044 ±0.0021 0.089 ±0.0068 0.128 ±0.0013 0.048 ±0.0036 25% 17.4 ±2.580 0.337 ±0.0028 0.620 ±0.0054 0.690 ±0.0050 0.312 ±0.0028 0.035 ±0.0050 0.070 ±0.0017 0.086 ±0.0038 0.064 ±0.0004 50% 16.07 ±1.691 0.287 ±0.0014 0.570 ±0.0048 0.610 ±0.0058 0.328 ±0.0019 0.032 ±0.0044 0.066 ±0.0030 0.079 ±0.0018 0.066 ±0.0014 75% 14.58 ±3.306 0.255 ±0.0024 0.534 ±0.0040 0.560 ±0.0040 0.390 ±0.0022 0.028 ±0.0010 0.056 ±0.0019 0.064 ±0.0024 0.072 ±0.0031 100% 12.16 ±2.322 0.206 ±0.0030 0.482 ±0.0034 0.489 ±0.0028 0.415 ±0.0048 0.024 ±0.0016 0.052 ±0.0036 0.058 ±0.0040 0.084 ±0.0009 257 S. Dhanam and D. Arulbalachandran/J Phytol 1 (2009) 255-259  Table 4. Effect of Briquetting and carbonisation plant effluent on protein and aminoacid content of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings (mg/g f wt)  Concentration of the effluent Protein Aminoacid Root Stem Leaf Cotyledon Root Stem Leaf Cotyledon C 4.267 ±0.0012 4.121 ±0.0007 6.370 ±0.0008 4.380 ±0.0008 1.630 ±0.0405 2.880 ±0.0075 3.860 ±0.0080 2.460 ±0.0009 10% 5.540 ±0.0005 5.280 ±0.0004 7.280 ±0.0011 3.820 ±0.0005 2.120 ±0.0125 3.640 ±0.0079 4.130 ±0.0047 2.110 ±0.0026 25% 3.432 ±0.0068 2.960 ±0.0004 6.092 ±0.0007 5.420 ±0.0009 1.480 ±0.0059 2.690 ±0.0635 3.260 ±0.0086 2.780 ±0.0160 50% 3.280 ±0.0005 2.680 ±0.0005 5.680 ±0.0008 5.720 ±0.0110 1.323 ±0.0026 2.460 ±0.0024 2.720 ±0.0012 3.120 ±0.0110 75% 3.110 ±0.0009 2.460 ±0.0006 5.210 ±0.0005 6.450 ±0.0010 1.1.24 ±0.0052 2.260 ±0.0094 2.680 ±0.0016 3.960 ±0.0061 100% 2.860 ±0.0010 1.960 ±0.0004 4.860 ±0.0012 7.230 ±0.0009 0.963 ±0.0006 1.930 ±0.0070 4.051 ±0.0056 4.051 ±0.0056  ± Standard deviation Table 5. Effect of Briquetting and carbonization plant effluent on Total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings (mg/g/d. wt)   Effluent Concentration  Total Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium  Root Stem Leaf Root Stem Leaf Root Stem Leaf C 3.72 ±0.264 4.68 ±0.62 6.29 ±0.89 0.52 ±0.024 0.56 ±0.036 0.65 ±0.058 2.81 ±0.324 5.60 ±0.268 7.68 ±0.482 10% 4.09 ±0.98 4.99 ±0.24 6.40 ±0.76 0.56 ±0.020 0.60 ±0.070 0.72 ±0.013 2.900 ±0.108 5.76 ±0.382 7.89 ±0.288 25% 4.21 ±0.72 5.42 ±0.38 6.92 ±0.64 0.50 ±0.086 0.54 ±0.074 0.62 ±0.058 2.73 ±0.464 5.47 ±0.212 7.54 ±0.386 50% 4.43 ±0.89 5.72 ±0.48 7.18 ±0.12 0.43 ±0.074 0.50 ±0.068 0.55 ±0.052 2.25 ±0.584 5.02 ±0.364 7.03 ±0.284 75% 4.79 ±0.10 5.80 ±0.68 7.72 ±0.09 0.40 ±0.038 0.48 ±0.022 0.52 ±0.039 1.97 ±0.310 4.87 ±0.269 6.90 ±0.174 100% 5.52 ±0.26 7.28 ±0.78 8.74 ±0.55 0.35 ±0.012 0.41 ±0.030 0.43 ±0.084 1.63 ±0.143 4.50 ±0.220 6.54 ±0.189  ± Standard deviation  Mineral Content  Total nitrogen content, phosphorus and potassium contents are given in Table 5.  Nitrogen is an important constituent of protein and protoplasm. The nitrogen is an important constituent of protein and protoplasm. The nitrogen contents in the shoots and roots of seedlings increased with the increase in effluent concentration. This may be due to the continuous supply of ammonical nitrogen through every irrigation. Phosphorus and potassium content in the seedling increased with the increase in effluent concentration up to10 percent. Further increase in effluent concentration proportionately decreased the phosphorus and potassium contents of both shoot and root of the groundnut seedlings. In this investigation, 10% concentration of effluent enhance the photosynthetic, biochemical and mineral contents, however, other doses decreased these biomolecules due to toxic effect of effluent.  258 S. Dhanam and D. Arulbalachandran/J Phytol 1 (2009) 255-259  References 1. Macoon, B., K.R. Woodard, L.E. Sollenberger, E.C. French III, M.M. Porter, D.A. Graetz, G.M. Prik and H.H. 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Journal of Environmental Biology, 12: 353 – 358. 8. Neelam and R. Sahai, 1985. Effect of fertilizer effluent on seed germination, and growth behavious of Vigna radiata L. J. Environ. Ecol., 3: 307-311. 9. Srivastava Neeta, Neelam and R. Sahai, 1988. Ecophysiological response of certain crop plants of Eastern Uttar Pradesh to industrical effluents . Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci., 14: 229-248.  259 

Effect of Briquetting and Carbonization Plant Effluent on Morphological, Biochemical and Mineral Content of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

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Effect of Briquetting and Carbonization Plant Effluent on Morphological, Biochemical and Mineral Content of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

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