ABSTRACT: The bio-efficacy of seven insecticides namely Endosulfan (0.07%), Monocrotophos (0.05%), Malathion (0.05%), Dimethoate (0.04%), Phosalone (0.04%), Cypermethrine (0.01%) and Neem oil (3.5%) were applied on Chili. Capsicum annum was grown in the field for the control of Chilli pod borer, Spodoptera litura Fabr. The insecticide like Phosalone (0.04%) and Endosulfan (0.07%) were most effective and the neem oil were found to be the least effective in reducing borer population.Â

B. Prasad, M. Kumar*, M. Chinamen, Ok. Monorama and

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   Journal of Experimental Sciences Vol. 1, Issue 10, Pages 23-24 [2010] www.jexpsciences.com * Corresponding Author, Email: drmkumar.moirangthem@gmail.com                                                                                                           JES                                                                                                                                                                                                         ISSN: 2218-1768                Regular Article Relative Efficacy of Different Insecticides Againsts Chilli Pod Borer, Spodoptera Litura Fabr. (Lepidoptera - Noctuidae) in Manipur   M. Kumar*, M. Chinamen, Ok. Monorama and B. Prasad   Entomology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Imphal-795003  ABSTRACT: The bio-efficacy of seven insecticides namely Endosulfan (0.07%), Monocrotophos (0.05%), Malathion (0.05%), Dimethoate (0.04%), Phosalone (0.04%), Cypermethrine (0.01%) and Neem oil (3.5%) were applied on Chili. Capsicum annum was grown in the field for the control of Chilli pod borer, Spodoptera litura Fabr. The insecticide like Phosalone (0.04%) and Endosulfan (0.07%) were most effective and the neem oil were found to be the least effective in reducing borer population.  Key words: Spodoptera litura, relative toxicity, Capsicurn annum, Chilli  Introduction Chili is cultivated in India for the fruits which are used as condiments both as green and ripe. The Chilli plants are attacked by more than 20 insects and non insect pests like mites and nematodes etc. Among these insects, S. litura which is a polyphagous insect has been observed to be the serious pest of Chilli pods in Manipur. It survived by making holes in the leaves, scratching young shoots and feeding on the fruits. Fairly good amount of literature on the biology, incidence and control had been reported by many workers (Choudhury, 1967; Ayyanna et al. 1982; Hosmani, 1998; Jalali et al.1986; Ahmed et al. 2000) but there are non- existent of such data particularly on chilli in North Eastern States of India. Therefore, an attempt has been made to evaluate the efficacy of some of the insecticides on this insect. The results of the present study are given in this communication.  Materials and Methods All the experiments were carried in the experimental farm of the Manipur University, Canchipur. The relative efficacies of seven insecticides were evaluated at different doses in the experimental field of the University during the year 2004 and 2005. Sprayings were undertaken during morning hours and care was taken to prevent the drift of the spray fluid reaching adjacent plots by keeping a screen in between plots. A total of two sprayings were given at an interval of 15 days when there was incidence of S. litura. Observations with regard to pest incidence were recorded one day before spraying and thereafter the counts were made after 2,5,7, and 10 days after spraying in all the treatments. 10 plants per treatment from each replication were selected randomly. The numbers of larvae were counted. The data on mean population were transformed into square roots.  Results and Discussion Among the insect pests recorded on Chilli pod borer, S. litura has been considered an important one because of its high degree of infestation and synchronization on their occurrence with the boring activity. In certain season of the year, its incidence was alarming. Similarly Mahadevan and Balasubramanian, 1981; Ayyana et al. 1982; Krishnaiah et al. 1985, Rao and Ahmed, 1986 and Ahmed et al. 2000, also reported that it is a major pest of chilli, black gram, tobacco, and groundnut in different part of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and many other states of India, resulting in direct fruit yield losses. Out of seven insecticidal treatments Phosalone and Endosulfan were found to be the most effective against the chilli pod borer, S. litura during the year 2004 and 2005 in the present study. It was closely followed by Monocrotophos and Malathion which are at par with Phosalone and Endosulfan, while maximum larval population (1.03 larvae/5 plants) was recorded in Dimethoate and (1.11 larvae/5 plants) in Cypermethrin treated plots (Table-I). Our findings on the effectiveness of Phosalone and Endosulfan against the chilli pod borer at fruiting stage was in agreements with those reported by Manisegaran et al. 1995. However, according to Rao and Ahmed in 1986, the effective insecticides were Decamethrin, Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate and Permethrine, while other (Ahmed et al. 2000), also reported that Thiodicarb and Chloropyriphose are effective for chilli pod borer, S. litura. The effectiveness of phosalone, endosulfan and malathion may be due to time of commencement of application at early flowering to fruiting stage and second instar larvae of the borer from the early infestation on the floral buds.  Table 1. Relative efficacy of different insecticides against Chilli pod borer, Spodoptera litura F. infesting Chilli during the year 2004 and 2005.   Treatment Concentration (%) Mean larvae population/5 plants    2004 2005 T1  Endosulfan  0.07 0.61 (1.03) 0.77 (1.14) T2  Monocrotophos  0.05 0.72 (1.07) 0.92 (1.15) T3   Malathion   0.05   0.77  (1.08)  0.94  (1.17)  T4 Dimethoate 0.04 1.03 (1.14) 1.05 (1.22) T5   Phosalone   0.04   0.45  (0.94)  0.71  (1.07)  T6 Cypermethrin 0.01 0.92  (1.15) 1.11  (1.25) T7 Neem oil 3.50 0.91 (1.16) 1.65  (1.44) T0  Control (1120)  0.00 1.31  (1.31) 2.10  (1.58)  C.D. at 5%  0.003 0.33 Figures in parenthesis are transformed values of x + 0.5    J Exp Sci Vol. 1, Issue 10, Pages 23-24 [2010]   Fig. 1: Relative efficacy of different insecticides against S. litura infesting chilli during the year 2004 and 2005.         Moreover, the effectiveness of Phosalone, Endosulfan, Monocrotophos and Malathion against the normal development of borer was probably due to their quick knock down effect and higher persistence. Whereas, the results obtained on the less effectiveness of Dimethoate (1.03 larvae/5 plants) and Cypermethrine (1.11 larvae/5 plants) against the chilli pod borer may be due to its lower persistence as found in the present investigations. (Fig. 1). Rao and Ahmed in 1986, reported that Decamethrin, Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate and Permethrin are the effective insecticides against chilli pod borer and enhanced the yield of chilli. Similarly, several workers (Mahadevan and Balasubramanian 1981; Ayyanna et al. 1982; Krishnaiah et al. 1985; Jalali et al. 1987; Ahmed et al. 2000; Rao et al. 2000), have studied the chemical control of S. litura on chili as well as many other vegetable crops and reported different type of results. On the basis results shown by the spray of the insecticides like Phosalone, Endosulfan, Monocrotophos and Malathion it may be concluded that these insecticides are highly toxic against the chilli pod borer, S. litura   Acknowledgement  The authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Imphal for the laboratory facilities and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi for financial assistance.   References  Ahmed K. Hanumantha Rao V. Purnachandra Rao P. 2000. Relative toxicity of insecticides against mid-larval instar of Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). Pestology. 24 (7): 55-57. Amita O.P. Ajay K. 2008. Efficacy of flubendiamide against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) in chilli. Pestology. XXXII (5):26-29. Ayyanna T. Arjunarao P. Subbaratanam G.V. Krishna Murthy Rao B.H. Narayana K.L.1982. Chemical control of Spodoptera litura F. groundnut crop. Peslology 16(8): 19-20. Choudhury B.1967. Vegetables. National book Trust, India, New Delhi, 58063.  Ganapathy N.  Durairaj C. 2000. Bio-efficacy of some newer insecticides against pod borers of blackgram. Pestology. 24(6):43-44.                 Hosmani M.M. 1998. Chilli. Published by Mrs. Sarajakshi, M. Hosmani. Savanur Nawab’s Bunglow, Naayanpur Dharwarb 580008 (Karnataka)pp. 1-246.  Jalali S.K. Singh S.P. Chandish R. B. 1987. Role of the host plants of Spodoptera litura Fabr. On the degree of parasitism by Colesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Ind. J. Agric. Sc. 57(9):676-678.  Krishnaiah K. Ramakrishnan N. Reddy P.C. 1985. Control of S.  litura Fabr. on black gram by nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Indian J. Agric. Sc. 55(12)775-776.  Mahadevan N. R. Balasubramanian M. 1981. Efficacy of some newer insecticides against tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura F. and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae S. on tobacco. Pestology. 5(1): 20-21.  Manisegaran, S. Mohamed Hanifa A. Gopalsamy A.A.1995. Efficacy of synthetic insecticides and plant products in controlling fruit borers of chilli (Capsicum annum). Ind.  J. Agric. Sc. 65(2):156-157.  Rao Chaiapathi N.B.V. Raman Ground T. Gour T.B. 2000. Efficacy of selected new insecticides against Spodoptera litura Fab.) on sunflower. Pestology 24(5):25-27.  Rao M. Ahmed K. 1986. Studies on the chemical and microbial control of the chilli pod borer, Spodoptera litura F. (Noctuidae-Lepidoptera) in Andhra Pradesh. Pestology. 10(10): 19-21.  

Relative Efficacy of Different Insecticides Againsts Chilli Pod Borer, Spodoptera Litura Fabr. (Lepidoptera - Noctuidae) in Manipur

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Relative Efficacy of Different Insecticides Againsts Chilli Pod Borer, Spodoptera Litura Fabr. (Lepidoptera - Noctuidae) in Manipur

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