Pigeonpea (Cajanu. cajan.) and Chick Pea (Cicer arietinum) are major pulse crops grown in India. The seed mycoflora was screened by using agar plate method. seeds of varieties of these pulse crops was used in the study and results were obtained from untreated and treated seeds. The untreated seeds were found to be associated with highest percent incidence of mycoflora. In case of untreated seeds the percent incidence of Aspergillus flavus (30%) was the highest followed by&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A. niger (25%), Penicillium notatum (20 %), Cladosporium herbarum (18%), where as all other fungi were within the range of (3 to 15%)

Muley, S M

Patil, D P

Pawar, P V

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International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 2012, 2(6):10-12 ISSN: 2231-6302 Available Online: http://irjs.info/    Mycoflora associated with Pigeon pea and Chickpea  D. P. Patil1, P. V. Pawar2 and S. M. Muley1  1Post Graduate Department of Botany, Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Udgir Dist. Latur (M.S.), India 2Department of Botany, Madhavrao Patil Mahavidyalaya, Palam, Dist. Parbhani (M.S.), India  Abstract  Pigeonpea (Cajanu. cajan.) and Chick Pea (Cicer arietinum) are major pulse crops grown in India. The seed mycoflora was screened by using agar plate method. seeds of varieties of these pulse crops was used in the study and results were obtained from untreated and treated seeds. The untreated seeds were found to be associated with highest percent incidence of mycoflora. In case of untreated seeds the percent incidence of Aspergillus flavus (30%) was the highest followed by     A. niger (25%), Penicillium notatum (20 %), Cladosporium herbarum (18%), where as all other fungi were within the range of (3 to 15%). Keywords: Pigeon pea, Chick pea, mycoflora, untreated, treated.  INTRODUCTION       Pulse seeds are reported to carry many moulds both in fields and during storage [1]. The association of fungi adversely affects quality and health of the seeds. The term "seed mycoflora or seed-borne fungi" is used for both qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of fungi occurring on or in the seeds [2] .The fungi associated with seeds at the stage of harvest and under storage bring about several undesirable changes making them unfit for consumption and sowing. Attempts were made during present investigation to study mycoflora of pulses.  MATERIALS AND METHODS       In this method, 20 ml of autoclaved Martin Rose Bengal Agar medium was poured in pre-sterilized corning glass petriplates of 10cm diameter. On cooling the medium, 10 seeds per petriplates were equispaced aseptically. The plates were incubated at 25±2 °C under diurnal condition. On seventh day of incubation the seeds were examined under stereoscopic microscope for the preliminary determination of fungal growth on them. Detailed examination of fungal characters was done under compound microscope and their identification was confirmed with the standard manuals [3 and 4]. Pure culture of these fungi was prepared and maintained on PDA slants for further study.      In order to isolate only internal seed mycoflora, seeds were pretreated with 0.1% solution of Mercuric chloride (HgCI2) for two minutes, subsequently thoroughly washed thrice with sterile distilled water and placed on agar plates. Seeds without any such pretreatment were also employed for the study of total (Internal and external) seed mycoflora.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION       Isolation of seed mycoflora from pigeon pea was done critically and results are given in the form of table-1. In order to study the total association of seed borne fungi, wild variety of pigeon pea were placed on agar plate. The seeds pre-treated with 0.1 % Mercuric chloride solutions were placed on agar plate for the isolation of internal mycoflora. It is clear from the obtained results that sixteen fungi appeared on treated seeds namely Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea., Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium herbarum, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusareum roseum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Penicillium notatum, Phytophthora sp., Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizopus stolonifer. On the untreated seeds of pigeonpea Aspergillus flavus (25%) gave highest percentage and followed by Cladosporium herbarum (18%), Penicillium notatum (20%) and Aspergillus niger (25%) where as all other fungi were within the range (3 to 15%). In treated seeds of pigeon pea only eight fungi were found. Aspergillus flavus shows maximum percentage incidence (5%) followed by Fusarium oxysporum (4%) and Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium. roseum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Phytophthora sp. and Rhizoctonia solani were found (2%).      In all the eighteen fungi were found to be associated with the seeds of Chickpea (Table 2). In case of untreated seeds the percent incidence of Aspergillus flavus (25%) was the highest followed by Aspergillus niger (20%), Penicillium notatum (18 %), Cladosporium herbarum (15%), where as all other fungi were within the range of (2 to 12%). In treated Chickpea seeds only six fungi were recorded with Aspergillus flavus (8%) showing maximum percentage incidence followed by Asprgillus niger (4%) where as Aspergillus carboniferus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium notatum and Phytophthora sp. Showing minimum percentage  (2 %). Deo and Gupta (1980) [5], Dwivedi and Shukla (1990) [6], Iqbal Singh and Chohan (1975) [7], Jain and Patel (1969) [8], Kumar and Patanik (1985) [9], Kumar and Srivastava (1985) [10], Kumbar Agnihotri and Gupta (1987) [11], Lokesh, Haremath and Hegde (1987) [12],Nakkeeran and Devi (1997) [13] and Suhag (1973)  [14] reported more or less similar results.       The results of the present investigation emphasize that the percentage incidence of Aspergillus flavus was significantly high on   Received: April 03, 2012; Revised: May 05, 2012; Accepted: June 02, 2012.  *Corresponding Author D. P. Patil  Post Graduate Department of Botany, Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Udgir Dist. Latur (M.S.), India  Email: patildp@gmail.com    International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 2012, 2(6):10-12  11seeds of pigeonpea and chickpea followed by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum. It was also evident that an untreated seeds showed the maximum percentage incidence as compared to treated seeds. Table 1. Fungi associated with seeds of pigeon pea  Sl. No. Seed mycoflora Percent incidence Untreated Treated 1 Alternaria altemata 3 - 2 Aspergillus flavus 30 5 3 Aspergillus. niger 25 2 4 Botrytis cineria. 3 - 5 Chaetomium globosum 5 - 6 Cladosporium herbarum 18 - 7 Curvularia lunata 3 - 8 Fusarium oxysporum 8 4 9 Fusarium moniliforme 7 2 10 Fusarium roseum 7 2 11 Macrophomina phaseolina 12 2 12 Penicillium notatum 20 - 13 Phytophthora cinnamomi. 5 2 14 Pythium sp. 3 - 15 Rhizoctonia solani 9 2 16 Rhizopus stolonifer 14 -  Table 2. Fungi associated with seeds of Chickpea  Sl. No. Seed mycoflora Percent incidence on seed Untreated Treated 1 Alternaria alternata 4 - 2 Aspergillus flavus 25 8 3 Aspergillus. niger 20 4 4 Aspergillus carboniferus 8 2 5 Cladosporium herbarum 15 - 6 Chaetom/um globosum 4 - 7 Curvularia lunata 10 - 8 Fusarium moniliforme 8 - 9 Fusarium. oxysporum 12 2 10 Fusarium. semitectum 2 - 11 Fusarium roseum 4 - 12 Mucor sp. 2 - 13 Penicillium citrinium 18 2 14 Phytophthora sp. 8 2 15 Pythiurn sp. 2 - 16 Rhizoctonia solani 4 - 17 Rhizopus stolonifer 10 - 18 Trichoderma viride 2 -  REFERENCES  [1] Rangaswami, G. 1966. Agricultural Microbiology. Asian Publication, Bombay. [2] Neergaard Paul. 1973. Detection of seed borne pathogen by culture test. Seed Sci. and Technol. 1:217-254. [3] Ellis, M.B. 1971. Dematiaceous hypomycetes.Cab International, Wallingford. D.P.Patil et al.,   12[4] Mukadam, D. S. 1997. The illustrated kingdom of fungi. Akshar Ganga Prakashan, Aurangabad. [5] Deo, P.P. and Gupta, J.S. 1980. A note on the mycoflora associated with seeds of Gram (Cicer arientum L.) during storage. Seeds Res. 8(1): 83 – 84. [6] Dwivedi, S.N. and Shukla, T.N. 1990. Mycoflora of Gram seed in different agro-climatic regions and their pathology. Indian Phytopathology Vol. 43 : 98 – 99. [7] Iqbal Singh and Chohan, J.S. 1975. Fungi associated with  seed of Gram (Cicer arietinum) and control of pathogenic ones. Ind. J. Mycol. Phy. Patho. 6 : 71 – 72. [8] Jain, J. P. and J. N. Patel, 1 969. Seed mycoflora of Gaur their role in emergence and vigour of seedling and efficiency of fungicides. India Phytopath. 22 (2): 245-250. [9] Kumar, K. and Patanik, P. 1985. Seed borne nature of Alternaria alternata in Pigeon pea in detection and control. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology 3(1): 69 – 73.   [10] Kumar, K. and Srivastava, S.S.L. 1985. Fungi associated with Pigeon pea seeds, their effects and control. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology 3(1): 53 – 65. [11] Kumbar, G.R., Agnihotri, J.P. and Gupta, A.K. 1987. Seed mycoflora of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) their effect on germination and vigour of seedling and their control. Indian Bot. Rept. 6(2) : 87 – 94. [12] Lokesh, M.S., Haremath, R.V. and Hegde, R.K. 1987. Seed mycoflora of Red gram (Cajanus cajan L. Mills P.). Plant Pathology News letter 5(1 – 2) pp 31.  [13] Nakkeeran, S.and Devi, R.1997.Seed borne mycoflora of Pigeon pea and their management. Pl. Dis. Res. 12(2) 197 – 199. [14] Suhag, L.S. (1973). Mycoflora of Gram (Cicer arietinum) seeds : Pathology and Control. Indian J. Mycol & Plant Path. 3 : 40 – 43.   

Mycoflora associated with Pigeon pea and Chickpea

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Mycoflora associated with Pigeon pea and Chickpea

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