The genus Chaerophyllum, belonging to Apiaceae family, comprised of about 110 species which includes annual and perennial herbal plants widely distributed in temperate and sub temperate zones of Asia, Africa and Europe. Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC. was widely distributed in E. Asia Himalayas from India to Bhutan, Nepal and China and widely grows in moist shady places, road sides or open grassy places at elevations of 2100-3500 m. In high altitude tribes of Uttarakhand Himalaya (India) it was commonly known and sold in the name of &lsquo;Ganjari&rsquo; widely used by people in food, spice and also as medicine. The volatile oil composition of leaf of Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC. (family: Apiaceae) were analyzed and compared using capillary GC and GC-MS. The leaf essential oil of C. villosum was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (91.34%) represented by &gamma;-terpinene (74.93%) as single major constituent followed by p-cymene (10.00%), terpinolene (2.93%) and &beta;-pinene (2.54%), the antioxidant activity of leaf essential oil also evaluated.&nbsp;&nbsp

Joshi, Rakesh Kumar

Mathela, C S

English

Update Publishing (E-Journals)

Recent Research in Science and Technology 2013, 5(1): 25-28 ISSN: 2076-5061 Available Online: http://recent-science.com/     Volatile oil composition and antioxidant activity of leaf of Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC from Uttrakhand, India  Rakesh Kumar Joshi1* and C.S.Mathela1  1Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India  Abstract  The genus Chaerophyllum, belonging to Apiaceae family, comprised of about 110 species which includes annual and perennial herbal plants widely distributed in temperate and sub temperate zones of Asia, Africa and Europe. Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC. was widely distributed in E. Asia Himalayas from India to Bhutan, Nepal and China and widely grows in moist shady places, road sides or open grassy places at elevations of 2100-3500 m. In high altitude tribes of Uttarakhand Himalaya (India) it was commonly known and sold in the name of ‘Ganjari’ widely used by people in food, spice and also as medicine. The volatile oil composition of leaf of Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC. (family: Apiaceae) were analyzed and compared using capillary GC and GC-MS. The leaf essential oil of C. villosum was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (91.34%) represented by γ-terpinene (74.93%) as single major constituent followed by p-cymene (10.00%), terpinolene (2.93%) and β-pinene (2.54%), the antioxidant activity of leaf essential oil also evaluated.    Keywords: Chaerophyllum villosum, Apiaceae, essential oils, γ-terpinene, antioxidant activity. INTRODUCTION       The genus Chaerophyllum, belonging to Apiaceae family, comprised of about 110 species which includes annual and perennial herbal plants widely distributed in temperate and sub temperate zones of Asia, Africa and Europe [1-3].  Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC. was widely distributed in E. Asia Himalayas from India to Bhutan, Nepal and China and widely grows in moist shady places, road sides or open grassy places at elevations of 2100-3500 m. In high altitude tribes of Uttarakhand Himalaya (India) it was commonly known and sold in the name of ‘Ganjari’ widely used by people in food, spice and also as medicine [4-5]. Although the various species in the genus Chaerophyllum were known to possess toxin chaerophyllin capable of causing diarrhea and incoordination, yet these were also used as antimicrobial, antioxidant, stimulant and expectorant. Literature survey revealed that there were few reports on the essential oils of Chaerophyllum species which report wide variety of terpenoid constituents. Sabinene (30.0%), p-cymen-8-ol (16.0%) and terpinolene (11.5%) were reported as major constituents from essential oil of C. byzantinum.  The hydro distilled essential oils from flower, leaf and stem of C. macropodum were characterized by myristicin (15.7%-42.5%) and trans-β-ocimene (24.9%-54.2%) as major constituents. The principal constituents identified in C. libanoticum, used as a food plant in Turkey, were β-phellandrene (17.6%), limonene (15.9%), β-pinene (8.8%), and sabinene (8.5%).  While the essential oil isolated from aerial parts of C. macrospermum showed (E)-β-ocimene (55.9%), terpinolene (9.8%), α-pinene (7.5%), β-phellandrene (4.3%) and β-pinene (4.2%) [6-10].   MATERIALS AND METHODS  Plant collection and identification       The fresh leaves of C. villosum were collected from Milam glacier (Uttarakhand, India) at an altitude of 3600 m in the month of August at mature stage. The identification was done from Botany Department, Kumaun University, Nainital and BSI, Dehradun. The voucher specimens (No.Chem/DST/CV/08) have been deposited in the Phytochemistry lab of the Chemistry Department, Kumaun University, Nainital.   Isolation of essential oil       The fresh planting materials (2 kg each) were subjected to steam distillation using a copper electric still, fitted with spiral glass condensers. The distillates were saturated with NaCl and extracted with n-hexane and dichloromethane. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvents were distilled off in a rotary vacuum evaporator at 300C and the percentage oil content was calculated on the basis of fresh weight of plant materials.   GC and GC-MS analysis       The oils were analyzed by using a Nucon 5765 gas chromatograph (Rtx-5 column, 30 m X 0.32 mm, FID), split ratio 1: 48, N2 flow of 4 kg/cm2 and on Thermo Quest Trace GC 2000 interfaced with MAT Polaris Q Ion Trap Mass spectrometer fitted with a Rtx-5 (Restek Corp.) fused silica capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm; 0.25 µm film coating). The column temperature was programmed 600 -2100C at 30C/min using He as carrier gas at 1.0 mL/min. The injector temperature was 2100C, injection size 0.1µL prepared in hexane, split ratio 1:40. MS were taken at 70 eV with a mass range of 40-450 amu.    *Corresponding Author  Rakesh Kumar Joshi Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India  Email: raakeshjoshi@rediffmail.com    Joshi and Mathela   26Identification of the components       Identification of constituents shown in table 1 were done on the basis of Retention Index (RI, determined with reference to homologous series of n-alkanes (C9-C24, Polyscience Corp., Niles IL) under identical experimental condition), co injection with standards (Sigma and known essential oil constituents (standard isolates), MS Library search (NIST and WILEY), by comparing with the MS literature data [11]. The relative amounts of individual components were calculated based on GC peak area (FID response) without using correction factor.       Reducing power activity       The reductive potential of essential oil was determined according to the method of Oyaizu [12].  The different concentrations of essential oil  (5, 10, 15, 20 mg/ml) in 1 ml of distilled water was mixed with phosphate buffer (2.5 ml, 0.2 M, pH 6.6) and potassium ferricyanide [K3Fe(CN)6] (2.5 ml, 1%). The mixture was incubated at 500 C for 20 min. A portion (2.5 ml) of trichloroacetic acid (10%) was added to the mixture, which was then centrifugation for 10 min at 1000g (MSE Mistral 2000, UK). The upper layer of solution (2.5 ml) was mixed with distilled water (2.5 ml) and FeCl3 (0.5 ml, 0.1%), and the absorbance was measured at 700 nm in a spectrophotometer. Higher absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated greater reductive potential.  RESULTS        The essential oils composition of leaves of C. villosum were analyzed and compared by using capillary GC and GC-MS. The oil yields were 0.40% (v/w). The analysis led to the identification of 31 constituents forming 98.50% of the total oil compositions in leaves. The identified constituents with their respective percentages and class composition are given in table 1. The leaf essential oil of C. villosum was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (91.34%) and represented by γ-terpinene (74.93%) as single major constituent followed by p-cymene (10.00%), terpinolene (2.93%) and β-pinene (2.54%). Other constituent present in significant amount was myristicin (4.77%).  Table 1. Volatile oil composition of leaves of Chaerophyllum villosum  Compounds* RIa RIb Chaerophyllum villosum Leaf oil %   α-Thujene 932 931 t  α-Pinene 941 939 0.30  β-Pinene 982 980 2.54  Myrcene 994 991 0.53  α-Phellandrene 1009 1005 t  α-Terpinene 1019 1018 0.11  p-Cymene 1029 1026 10.00  Limonene 1034 1031 -  β-Phellandrene 1037 1031 -  γ-Terpinene 1065 1062 74.93  Terpinolene 1089 1088 2.93     91.34   1,8-Cineole 1038 1033 t  Linalool 1101 1098 t  Borneol 1167 1165 0.12  Terpinen-4-ol 1180 1177 t  Bornyl acetate 1285 1285 0.13     0.25   β-Caryophyllene 1418 1418 0.31  α-Humulene 1457 1454 0.11  Germacrene D 1481 1480 0.39  Bicyclogermacrene 1497 1495 0.30     1.11   Germacren D-4-ol 1578 1574 t  Caryophyllene oxide 1584 1581 t  Humulene epoxide-II 1606 1606 t  β-Eudesmol 1652 1649 t     t   Thymol methyl ether 1192 1189 0.34  Carvacrol methyl ether 1195 1194 0.69  Thymoquinone 1198 1195 t  p-Anisaldehyde 1209 1205 -  Thymol 1340 1339 t  Carvacrol 1355 1351 t  Myristicin 1524 1520 4.77     5.80       Total      98. 50                                *Mode of identification: Retention Index (LRI, Based on homologous series of n-alkanes; C8-C24), coinjection with                     Standards/Peak enrichment with known oil constituents, MS (GC-MS), t= trace (<0.1%); (-) = not detected,                              aRI: Retention index on Rtx-5 column (30 m × 0.25 mm; 0.25 µm film coating); bRI:  Literature value (Adams, 1995) Recent Research in Science and Technology 2013, 5(1): 25-28  27Table 2. Reducing power activity shown by leaf volatile oil of C. villosum  oil/standerd (mean) 5mg 10 mg 15 mg 20 mg Chv  0.424 0.508 0.598 0.607 BHT 2.303 2.413 2.456 2.497 Gallic acid 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 Linolic acid 0.373 0.379 0.395 0.411 Catechin 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000  DISCUSSION        The essential oil composition of C. macrospermum of Azerbaijan origin was reported to be predominated by 1,8 cineole, linalool, terpineol, δ-3-carene and farnesol, while the oil of an Iranian collection was reported to contain (E-β-ocimene (40%), tricyclene (19.4%), δ-3-carene (18.3%) and myrcene (10.1%) [13]. Analysis of Turkish origin C. aksekiense oil by GC/MS produced heptacosane (10.1%), humulene epoxide II (7.8%), (E)-β-farnesene (6.2%), caryophelene oxide (6.0%), α-humulene (5.5%), terpinolene (5.5%), nonacosane (5.3%), and terpinen-4-ol (4.6%) [14] while C. azoricum oil endemic to the Azores Archipelago was dominated by the monoterpene fraction (82-91%), with terpinolene (44-62%) and γ-terpinene (9-13%) being the major components of the oil [15-16]. The oil obtained from the whole plant of wild grown C. reflexum from Pakistan contained santene (1.2%), γ-tepenene (3.1%), p-cymene (8.6%), myristicin (17.3%), 1,8-cineole (2.5%), α-terpineol (4.1%), andhydroxymyristic acid (27.4%)   Kudrzycka-Bieloszabska et al. [17] reported that the oils of different organs of C. hirsutum grown in Poland contained α-fenchyl acetate (50%), eugenol (2.8-22.5%), and 1,8-cineol (3.9-21%). Similarly, Kudrzycka-Bieloszabska and Glowniak [18] reported α-pinene (0.02-2.2%), limonene (1.1-3.6%), cineole (0.02-2.9%), fenchone (0.13-0.88%), terpineol (0.64-3.79%), and eugenol (16.3-18.8%) for Polish grown C. hirsutum ssp. cucutaria var. glabrum [19].   ACKNOWLEDGEMENT       The authors are grateful to the Department of Science and Technology (DST) New Delhi for GC-MS grant. We are also thankful to UCOST Dehradun for financial support, Dr O. Prakash (Associate Professor) GBPAU for providing necessary facilities for antioxidant activity and BSI, Dehradun for the identification of the plant.  REFERENCES  [1] Davis P.H. 1972. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 4 (pp. 312-318). Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh. [2] Duman H. 2000. Chaerophyllum L.: In Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. II. A. Güner, N. Özhatay, T. Ekim & K.H.C. Baser KHC (Edn). Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh. [3] Mozaffarian V. 1996. A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Farhang Moaser Publishers: Tehran, Iran. [4] Sharma B. M., Pratap S. Atal C.K. 1969. Pharmacognosy of root of Chaerophyllum villosum. Research in Indian Medicine, 4: 68-72 [5] Shu X.Y.Q. 2005.  Chaerophyllum Linnaeus.  Flora of China, 14: 25-26. [6] Coruh N., Celep  A.G.S.,  Ozgokce F. 2007. Antioxidant properties of Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl., Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. and Heracleum persicum Desf. from Apiaceae family used as food in Eastern Anatolia and their inhibitory effects on glutathione-S-transferase, Food Chemistry, 100: 1237–1242. [7] Demirci B., Kosar M., Demirci F., Dinc M., Baser K.H.C. 2007. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Chaerophyllum libanoticum Boiss. et. Kotschy. Food Chemistry, 105: 1512-1517. [8] Kurkcuolu M., Baser K.H.C., Iscan G., Malyer H., Kaynak G. 2006. Composition and anticandidal activity of the essential oil of Chaerophyllum byzantinum Boiss. Flavour Fragrance Journal, 21: 115–117 [9] Shafaghat A. 2009. Antibacterial activity and composition of essential oils from flower, leaf and stem of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. from Iran. Natural Product Communication, 4(6): 861-864. [10] Sefidkon F., Abdoli  M. 2005. Essential oil composition of Chaerophyllum macrospermum from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 17: 249-250. [11] Adams R.P. 1995. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation: Carol Stream, IL, USA. [12] Oyaizu M.  1986. Studies on product of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine. Japan Journal of Nutrition, 44: 307-315.  [13] Ruslaiyan A., Neekpoor N., Rabani M., Komeilizadeh H., Masoudi S., Monfared A. 2002. Composition of the essential oil of Chaerophyllum macrspermum (Spreng.) Fisch. and C.A. Mey. from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14: 216-217. [14] Baser K.H.C., Tabanca C., Ozek N., Demirci T., Duran B., Duman A.M. 2000. Composition of the essential oil of Chaerophyllum aksekiense A. Duran et Duman, recently described endemic from Turkey. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 15: 43-44. [15] Pedro L.G., Silva J.A., Barroso J.G., Figueiredo A.C., Deans S.G., Looman A.,  Scheffer J.J.C. 1999. Composition of the essential oil of Chaerophyllum azoricum Trel., an endemic species of the Azores archipelago Flavour and Fragrance Journal,  14(5): 287 – 289 [16] Kubeczka K.H., Bohn I., Schultze W., Formacek V. 1989. The composition of the essential oils of Chaerophyllum hirsutum L. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1: 249-259. [17] Ashraf  M., Aziz J., Bhatty  M. K. 1979. Studies on the essential oils of Pakistani species of the family Umbelliferae. Part 32. Chaerophyllum reflexum, Lindl (kangoo) essential oil Joshi and Mathela   28of the whole plant. Pak. J. Sci. Indust. Res., 22: 260-261. [18] Kudrzyck-Bieloszabska F.W., K. Glowniak. 1976. Phytochemical investigation on Chaerophyllum hirsutum.Gas chromatography of the essential oil. Acta. Pol. Pharm, 33: 395-402.  [19] Kudrzyck-Bieloszabska R.W., Glowniak K. 1970. Essential oil from fruits of Chaerophyllum hirsutum subspecies cicutana var glabrum. II. Gas chromatography. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, Sect. D, 25: 333-342.  

Volatile oil composition and antioxidant activity of leaf of Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC from Uttrakhand, India

https://updatepublishing.com/journal/index.php/rrst/article/download/1002/986

Volatile oil composition and antioxidant activity of leaf of Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC from Uttrakhand, India

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Update Publishing (E-Journals)