Significant treatment mean sum of squares for eleven characters studied revealed the presence of considerable amount of variability in F2â€™s of 21 crosses, 7 parents and 2 checks. The magnitude of GCV and PCV were high for productive tiller per plant and spikelets per spike; whereas, days to maturity and days to 50 per cent flowering exhibited least GCV and PCV. The high heritability was accompanied with high genetic advance as per cent of mean for length of spike, productive tillers per running meter, 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant indicating additive genetic control in the expression of these characters

Dahat, D. V.

Deoraj, M. G.

Rajput, H. J.

Wakale, M. B.

English

International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (IRJMS)

  Online available: www.irjms.in  Page 1      
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF              ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 
 MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES             Impact Factor: 0.679 
                  Vol. 2, Issue 2, February, 2016     
 
 
 
Studies on Variability in Wheat ( Triticum  aestivum Linn.) 
 
M. G. Deoraj., D. V. Dahat, H. J. Rajput and M. B. Wakale 
Division of Botany, College of Agriculture, Pune, Maharashtra (India) 
 
Abstract: Significant treatment mean sum of squares for eleven characters studied revealed the 
presence of considerable amount of variability in F2’s of 21 crosses, 7 parents and 2 checks. The 
magnitude of GCV and PCV were high for productive tiller per plant and spikelets per spike; 
whereas, days to maturity and days to 50 per cent flowering exhibited least GCV and PCV. The 
high heritability was accompanied with high genetic advance as per cent of mean for length of 
spike, productive tillers per running meter, 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant 
indicating additive genetic control in the expression of these characters. 
Keywords: Wheat, GCV, PCV, heritability, genetic advance 
 
Introduction 
Wheat is the world’s most 
extensively grown important grain and 
principal staple food crop for a large part of 
the world’s population. It’s wide spread 
cultivation in all the continents and it’s 
versatility in adaptation to diverse climate, 
edaphic and pathological conditions, it’s 
value in human diet as a source of 
carbohydrates and protein and it’s baking 
qualities makes it more important as a 
human food than other cereal. Wheat 
belongs to the genus Triticum of the grass 
family, Graminae (Poaceae). The genus 
Triticum is characterized as mid tall to tall 
annual grass and consist of several species. 
Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum are 
the most important agricultural species. 
Wheat today, occupies the foremost 
important position among the major food 
crops of the world, followed by rice, both in 
area and production. In Indian sub-
continent, wheat is under cultivation since 
pre- historic times. All the wheat species 
cultivated in India are of spring types; but 
they are grown in winter season. Three 
species viz., Triticum aestivum (Bread 
wheat), Triticum durum (Macaroni wheat) 
and Triticum dicoccum (Emmer wheat) are 
grown in India on commercial basis. Nearly 
86 percent of the total area is under T. 
aestivum and a little over 12 percent under 
T. durum wheat, which is grown on a very 
limited area mostly in the Southern states. 
Wheat breeding in India in the earlier period 
from 1905 to 1961 passed through three 
distinct phases. All the wheat varieties bred 
up to 1961 and bred there after 1965up’s 
with the exception of C 518 and NP 824 
were tall and weak strawed and hence not 
suitable for intensive agriculture. The more 
recent phase of wheat improvement in India 
was marked with the introduction of dwarf 
and semi-dwarf varieties from Mexico in 
1963-64. The National demonstration 
programme started in 1965, which 
introduced farmers to the new varieties in 
wheat yield opened by the dwarf and semi-
dwarf types. 
 Wheat is the major object of study 
because of its primacy among all crops in 
feeding mankind and because of intellectual 
challenge that it poses in the range of 
biological disciplines. In India wheat ranks 
next only to rice both in area and 
production. The area under wheat crop, its 
production and yield per hectares i.e. 
productivity for India (Anonymous, 2011).  
Studies on Variability in Wheat ( Triticum  aestivum Linn.) 
International Research Journal Of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(2), February, 2016  Page 2     
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Since 2000, India’s wheat production has 
been almost stagnant and by 2014, wheat 
demand in the country is expected to cross 
110 million tonnes, hence there is need to 
maintain 3% compound average growth rate 
in the production to meet the growing 
demands. A minimum rise of 0.50C in 
temperature due to accumulation of 
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere would 
cause 0.45 t/ha reduction in India’s wheat 
production in next 10 years (Anonymous, 
2008). 
The selection of parent for 
hybridization is largely based upon wide 
adaptation, high yielding potential. 
Progenies derived from a set of diverse cross 
are expected to throw a broad spectrum of 
variability thereby providing a larger scope 
for isolating high yielding segregants in 
advanced generations and hence the present 
investigations were undertaken to see the 
magnitude of variability for important yield 
and its contributing characters.                            
Materials and Methods  
The experimental material consisted 
F2’s of 21 crosses obtained in half diallel 
fashion from seven genotypes of wheat viz., 
DI-9, LOK-62, FLW-8, WH-147,WR-1392, 
PHS-0622, MP-4080, two checks (NIAW-
301, NIAW-917).  The experiment was 
carried out in rabi 2011 in randomized block 
design and all recommended practices were 
carried out to obtain a good crop stand. The 
observations were recorded on eleven metric 
characters on each plants from F2 crosses. 
To test the significance of differences 
between treatments, the analysis of variance 
for randomized block design (RBD) was 
carried out by following Panse and 
Sukhatme (1967) for all metric characters. 
The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients 
of variation were calculated by following 
Burton and Devane (1953). Heritability 
(broad sense), genetic advance and the range 
of genetic advance as per cent of mean was 
calculated according to the method 
suggested by Johnson et al. (1955) for each 
character studied. 
 Results and Discussion  
 The magnitude of phenotypic 
coefficient of variation compared to the 
genotypic coefficient of variation for all the 
traits studied, indicated that the variation is 
not only due to the phenotypes but also due 
to the environmental factors (Table 1). 
 In the present investigation higher 
estimates of genotypic  and phenotypic 
coefficient of variations were observed for 
length of spike (13.99 and 14.00), 1000 
grain weight(13.03 and 13.75), grain yield 
per plant (11.89 and 12.37), dry gluten 
content (10.59 and 11.62), productive tillers 
per running meters (10.41 and 10.48) and 
spikelets per spike (9.16 and 11.28). Ajmal 
et al. (2009), Gaibriyal et al. (2009),  
Zecevic et al.(2010) and Abinasa et al. 
(2011)  indicated scope for improving these 
traits by selection. Moderate estimates of 
GCV and PCV were observed for the 
characters viz., productive tillers per plant 
(7.42 and 10.52), plant height (6.40 and 
6.51) and wet gluten content (6.20 and 
6.52). 
 Low genotypic and phenotypic 
coefficient of variations were observed for 
the characters viz., days to 50% flowering 
(6.05 and 6.36), days to maturity (5.16 and 
5.31) and grains per spike (6.19 and 6.94) 
indicating hardly any scope for 
improvement of these traits by selection.  
The heritability is the ratio of 
genotypic variance to the phenotypic 
variance. If the estimate of heritability is 
high the character is least influenced by the 
environmental factors. Selection may or may 
not be rewarding for such traits because the 
phenotypic variance includes both fixable 
and non-fixable components variances. 
 In the present investigation almost 
all the characters showed very high 
estimates of broad sense heritability (Table 
1). The heritability ( b.s.) ranged from 
66.72% (Spikelets per spike) to 99.83% 
Studies on Variability in Wheat ( Triticum  aestivum Linn.) 
International Research Journal Of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(2), February, 2016  Page 3     
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(length per spike), productive tillers per 
running meter (98.68) , plant height (96.81), 
days to maturity (94.36) and grain yield per 
plant (92.47) which  had high heritability 
along with high genetic advance indicating 
that these traits were governed by additive 
gene action and simple selection would be 
effective. Similar results were observed by 
Khan et al.(2003), Ajmal et al. (2009), 
Laghari et al. (2010), Jalal and Ahmad 
(2012) and Golestani et al. (2012). 
 The traits viz., length of spike (99.83 
and 1.87), days to 50% flowering (90.60 and 
7.23), dry gluten content (83.10 and1.29) 
and productive tillers per plant (79.89 and 
5.65) exhibited high heritability coupled 
with low genetic advance indicating 
importance of non-additive gene action in 
the inheritance of these traits. Heterosis 
breeding may be useful in such characters. 
The maximum genetic advance as per cent 
of mean was observed for the character 
length per spike (28.80). The moderate 
genetic advance as per  cent of mean was 
observed for the remaining characters. 
Similar results were obtained by Chauhan et 
al. (1977), Yadhav and Haque (1981), Patil 
et al. (1992) and Jalal and Ahmad (2012 ). 
Further, high values of genetic advance as 
per cent of mean were observed for the 
characters viz. length of spike, 1000 grain 
weight, grain yield per plant and productive 
tillers per running meters suggesting scope 
for improvement. Low heritability 
accompanied by low genetic advance was 
found for spikelets per spike, followed by 
for grain per spike. It indicated that the 
characters were highly influenced by 
environmental effects and selection would 
be ineffective for these traits. 
 
 
 
References :- 
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 *Johnson, H.W., Robinson  H.F. and Comstock R.E. (1955) Estimates  of genetic and 
environmental variability in  soybean. Agron. J. 47: 314-318. 
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Table1. Parameters of Genetic variability for yield and yield contributing characters in wheat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sr. 
No. 
Character Gener
al 
Mean 
GCV PCV heritab
ility 
(broad
sense.) 
Genet
icAdv
ance 
GA as 
% of 
mean 
1 Days to 50% flowering 
(No.) 
60.54 6.05 6.36 90.60 7.23 11.88 
2 Days to maturity (No.) 104.78 5.16 5.31 94.36 10.86 10.32 
3 Plant height (cm.) 89.48 6.40 6.51 96.81 11.67 12.98 
4 Productive tiller per plant 
(No.) 
15.04 7.42 10.52 79.89 5.65 10.79 
5 Productive tiller per 
running meter (No.) 
104.52 10.41 10.48 98.68 22.89 21.31 
6 Length per spike (cm) 10.64 13.99 14.00 99.83 1.87 28.80 
7 Spikelet’s per spike (No.) 18.25 9.16 11.28 66.72 2.74 15.33 
8 Grain per spike (No.) 52.55 6.19 6.94 79.61 5.88 11.38 
9 1000 grain weight (g.) 42.41 13.03 13.75 89.75 11.02 25.42 
10 Grain yield per plant (No.) 47.23 11.89 12.37 92.47 12.18 23.56 
11 Dry gluten content (%) 6.70 10.59 11.62 83.10 1.29 19.88 
12 Wet gluten content (%) 32.88 6.20 6.52 90.61 4.07 12.17 


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